Terminal Ballistic Data Vol 3 Bombs, Artillery & Mortar Fire & Rockets (original) (raw)

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~ :I1111I11I11111111111111111I111111111111111111111111111I11I11111111111111111111 . t111111111111111.11I11111111111l111.1.~l~U~~'WllJllllllllll1111II1II111111111111111111111 ·':~t ~'~:~~;;""~_~~~'~_""'T:-"'::"'~'~' 1IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIItlIIIIIII1111I111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 ,U' I '0 ~'" ~'_ ;', .. I J . . ·A·,~·~·r'''D ;: \~_:1 ~\., ~ ~~ ~!I '~': ·'_i-~. ~,~"'t ",,' U ~~ j' 'e4~~'~i ~ aiL .C'l 'Q DE " 1;;. ':a . ;'.'. . '. - ..,'.J' ~ .. Instructors Reading this Document .II~ --_.- - ~- ...:"'--~..::..=::..i...::'::; •.::.:.:..... ~ • . (Fi18;:.To. -------... D~te. '(!)~'G;,A"" 1' ~ ~~[]j -------r'--------'--------------= / . .'f;. () CT .ts~{ SEPTEM8t:R ..,' {\J 0 ,00 L 3iL ;'llllllilltlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllill1111111111111111111'1'1111111111111111111111111111111111I111111111111111111111111111111111111111111I1111111111II1I11111I11111I 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIilllillimllllll.lllili1I11111 ALl. COMMUNICATIONS SHOULD BE ACCOMPANIED BY CARBON COpy AND ADDRESSED TO TO INSURE PROMPT ATI'ENTlON IN REPLYING REFER TO: _ _ _ NOo _ OFFICE: OF THE: CHIEF OF ORDNANCE WASHINGTON. D. c. .....;~~','" HFNeil/mp ?3'JJ 8 A1TENTION OF SPOTH 8 Octo,per 1945 SUBJECT: TO: Tra,nsmittal of Technical Data Commandant Command & General Staff School Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 1. Artiller.y sent sets (Bombing), & Mortar Fire & Rockets) to be added to your Forwarded herewith are copies of Volume III (Bomb,s, pre~ of Terminal Ballistic Data Which included Volume I and Volume II (Artiller,yFire). 2. This volume includes additional data Which have been accumulated on terminal ballistics, and revises and ex­ pands in scope data already presented in the first two volumes of the "Terminal Ballistic Data" series. The \revisions were made in view of the new and more complete data which are now available. 3. Additional copies will be supplied upon request. FOR THE CHIEF oIi' ORDNANCE: W. A. WEA.VER Incl Booklet (5 copies) Colonel, Ordnance Department / Assistant DECLASSIFIED . " .' . "" .. '.­ , ~,." • " , I' ... . .... . AI..L. COMMUNI.CATI.ONS SHOULD BE ACCOMPANI.ED BY CARBON COfY AND ADDRESSED TO TOI.NSUREPROMPT ATTENTI.ON I.N REPLYI.NG REFER TO: WAR DEPARTMENT , OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE . WASHINGTON, D. C. _ _ _ NO. ATTENTI.ON OF _ Sl1&1I

< 1.4 \0 Q) I­ ­ :::l III 0 . 0'" 1.2 i- I- Q) Q. . Reduced Charge ­ '"0 Q) I- '5 1.0 ~ ~ g­ "Normal Charge . Supercharge , I- ...c. III Q) 0.8 ~ 0 I- Q) ..0 0.6 z II iI-- :::l E 'Damage Type Casualties Expected Casualties 50% by" Number, of Enemy Personnel . I 0 Gun, 75 mm, M3 Shell, HE, 75mm, M48 W 37 Ft 0.4 PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT o Range Yd I "TTlI1 I nTTTI n I I I I I I I I I I I· ° 1,000·2,000 3,000 _ 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 11,000 12,000 13,000 14,000 15,000 W::;:Width of fringe around target area requiring the burst density D. FIGURE 26 7.5.mr===~~~ SHELL DENSITY D REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE SUPERQUICKGROUNDBURsrs NO SHIELDING 6.5 6.0 5. 5.0 ,u.. 0 0 ,>( ..-­ 4.5 u.. 0 0 s... (I) :;) ..-­ 4.0 0 0'" III s... (I) Reduced Charge Normal Charge , Supercharge Q. 3.5 '""0 ·5 (I)' s... (I) 0'" s... 3.0 .... 0 s... 2.5 ..a :;) (I) E Z II Damage Type: VB in. Mild Steel Perforations , Expected Damage Coverage 50% by Number, of Vulnerable Target Elements (2 Sq Ft) Gun, 75 mm, -M3 Shell, HE, 75 mm,M48 W 20 Ft 2.0 £:) 1.5 1.0 0.5 PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT, ' o Range Yd ° 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,00010,000 FIGURE 27 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000 W=Width of fringe around target area requiring the burst density D. 20 19 18 SHELL DENSITY D REQUIRED IN AREA fiRE " SUPERQUICK GROUND BURSTS NO SHIELDING 17 16 15 13 ~ o 12 [ ~ ""0 GI a. 11 .~ g. ~ 4l 10 ~ ~ Supercharge Reduced Charge Normal Charge '0 .:0 9 Z § II o -Damage Type: 1;4 in, Mild Steel Perforations Expected· Damage Coverag'e 50% by Number, of Vulnerable Target Elements (2 Sq Ft ) 5, Gun, 75 mm, M3 Shell, HE 75 mm, M48 I W 13 Ft PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT' o Rang~ yd. o 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16.00018.000 20,000 W=Width of fringe around target area requiring the burst density D. FIGURE 28 3°lllm~=~='~'·~==~=~~:m:s.el] SHELL DENSITY D REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE SUPERQUICK GROUND BURSTS NO SHIELDING 26 -H-++-r+++++++-H-+-+++-I-H-H-++f-++-++++-I-++H-t-+-++-l-+-H ·Gun,90 mm, M1, M1A1, M2" or M3 Shell, HE, 90 mm, M 71 W 46 Ft -+-I"W-f-t-+-++-l-++++I Normal Charge 6 Damage Type Casualties Expected Casualties 50% ~y Number, of Enemy Personnel 4 i~:t 2 . •r _ ... . . !" PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT . ~ ~ . 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 FIGURE 29 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000 W=Width of fringe around target area requiring the burst density D. 10.0 . Reduced Charge Normall:harge 0C1 ;a CD ~ 9.5 9.0 8.5 Gun, 3!n.,M3, M5 or M7 Sbell, HE, 3jn., M42Al W18 Ft 8.0 1.5 7.0 u: 6.5 ~ )( 0 LI ­ 6.0 0 ~ C go :;) Normal Charge CD 5.5 Gi a. 5.0 -c ~ '5· 0- ~. Gun, 90 min, Ml, MlAl,M2 or M3 Shell,H E, 90 mm, M71 W 23 Ft 4.5 ~ CD 0 ..0 ... CD 4.0 E :;) Z II . 0 3.5 3.0 SHELL DENSITY D REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE SUPERQUICK GROUND B URSTS NO SHIELDING Damage Type: Vsin. M Steel Perforations ild Expected DamageCoverage 50% by Number, of Vulnerable Target"Bements (2 Sq Ft) 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 PREPARED BY OR DNANCE DEPT o. 5~ o o 2,000 4,000 6,000 - 8,OnO W=Width of fringe around target area Range Yd­ 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000 requiri~g the burst density D. FIGURE 30 14 Normal Charge : . 12 11 u.. .... >< 10 1­ 8 .... u.. .... CI> 9 0 0 .... ~ ::::> 0 8 II) 0­ SHELL DENSITYD REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE SUPERQUICK GROUND BURSTS-NO SHIELDING I­ ~ CI> 0­ -0 ~ 0­ 7 ::::> ~ CI> ..c. Q; 0 OOmOOOOft wm:amsm . . . . Damage Type: 1;4 in. Mild Steer .perforations Expected Damage Coverage-50% by Number, of V~!~~~~~~~ !a~~I~t, ,~Ie,ments ,(2, Sq Ft) , I 6 ...... ~ II) ., . I ...a CI> E ::::> Gun, 90 mm, Ml, M1Al, M2 or M3 Shell, HE, 90 mrri, M71 W 16 Ft 5 Z II £:) 4 2 o llllllllll~!!~~PIRiEPiAiRiEDi·IBiYIOIRiDiNIAiNiCiEiDiEiPTi'l Yd ' ,'. i Range o 2,000 4,000 . 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000 W=Width of fringe around target area requiring the burst density D. FIGURE 31 Page 94 . ~ I" I I II I'll I • ~ . ~. ~ ' - . 0.9 0.8 SHELL DENSITY DREQUIRED IN AREA FIRE SUPERQUICK GROUND. BURSTS-NO SHIELDING . ~ o o x o 0.7 ­ ... U- ~ Q) 0.6 5­ II) o 'ea. u -0 0.5 0.4 '5 ... 0'" Q). Q) Normal Charge Supercharge 1 ... o Q) II) 0.3 ..0 ... r­ E :::) Z Gun, 155 mm, Ml, M1A1 or M2 Shell, HE, 155 mm, M101 I I II '0 0.2 - - L o w Angle Fire -High Angle Fire 1\ I Damage Type Casualties Expected Casualties 50% by Number, of Enemy Personnel r e.a • 'W 72 Ft 0.1 o Range Yd rtttm:f:tt=ttmm:t:tttttt PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT I-+++-t-+++++++++-H--++-H-++-I-II--l-. .' TTl I I , I ' " "l I I • . ,., o 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000 22,000 24,000 26,000 28,000 30,000 W=Width of fringe around target area requiring the burst density D. FIGURE 32 Page 95 III I I I I I 2.25 SHELL DENSITY D REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE SUPERQUICKGROUND BURSTS-NO SHIELDING. 2.00 u. o· 0 >< CI) . l75 u. 0 0 "­ Supercharge Normal Charge l50 :::» II) 0 0" 0­ "­ CI) l25 .-0 CI) ·5 0" CI) "­ lOO ~ "­ CI) ..... 0 ..r:: II) "- 0.75 • ...a E :::». Z II CI) m, Gun, 155 m M1, M1A1 or M2 Shell, .HE, 155 mm, M101 " Low Angle Fire High Angle Fire • • r., 0.. 50 Damage Type: l/S in. Mild Steel Perforations Expected/ Damage Coverage 50%· by Number, . of. Vulnerable Target Elements (2 Sq Ft) '11 m , 30,000 0 W' 34 Ft 0.25 o Range Yd I I I o 2,000 4.000 6.000 8.000 10;000. '12.000 14,000 16,000 18,00020,000 . I 22,000 24,000 26,000 28,000 W=Width of fringe around target area requiring the burst density D. FIGURE 33 Page 96 I I 4.5 SHELL DENSITY D REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE SUPERQUICK GROUND BURSTS NO SHIELDING Supercharge f-­ f-LL. f-O 4.0 3~5 ~~ LL. 3.0 o f-~ Q) ~ ­ >< Normal Charge :> 0­ Il) o 2.5 - Q; Q. \J ~ Q) ·3 2.0 g~ ..c. II) Q) 1.5 . '0 ~ Gun, 155 mm, M1, M1A1 or M2 Shell, HE, 155 mm, M101 II II I Q) 1IIIII11 -01.-.. 1.0 z o 1/ :> E . I-' - - l o w Angle Fire - High Angle Fire W 29 Ft Damage Type: 1/4 in.. Mild Steel Perforations Expected -Damage Coverage 50% by Number, of Vulnerable Targel Elements (2Sq Ft)­ 0.5 PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT F Range Yd °° I 1 I I I 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000 22,000 24,000 26,000 28,000 30,000 W=Width of fringe around target area requiring the burst density D. FIGURE 34 Page 97 LL. o o ...... >< LL. ­ SHELL DENSITY D REQUIRED IN AREA ~IRE ~ SUPERQUICK GROUND BURSTS NO SHIELDING ~ - o o ...... ­ Ch 1 Ch 2 ~l-+--I-+- Ch 3 H+I-++++++++++-I+ Ch 4 .... o sCI) ..c: CI) III ...a ~ : o : - E Howitzer, 75 mm~ Ml, M1Al, M20r M3 Shell, HE, 75 mm, M48 I 1 I I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 I I • II I I I I I I 1 II - - - l o w Angte Fire. - -High Angle Fire ,", I Damage Type Casualties ExpectedCasualties 50% by Number, of Enemy Personnel ~ W 37 Ft Range Yd PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT :: • "'11"'1",.'-'"1"1""""'1-"1"" ",",­ 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 11,000 12,000 13,000 14,000 15,000 W=Width of fringe around target area requiring the burst density D. FIGURE 35 SHELL DENSITY DREQUIRED IN AREA FIRE ~ SUPERQUICK GROUND BURSTS NO SHIELDING ,~: - - l o w Angle Fire - - - High Angle Fire ­ 6 ,Ch 1 Ch2 Ch 3 Ch 4 ...; 3 h-5; a Q) :1 _Z - II ~ '0 p Q) +++++f-+++++++-H-I-+-I-+-l-~I-I-I . Damage Type: ~ in. Mild Steel Perforations Expected Damage Coverage 50% by' Number, of Vulnerable Target Elements (2 Sq Ft) •••• i .0 Howitzer, 75 mm, Ml, M1Al, M2 or M3 , S~ell, HE, 75 mm, M48' 111111 "'11 W 20 Ft PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT - o Range· Yd ° 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 FIGURE 36 6,000 7,000 8,000" 9,000 10,000 W=Width of fringe around target area requiring the burst density D. 20 SHELL DENSITY D REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE SUPERQU'CK GROUND- BURSTS NO SHIELDING 18 17 15 ,­ 14 . Ch 1 Ch 2· Ch 3 Ch 4 12 g u.. >< ... I!: 11'~ C 10' [ :;:) Gl . :D : a. "'0 9 ·s ~ Gl Gl 0" 8 -5i '0 ..0 :D 7 5 z II Q . Damage Type: % in. Mild Steel Perforations Expected Damage Coverage 50% by, Number, of Vulnerable Target Elements (2 Sq Ft) Howitzer, 75 mm, Ml, M1Al, M2 or M3 : Shell, HE, 75 mm. M48 low Angle Fire - - - - - -High Angle Fire W==13 Ft PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT o Range Yd o 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 '5,000 6,000 7,000 8,.000 9,000 10,000 W=Width of fringe around target area requiring the burst density D. FIGURE 37 Page 100 2 mllf~HO~~i~t'~~~~:~ ~~I~~:M~'2~:'M~'2IA~lT~~,r~M4~.Im:.~.lmml W*~ifs~H~ELrLnlDE~N~SlrnTY~Dn;REUQmUIDIR"ED;lIWN~A;R~EA~FmIRnE"""""""" '110~51 ~ •• Shell, HE, 105mm, Ml I I SUPfRQUICK GROUND BURSTS NO SHIELDING TTlTl - - L o w Angle Fire - - - -High Angle Fire u: o o >< u. o o - ­ ..... ~ ..c: CIl CI> o CI> ..0 E :::» Z II Ch 1 Ch 2! 'Ch 3' Ch 4 ~4-4-'Ch 5++++-1--1-+1-' Ch 6 Ch 7 CI W 58 Ft Damage Type Casualties '. Expected Casualties 50% by Number, of Enemy Personnel I 1 ~ ~ I I I I I _ .-H-++++-t--+++l--l-l-HH-++-H-1 PRE PAR E0 BY ORO NAN CEDE PT :- 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000. 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 11,000 . 12,000 13,000 14,000 15,000 W=Width of fringe around target area requiring the burst density D. FIGURE 38 PagelDI 5 p I­ , I,­ SHELL DENSITY D REQUIRED IN AREA .FIRE SUPERQUICK GROUND BURSTS NOSHIELDING· Low Angle Fire High Angle Fire 4 0 0 ""0 0 CI) u.. - >< u.. '­ 0 3 ~ lI) 0­ '­ CI) a. CI) -0 '3 CI) '­ 0­ '- Ch 7 : 2 ...c CI) ...... 0 'CI) lI) Ch 1 - Ch 2 Ch 3 - Ch 4: - Ch 5 Ch 6 ..0 I­ E ~ Z 1-' I­ II 0 W 29 Ft Damage Type: VB in. Mild Steel Perforations . ~ Expected Damage Coverage 50% by Number, : of Vulnerable Target Elements (2 Sq Ft) 1I11II1I1111111 PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT I Range Yd I I °° 1 Howitzer, 105 mm, M2, M2A1 or M4 Shell, HE, 105 mm, M1 .. 9,000 10,000 11,000 12,000 13,000 14,000 15,000 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 W=Width of fringe around target area requiring the burst density 0, FIGURE 39 Page 102 I I I I I I I I II I II 9 - - L o w Angle Fire High Angl~ Fire SHELL DENSITY D REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE SUPERQUICK GROUND BURSTS-NO SHIELDING Howitzer, 105 mm, M2, M2A1or M4 Shell, HE, 105 mm, Ml H++++++-H-+H+-r+++++++-Ht-+++++-+-I 8 u.. o· o ..­ ­ ­ 7 >< u.. o o ..­ 6 Q) L­ o :;) &II; 0'" L­ Q) 5~ Q) L­ Ch 7 Ch 6 Ch 1 Ch 2 .Ch .~ t::t:I:l:t:tt:I:lt:t::t:mt:j~ 0'" Q) 3'~ Ch 4 Ch 5 ..... o 3 L­ ....c. &II; Q) .E :;) ..0 Z 2 ~ W 19 Ft Ra n ge Damage Type: 1;4. in. Mild Steel Perforations Expected Damage Coverage ·50% by Number, of Vulnerable Target Elements (2 Sq Ft) I ++++++-+-1 Yd .-1-1r-t-++-11-+-H-1-+ PRE PAR ED BY 0 RDNA N CE DEPT tl:tt1::t:ttt~=t:I ·-+-t-t-H-t-t-t-+-H-· I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1.1 I I I I I I : o0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 11,000 12,000 13,000 14,000 15,000 W=Width of fringe around target area requiring the burst density D. FIGURE 40 Page 103 1.0 II 0.9 LL - - l o w Angle Fire - High Angle Fire 0.8 0 0 LL 0 0.7 ...... dl C :::l ." 0 x e­ 0.6 Q; a. ""0 0.5 '5 ~ e~ dl Ch 1 Ch 2 Ch 3 Ch 4 Ch 5 ..c Ch 6 Ch 7 0.4 '0 J,;, ." ..0 dl E 0.3 z :::l II Cl SHELL DENSITY D REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE SUPERQUICK GROUND BURSTS NO ·SHIELDING :TTTT 0.2 0.1 W 72 Ft Howitzer, 155 mm, M1 or M1A1 Shell, HE, ;155 mm, M107 Damage Type Casualties Expected Casualties 50%, by Number, of Enemy Personnel 1.1 PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT 0 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 11,000 12,000 13,000 14,000 15,000 16,000 17,000 W=Width of fringe around target area requiring the burst density D. Range-Yd FIGURE 41 Page 104 2.50 -------'-low Angle Fire -- - - - -High Angle Fire 2.25 2.00 LL. .... .... >< 0 0 1.75 LL. Ch 1 Ch 2 Ch 3 Ch 4 Ch 5 Ch 6 Ch 7. 0 0 ... 0 1. 50 0­ Q) ~ Ill, :n, Q. -0 1.25 ~, '5 0­ ~ 1. 00 Q; ..r= III (; Q) SHELL DENSITY D REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE SUPERQUICK GROUND BURSTS-NO SHIELDING· Howitzer, 155 mm, M1 or M1A1 Shell, HE, 155 mm, M107 Damage Type: Vs-in. Mild Steel Perforations Expected Damage Coverage-50% by Number, of Vulnerable- Target Elements (2 Sq Ft) ... E ~ 0.75 ...0, Z II Q 0.25 W=34 Ft PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT o o 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8.000 9,000 10,000 11,000 12,000 13,000 14,000 15,000 16,000 17,000 W=Width of fringe around target area requiring the burst densityD. Range-Yd FIGURE 42 Page 105 5.0 4.5 u.. 0 0 4.0 >< Q) SHELL DENSITY D REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE SUPERQUICK GROUND BURSTS-NO SHIELDING 3.5 u.. 0 0 0 :::) 3.0 III C'" Q) a. . "1J , Ch·' Ch 2 Ch 3 Ch 4 Cn 5 Ch 6 Ch 7 2.5 ·5 ~ --;c ~ 0­ 4i 2.0 '0 III ... ...c E Q) 1.5 z' 1\ :::) 0 Howitzer, 155 mm, M1 or M1A1 Shell, HE, 155mm, M107 - - L o w Angle Fire - - - - - -High Angle Fire W=29 Ft 1.0 Damage Type: Ih-in. Mild Steel Perforations Expected Damage Coverage-50% by Number, of Vulnerable Target Elements· (2 Sq Ft) 0.5 - Range-Yd o 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 11,00n 12,000 13,000 14,000 ·15,000 16,000' 17,000 W=Width of fringe around target area requiring the burst density D. FIGURE 43 Page 106 I 1.8 SHELL DENSllY D REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE SUPERQUICK GROUND BURSTS NO SHIELDING· r " . II • +-I-I-I-~~.+-l- Ch 3 -++-H-H-+++r Ch 4 ++++-H-+-H Ch 5 Ch 6 Damage Type Casualties Expected Casualties 50% . by Number, of Enemy Personnel' 002 Range Yd PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT I I I I I °o r-T 1,250 1,500 1,000 250 500 ·750 W=Width of fringe around .target area req~iring the burst density D. \ 1,750 2,000 2,250 2,500 2,750 3,000 3,250 3,500 3,750 FIGURE 44 7.5. 7.0 6.5 6.0 _Lll _l. LLLLLI. LI.LLL.LJ. I SHELL DENSITY D REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE __ ~III SUPERQUICK GROUND BURSTS NO SHIEL~!NG TITTllll I • 1mm, Ml Mortar, 8 Shell, ~ E, 8lmm, M43Al u: 5.5 b >< LL. 0 0 0 5.0 (\) '­ 0­ ell => 0 ChO. Ch 1 Ch 3 Ch 2 Ch 4 Ch 5_ Ch 6 '­ 4.5 r­ a. "1J (\) (\) '­ .:; -' ­ (\) 0­ 4.0 ..c (\) ..... 0 ell 3.5 '- . (\) ..0 z 3.0 E => II Cl ~ 1.5 1.0 0.5 W 21 Ft . I Damage Type: Vs in Mild Steel Perforations Expected Damage Coverage 50% by Number, of Vulnerable Target Elements (2. Sq Ft) PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT IBBI"I'IIIIIIIB~'~ II~II~II~II~I~~::~~~~II o~ o 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 Range-Yd W=Width of fringe around target area requiri.ng the burst density D. FIGURE 4S 5,000 17 Ch 0 16 Ch 1 SHELL DENSITY D REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE SUPERQUICKGROUND BURSTS NO SHIELDING Mortar, 81 mm, M1. Shell, HE,81 mm, M43A1 Ch 3 Ch 4 Ch 5 Ch 6 15 . 14 13 12 Ch 2 11 10 8 7 6 Lt o ~ >< o Lt o o : ;) ... III Q) CT Q) 5e ·5 ~ a. CT 4 ..s::. Q) III o -0 Gi E ::;) Z II Cl W 11 Ft Damage Type: % in. Mild Steel Perforations Expected Damage Coverage 50% by Number, . of Vulnerable Target Elements (2 Sq Ft) PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT o o 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 Range-Yd W=Width of fringe around target area requiring the burst density D. FIGURE 46 Page 109 I I, 2.25 u.; SHELL DENSITY D REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE SUPERQUICK GROUND BURSTS NO SHIELDING g ..... u. 2.00 ­ 1.75 g ..... Q) ~ ­ >< o ;:) 0'" Q) 1.50 ~ : a. I """0 Q) 1• 25 .. ~ Ch 1 '3 Q) ~ 0'" Ch 3 Ch 2 tt::t+tt::t+1+tttt::t:t:~~:ttttttttttttl, Ch 4 Q) 1.00 ~ ..... o ~ Q) ..0 0.75 ~ ~ E Z II _ ~ £:) : - Damage Type Casualties Expected Casualties 50% by Number, of Enemy .Personnel ' -'11111111111111 • 0.25 Range -, I ,PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT: ., 1 1 __ ,_...-": _,. l ._,_ o o 250 500 750 1,000 1,250 1,500 Yd I 1111"" 1,750 2,000 2,250 2,500 2,750 3,000 3,250 3,500 3,750 W=Width of fringe around target area requiring the burst density D. FIGURE 47 Page 110 5.0 I I I -I .- -1 I •• I .- -.- I SHELL DENSITYD REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE SUPERQUICK GROUND BURSTS-NO SHIELDING • T l3fiEmiBEmmiEmfimimEEEm3 4.0 u: o o 'X Mortar, 81 mm, M1 'Shell, HE, 81 mm,M56 ­ 3.5 o o u- Q) ~ ­ 3.0 g 0Il) Ch 1 Ch 1 Ch 3 Ch 4 Q) Q. 2.5 -0 ·5 0­ Q) ~ ~ 2.0 ~ II) ~ Q) 1.5 .~ Z II £:) .:::» 1.0 W 22 Ft 0.5 PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPt Damage Type: VB in. Mild Steel Perforations Expected Damage Coverage 50% by Number, of Vulnerable Target Elements (2 Sq Ft) I I I I I .- o o 250 500 I. I I I I111 I • -.­ 750 1,000 1~250 1,500 1,750 2,000 2,250 2,500 2,750 3,000 3,250 3,500 3,750 , Range-Yd W=Width of fringe around target area requiring the burst density D. FIGURE 48 . Page 111 9 8 o o u.. _. >< u.. 0 ­ Ch 1 Ch' 2 H-H-f-I-H-f-H+++H- Ch '3 +-H+++++++-++ Ch 4 ! 7 O' ... (I) (I) a. ""tl 5 ~. ... 4 -5i (I) 0'", (I)' , ~ ... (I) o E 3 ...!l Z ~ ++++-+-t-++-t-H-t mm, 2111_~':_~~~ Morta~ 81 IE SHELL .DENSITY D REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE S~~Q~~GROUND BURSTS-NO SHIELDING~~~~~~~~~~~ Ml ~~~~~~~~D~a~ma~g~e ~Ty~pe~:~~~4~i~n.~M~ild~~St~ee~1 P~e~rfo~ra~ti~on~1 H 8 o 1 o of Vulnerable Target Elements (2 Sq Nul ~r, ~I 1!!1!lIIIIIiShielil'i '11mi'iMi561111111~E~xp~ec~te~d~Da;ma~g1e .~co~ve~ra~ge~50~%~b~Y ~Ft)m~be:H-+++-+-t mi -r-r-r1'""rl-H-t-H W 14 Ft PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT++++­ IIIIIIIIIIIIIII"IIIIIIIIII~ I :H-+++-+-t 250 500 750 1,000 1,250 1,500 1,750 2,000 2,250 2,500 2,750 3,000 3,250 3,500 3,750 Range-Yd W=Width of fringe around .target area requiring the burst density D. FIGURE 49 Plge 112 AIR BURSTS BURST DENSITIES REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE Figures 50 to 56 give the shell densities D per unit area (100 feet x 100 feet) required to caiuse 50 percent casualties over a given target area. It is understood that the mean height H of burst has been adjusted to the value which is twice the probable error in the height of burst as listed in the firing tables, restricting H, however, to values between 30 feet and 120 feet, and that the width WI of the additionalfringe of area over which the burst density D is'to be extended equals H 10. To obtain p percent casualties the values of Dobtained from the graphs should be multiplied by the factor F written beneath p in Table 70. + IThe one exception to this should be taken as 2H. evaluat~on of W is in the case of the 155mm Howitzer when W III /:I:l:tt:I::l:tttt::t:I=l 28 SHELL DENSITY D REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE AIR BURSTS AT OPTIMUM* MEAN -HEIGHT Gun, 3in., M3, M5 or M7 Shell, HE, 3in., M42A1 11I1111111111111111111111111 26 24 Fuze, MT, M43 or Modifications 22 .... LL­ 20 0 o LL­ .... >< 18 o 0 Q) 12 o G> ...0 ~ 10 Z § II Cl -6 W Mean height of burst plus 10 ft 4 2 PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT Shielding Equivalent to 10 deg Foxhole Damage Type Casualties Expected. Casualties .50% by Number of Enemy Personnel. I *See/Rule A, Introduction. o o 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 Range-Yd 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 11,000 12,000 W.=Width ~f fringe <;lround target area requiring the burst density D. FIGURE 50 I e.." I II r l 1"1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I - ".. 26 24 22 PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT 6 4 W Mean height of burst plus 10 ft Shielding Equivalent to 10 deg' Foxhole ­ Damage Type Casualties Expected· Casualties. 50% by Number . of Enemy Personnel. . " TIIIII III 2 Range Yd *See Rule A, Introduction. o o 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 FIGURE 51 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000 W=Width of fringe around target area requiring the burst density D. Pall 115 I I III I I I I I I I .I LI I 18 SHELL DENSITY D REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE AIR BURSTS-AT OPTIMUM*MEANHEIGHT ' 11111111111111111111111 Ch 2 Ch 1 Ch 3 +-H++-I-+-f 16 _ u. '14 · 0 :0 ,: >< ~ ­ ... .' Howitzer, 75 mm, Ml,' M1Al,M2 or M3 ' Shell, HE, 75 mm, M48 11111 ' Fuze, TSO , M54 12, :0 : '0 ::) :.1: ... Q) li) e­ 10 t- ... Q) a. '"'0 8 t- e­ t: ~ l­ I­ ... .:; Q) Q) • Shielding Equivalent to 10 deg Foxhole Damage Type 'Casualties Expected Casualties 50% by Number of Enemy Personnel. I ..t: 6 1- ..... ~ 0 ,II- lI) ... Q) 1-..0 4 ~z I- I- ,::) ~ E II ~o I- ~ H'· *See Rule A, Introduc,tion.. 2 J , -­ PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT Range Yd . '. W :Mean height of burst plus 10 ft h 1II111TII"I'IIIIIIII1111111111111111 I I I '0 W=Widthof fringe around target area req~iring the burst density D. o 1.000 tODD 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 FIGURE 52 Page 116 18 SHELL DENSITY DREQUIRED IN AREA FIRE AIR BURSTS AT OPTIMUM*MEAN HEIGHT o o 16 Howitler,105 mm, M2, M2A1 or M4 Shell, HE, 105 mm, Ml .-rT'".· , 14 >< +­ LL. Fuze, TSO , M54 o o 12 ,~' III :::> 0­ C Ch 3 10E Z Q II Shielding Equivalent to 0 deg Foxhole Prone Man Damage Type Casualties Expected Casualties 50% by Number of Enemy Personnel. I 1 I , , I I I I I .,L.L..LLLL..L J__ 1 . Ll__ l 1 loot u~ 2 W Mean height of burst plus 10 ft ; Range Yd, *See Rule A, Introduction. PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT °o 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 W=Width of fringe around target area requiringthe burst density D. FIGURE 53 Page 117 20 -, , T . SHELL DENSITY D REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE AIR- BURSTS AT OPTIMUM* MEAN HEIGHT - PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT , 18 16 14 0 0 - .... u.. u.. Howitzer, 105 min, M2, M2A1 or M4 Shell, HE, 105 mm, Ml I 111111 Fuze, 1SO , M54 Ch3 12 0 Q 10 >< ... c CI) ::) Ch 2 Ch 4 Ch 1 Ch 5 Ch 6 Ch 7 C" CII ­ Q) Co -c CI) 8 ·5 C" ~ CI)­ ... 6 -5i ... CI) .0 4 z II Cl 5 r T 2 W - I Mean height of burst plus 10 ft. L _ Shielding Equivalent tO,10 deg Foxhole -~~tt:J . Damage Type Casualties Expected Casualties 50% _ Number by - of Enemy Personnel. *See Rule A, Introduction: o o 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 --_ Range~Yd 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 W=Width of fringe around target area requiring the burst density D. FIGURE 54 'age 118 PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT 18 ,Ch 2 16 u.. 0 14 .... >< 0 01­ Ch 4 Ch 5 Ch 6 u.. 0 0 01­ Ch .1 {; ~ 41 C'" ell Q; 0­ '"'0 41 ... '5 41 ... '41 ell C'" ..c '0 Q; ..0 SHELL DENSITYD REQUIRED I'N AREA FIRE AIR BURSTS AT OPTIMUM*MEAN HEIGHT Howitzer, 105 mm, M2, M2Al or M4 Shell,H E, 105-mm, Ml Fuze, TSO ,M54 , W I E Z II 0 ~ Shielding Equivalent to 30 deg Foxhole Damage Type .Casualties Expected Casualties 50% by Number of Enemy Personnel. *See Rule A, Introduction. 2 Mean height of burst plus 10ft. o o 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 Range-Yd 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 W=Width of fringe around target area requiring the burst density D. FIGURE 55 30mp~~,~~~m!~~,OO~~=~I'I~'I~I~~,ij ,g.~Chb~711111 l SHELL DENSITY D REQUIRED IN AREA FIRE AIR BURSTS AT OPTIMUM*MEAN HEIGHT Shell, HE, 155 mm, M107 26 ~mmt1m! Howitzer, 155 mm, M1 orM1A1 ttj Fuze, MT, M67 or Modifications 22 20 u.. 0 0 r­ ­ Ch 6 18 u.. 0 0 (I) ­ >< '- 16 :> C" III c '­ (I) Q. 14 "'U (I) '3 C" (I) '­ Ch 5 Ch 4 '- 12 ...c (I) III '0 '­ 10 (I) ..0 Ch 2 Ch 3 Ch 1 E :> Z 8 II Cl 6 4 2 ~'U'Wtmt:tTWttOttt:sim:ses::Em~es:ans:~he~igtIhtttOttfttbuttrsjjt ~ oomw 10,000 PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT Shielding Equivalent to 10 deg, Foxhole Damage Type Casualties Expected Casualties 50% by Number of Enemy Personnel. *See Rule A, Introductio~.'m °° 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 12,000 1.4,000 16,000 18,000 Range-Yd W=Width of frin'ge around target area requiring the burst density 0, FIGURE 56 20,00~ Page 120 Volume III' Part 9 ARTILLERY FIRE AGAINST ARTILLERY MATERIEL 1. GENERAL. For several gun-ammunition combinations, -ranges, and types of fire, the following tables give the number of rounds to be fired to obtain a certain degree of destruction of enemy artillery. There is an advantage in total weight of projectiles in using the smallest shell which will reach the target, and frequeIl,tly, in time fire, among shell of the same caliber in using that with the highest muzzle velocity. 90 percent probability of damaging the target in aimed fire. The figures for time fire are based on the assumption that the· fuze time is set so that the center of burst is at the target. The significance of the numbers listed "under Impact,. Time, Time and Impact is explained in paragraphs 5 and 6. Firing table probable errors have been assumed, and consequently the numbers refer to observed fire, well adjusted. I. THE TARGET. Th~ target considered is the German 88mm AA gun Flak 18/ or Flak 41. In general the degree of destruction considered is that necessary to prevent temporarily the use of the piece as .an anti-aircraft weapon. The most vulnerable "part of a piece is the countp,r recoil mechanism. Perforation of the counter recoil gas cylinder ii considered as a main cause of damage but . not the only cause, and this prevents the. use of the piece temporarily. Somewhat more damage is required to prevent the use of the piece. against ground targets (for instance, anti-tank use) than for anti-aircraft use, and for the former ca~e the figures of the tables should be increased about 20 percent. . . The numbers are approximately correct for other arttllery targets. They should be increased by not more than 50 percent for more highly resistant targets, or for the requirement of more serious damage. If the target piece is of different size than the Flak 18 or Flak 41, the numbers should be altered. For targets of smaller gun area the numbers. should be increased, about by the same factor as the area is smaller, except for fire at very short ranges. Effect of the fire against personnel has been neglected. The most common effect of counter battery fire is to prevent manning the guns. For the effect against personnel see Part 8 of this volume.· In general the best condition for fire against personnel is. also nearly the best for fire against artillery, so that tables 71 and 72· indicate the added effect against materiel if anti ­ personnel fire is conducted. . Table 70 gives the percent of guns damaged when the number of rounds differs bya given fraction from that listed in tables 71 and 72. 4. AREA FIRE. If only the general location of the enemy pieces is known, the fire must be directed over a general area. The number of rounds required for given probability of damaging one piece known to be in the area is then pro ­ portional to the area over which the fire is· distributed. The probability of hitting another piece in the area is, of course, the same, so the number of rounds required to put out of action half the enemy pieces in the area is independent of the number of enemy guns in the area. The number of rounds per 10,000 square yards of the area over which the fire is directed, required to damage half the enemy pieces located in the area, is listed in Table 71. The fact that the number of rounds is listed for an area of 10,000 square yards (100 yard by 100 yard square) is not to be interpreted as meaning that area fire over such a small area is possible without wasting ammunition outside the area. The numbers listed must be multiplied by the total area in square yards under fire divided by 10,000. Even so, there is a band of area at the edge of the target in which the probability of hitting a target with fragments is lower than 50 percent, being in fact 25 percent at edges away from corners. This could be over.. come by increasing the'number of rounds near the edge. Frequently,how.. ever, in area fire the concentration of targets is suspected to be gre"ater at the center of the area, and consequently the effect of a rou:p.d ofa:qlmunition " is greater here. The significance of the numbers listed under impact, time, time and impact is explained in paragraphs 5 and 6. In the case of time fire the height'of center of burst is taken as onemil for ranges not exceeding 10,000 yards, and 30 feet for longer· ranges. This is a simple workable rule giving very close to maximum effect of fire against the materiel for the problem in hand. When the probable error is large a mean height of burst equal. to two probable errors in the height of burst, as given in the firing table, is preferable for maximum effect against personnel. The tabulated numbers are applicable to this case. I. AIMED FIRE. If the enemy piece is accurately located, the fire should be directed at the piece itself. In Table 72 are given the number of rounds required for Page 121 , I. IMPACT FIRE. The numbers tabulated opposite Impact in the tables are those caused by direct hits only. No damage due to blast or fragments from 'near mi~ses has, been considered, since this depends on the degree of shielding and the ,way the weapon is emplaced. These figures are consequently cpnservative, since if no shielding or r~vet. mentsare present there will be considerable damage due to fragments. 6. TIME FIRE. The numbers of rounds required for air burst fire are entered opposite Time and Impact in the tables. The values tabulated opposite Time give the number of rounds required .when the damage is caused only by fragments arising from air bursts. This is separately listed for purpose of general interest. In Table 72, Aimed Fire, the fuze setting is assumed to be such that the center of burst occurs at the target. In Table 71, Area Fire, the height of center of burst is assumed to be one mil for ranges up to 10,000 yards, and 30 feet for greater ranges. ' Due to the dispersion in fuze -functioning, half the shell will burst below the center of burst and half above it. In the case of aimed fire, with center of burst at the target and not above it, the half with delayed functioning will strike the ground before bursting. In the case of area fire, with higher center of burst" there will- still be a considerable number' of shell striking the ground before bursting. These shell may strike the target and destroy it by direct hits. The effect of these hits has been ignored in the line marked Time. It has been included in the line marked Time and Impact. The entries under Time and Impact therefore give the combined effect of air burst and direct hits. However, as in the case of the entry on the line marked Impact, the effect of fragment damage from near miss ground bursts, which occur with the shell fuzed combination time and superquick, is neglected, since' this damage depends greatly on the shielding and type of revetment. In the case of minimum' shielding the entries are therefore conservative when the combination time and superquick fuze is used. ,.fire ,is largely directed against personnel, and when air bursts are employed, ,the numbers listed opposite Time and Impact should indicate the damage done to materiel. In the case of aimed fire (Table 72) except at the longer ranges with the heavier weapons, the Impact entries ,are lower than those of Time and Impact, which means that direct 'hits are more effective than air bursts, and PD fuzes, set superquick, are superior to time fuzes if the effect against ' materiel alone is desired. The added effect of fragment damage from near miss ground bursts, w:Q.ich is neglected in all the numbers listed and depends on the revetments present, will be greatest for the PD fuze set superquick, next for the com­ bination time and superquick setting, and absent for time fuzes with no combination superquick feature. The ratios of the required numbers of rounds .listed under Impact to those under Time and Impact ar~ therefore: a. Somewhat greater than the ratios of required rounds for actual fire with PD fuze (set SQ) as against time fuzes with-both T and SQ. b. Considerably greater than the ratios of required rounds for actual fire with PD fuze (set SQ) and time fuzes with no' superquick feature. c. More nearly correct the greater the shielding due to revetments. • .'COMPARISON OF AIMED 'AND, AREA FIRE. The numbers listed in Tables 71 and 72 for the same gun ammunition combination and range are not directly comparable, since they . refer to entirely different quantities, those in 72 being number of rounds per enemy piece attacked, and those in 71 number of rounds per 10,000 square yards area fired upon. In general, aimed fire, if the enemy pieces are accurately located, is at' least as' good as area fire and, is almost always, better when the same height of center of burst is used. At great ranges, where dispersion is large, and with very many enemy pieces in a small, area, area fire may be ess~ntially as good, since the rounds fired at neighboring enemy pieces may, overlap due to dispersion. In this case, rounds aimed at one piece may damage its neighbor. If this situation, of extremely ,high area concentration of enemy' pieces, holds, then the numbers given ip Table 72 for aimed fire may be high (since any given weapon may be" damaged by rounds aimed. at its neighbor) and the numbers in Table 71 pertaining to area fire may represent the true damage figures, even if aimed fire is used. In general, it is 1I10st profitable to fire th~ same number of rounds at each enemy piece, all other factors, being equal. 7. COMPARISON OF GROUND BURST AND AIR BURST. No general statement of the relative effectiveness of ground burst and air burst fire is possible since this depends entirely on the emplacements. With no shielding at all by revetments, ground bursts are generally more effective against materiel and personnel iIi the open but personnel in fox hoZes or trenches are to be attacked by air burst fire. Since counter battery Page 122 TABLE 71 NUMBER OF ROUNDS REQUIRED AGAINST ENEMY ARTILLERY FOR 50%· EFFECT FOR 10,000 SQ YD IN AREA FIRE Muzzle Velocity Range (yd) Type of Fire Impact Time Time and impact 2,000 210 230 170 5,000 680 700 500 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 Gun and Am~unition Howitzer, 7~mm, 'M1( M1 A 1, M2, M3 Shell, HE, M48 Fuze, TSQ, M54 Fuze, PO, M48A2 Howitzer, 155mm, M1 Shell, HE, M107 Fuze, MT, M67A1 Fuze, PO,M51 A3 Gun, 155mm, M1, M1A1, M2 .Shell, HE, M101 Fuze, MT, M67A1 Fuze, PO, M51 A3 Howitzer, 240mm, M1 Shell, HE, M114 Fuze, MT, M67A1 Fuze, PO, M51 A3 F/s 1,250 . 1,850 Impact Time Time and impact 70 43 38 . 27 26 26 260 67 59 790 ,,160 150 1,400 300 280 2,800 Impact Time Time and impact 92 53 48 330 92 83 810 180 160 1,300 320 290/ 1,700 2,300 Impact Time Time and impact 1,100 120 110 1,400 160 150 TABLE 72 NUMBER OF ROUNDS REQUIRED AGAINST ENEMY ARTILLERY FOR 90% PROBABILITY OF AT LEAST ONE EFFECTIVE HIT IN AIMED FIRE Gun and Ammunition Howitzer, 75mm, M1, M1 A 1, M2, M3 Shell, HE,M48 Fuze, TSQ, M54 Fuze, PO, M48 and Mod Gun, 75mm, M1897, M1897A1, M1897.A2, M1897A3, M1897A4 Shell, HE, M48 Fuze, TSQ, M54 Fuze, PO, M48 and Mod Gun, 76mm, M1A1,M1AC, M1A2 _Shell, HE, M42A1 Fuze, MT, M43A5 Fuze, PO, M48 and Mod Gun, 90mm, M1, M1 A1,M2, M3 Shell, HE, M71 FuzeiMT, M43A5 Fuze, PO, M48 an~ Mod Howitzer, 105mm, M2, M2A1,M4 _Shell, HE,M1 Fuze, TSQ, M54 Fuze, PO, M48 and Mod Howitzer, 105mm, M2, M2A1, M4 Shell, HE, M1 - Fuze, TSQ, M54 Fuze, PO, M48 and Mod Gun, 4.5 inch, M1 Shell, HE, M65 Fuze, MT, M67A1 Fuze, PO, M51 and Mod Gun, 4.5 inch, M1 Shell, HE, M65 FlIZe, MT, M67A1 Fuze, PO, M51 and Mod . Howitzer, 155mm, M1917, M1917A1, M1918 Shell, HE, M102 Fuze, TSQ, M55A1 Fuze, PO, M51 and Mod Howitzer, 155mm, M1917, M1917A1, M1918 Shell, HE, M102 Fuze, TSQ, M55A1 Fuze, PO, M51 and Mod Howitzer, 15Smm, M1 Shell, HE, M107 Fuze l MT, M67A1 Fu~e, PO, M51 and Mod Howitzer, 155mm, M1 Shell, HE, M107­ Fuze, MT, M67A1 Fuze, PO, M51 and Mod MY f/s 1,250 Type of fire Impact Time Time and Impact Range (yd) 2,000 24 340 43 5,000 460 1,400 560 10,000 15,000 20,000 Page·123 I 25,000 30,000 1,950 Impact Time Time and Impact Impact Time Time and Impact Impact Time Time and Impact Impact Time Time and Impact Impact Time Time and Impact Impact Time Time and Impact Impact Time Time and Impact Impact Time Time and Impact Impact Time Time and Impact Impact Time Time and Impact Impact Time Time and Impact -­ 7 340 15 6 270 13 3 260 7 24 250 41 6 270 13 3 410 7 16 500 31 10 170 19 7 210 14 7 240 14 3 340 7 120 790­ 180 55 430 87 42 360 68 460 820 430 .~ ) 2,700 2,700 770 1,400 730 1,020 1,550 91 450 130 19 430 36 39 560 69 190 380 190 130 320 140 69 320 96 23 320 41 250 590 270 2,300 1,900 1,400 380 960 420 460 1,200 520 2,600 3,400 2,000 2,300 4,000 -2,100 7,700 9,000 5,900 1,820 --­ 2,275 1,082 1,476 1,220 1,850 I Page 124 TABLE 72 (Continued) Gun and Ammunition Gun 155mm,M1917,M1917A1, M1918 Shel, HE, M101 f Fuze, MT, M67A1 Fuze, PO, M51 and Mod Gun{ 155mm, M1917, M1917A1, M1918 Shel, HE, M101 Fuze, MT, M67A1 Fuze, PO, M51 and Mod . Gun 155mrn, M1, M1A1, M2 Shel, HE, M101 f Fuze, MT, M67A1 Fuze, PO, M51 and Mod Gun 155mm, M1,M1 A 1, M2 Shel, HE, M101 f Fuze, MT, M67A1 Fuze, PO, M51 and Mod Howitzer, 8 inch, M1 Shell,HE, M106 Fu.Ie,'MT, M67A1 Fuze, PO) M51 andMod Howitzer, 8 inch, M1 Shell, HE, M106 ' Fuze,.MT, M67A1 Fuze; PO, M51 and Mod Gun, 8 inch, M1 Shell, HE, M103 Fuze, MT, M67A1 Fuze, PO, M51A2.Mod 3 and Mod Gun, 8 inch, M1 She,ll, HE, M103 F~ze, MT, M67A1 FuZe, PO, M51 A2 Mod 3 and Mod Howitzer, 240mm, M1 Shell, HE, M114 Fuze, MT, M67A1 Fuze, PO, M51 and Mod Howitzer, 240mm, M1 Shell, HE, M114 Fuze, MT, M67A1 Fuze, ~D, M51 and Mod Howitzer, 240mm, M1 Shell, HE, M114 Fuze, MT; M67A1 Fuze, PD,M51 and Mod MV f/s 1,955 Range (yd) Type of fire Impact Time Time and impact Impact Time Time and Impact Impact Time Time and Impact Impact Time Time and Impact Impact Time Time and Impact Impact Time Time and Impact Impact Time Time and Impact Impact Time Time and Impact Impact Time Time and Impact Impact Time Time and Impact Impact Time Time and Impact 330 320 220 2,300 1,200 950 1,100 1,600 930 2,300 1,000 820 / 2,000 5 370 11 4 450 9 5,000 42 340 68 23 410 42 81 330 110 10,000 570 770 460 250 480 240 570 700 430 330 590 31'0 380 390 15,000 2,900 2,300 1,700 1,600 1,500 1,000 2,300 1,800 1,300 2,300 960 790 20,000 25,000 30,000 2,410 5,900 3,700 2,800 !",1.00 2,800 9 520 18 3 210 7 48 460 80 28 220 45 3 290 7 4,500 2,500 1,800 11,000 4,500 4,000 1,380 ~50 1,950 54 280 78 I 330 430 260 130 410 160 770 1,100 640 1,100 1,400 850 2,300 3,100 1,900 2,300 3,400 1,900 25,000 7,000 6,200 2,600 2,85,0 1,500 1,740 2,300 7,700 2,400 2,100 Page 125 Volume III Part 10 RICOCHET TRAJECTORY BURST ._ •. ~. 'il1~ ~I!? F. P. E.IN HEIGHT OF BURST t •.} ··50% OF BURSTS 0 ~~1 Ie . t RANGE --------_I,I+___ ANGLE OF RECOVERY IMPACT TO BURST HEIGHT OF BURST 1. GENERAL. The figure titled Ricochet Trajectory shows the position of the burst with respe«t to the impact after ricochet from level ground when· a point detonating delay fuze is used. The quantities angle of fall, angle of recovery, distance from impact to burst, height of burst, and probable error in height of burst are tabulated against range for several combinations of gun and ammunition. The tables apply not only to the gun and ammunition listed but to any gun and charge firing the ammunition with the tabulated muzzle velocity and any fuze of the same standard contour with the tabulated delay time. Ricochets are not ordinarily expected at longer ranges (larger angles of fall) than those tabulated. The angle and velocity of recovery and consequent position of burst depend on the slope of the soil, the soil density and other factors. These tables are based on data gathered on level soil which is a sand clay mixture, well integrated and believed to be ageneral average of soil hardness. The probable error in height of burst will depend on the uniformity of the surface in the impact area. Note: The following tables contain data for the fuze listed and certain listed fuze delay times only. These same f\lzes have other delay times than that listed. However, the delay time is indicated on each fuze as part of the fuze nomenclature. Page 126 TABLE 73 TABLE 74 Howitzer, 75mm, Ml, M1Al, M2, M3 Shell, HE, M48 Range yd Charge 1 MV 700 f/s Fuze, PO, M48A1, M48A2 and M51 A4 (0.15 sec delay) Charge 2 MV810 f/s Fuze, PO, M48A1, M48A2 and M51 A4 (0.15 sec delay) Charge 3 MV 950 f/s Fuze, PO, M48A1, M48A2 and M51 A4 (0.15 sec delay) Charge-4 MV 1,250 f/s Fuze, PO, M48A1, M48A2 and M51 A4 (0.15 sec delay) I Gun, 75mm, M1897 Series Shell, HE, M48 Range yd Reduced Charge MV 950 f/s Fuze, PO, M48A1, M48A2 and M51A4 (0~15 sec delay) Normal Charge MV 1,500 f/s Fuze, PO, M48A1, M48A2 and M51 A4 (0.15 sec delay) 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 Angle of Angle of Impact fall Recovery to Burst mils 59 126 206 301 26 65 115 174 240 313 394 13 36 70 116 171 234 303 378 mils 90 170 245 295 45 100 160 220 265 300 315 25 60 105 160 215 260 .295 315 yd 40 33 25 17 62 50 41 33 26 19 13 28 23 19 14 12 9 7 5 PEin Height Height of Burst of Burst ft 11 17 18 16 8 15 19 22 21 17 12 2 4 6 7 8­ 7 6 4 ft 2 3 4 4 2 3 4 5 5 4 4 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 .1 ft Angle of Angle of Impact Recovery to Burst Fall mils 109 242 415 mils 155 265 315 yd 26 17 7 PEin Height Height of Burst of BUIst ft 12 14 7 '­ 2 3 2 1,000 2,000 3,000 1,000 2,000 3,000 82 178 295 120 220 295 32 24 15 12 16 14 2 3 3 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 1;000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 58 127 208 305 425 38 86 142 206 279 363 90 175 245 295 315 60 125 190 245 285 310 40 33 25 17 8 51 42 35 28 21 14 11 21 18 15 8 11 16 20 21 18 14 2 4 4 4 3 2 3 4 4 4 4 Super Charge MV 1,950 f/s fuze, PO, M48, M48A2 and M51 A4 (0.05 sec delay) Note: Data also applies to the Gun, 75mm, M3 and M6. Page 127 TABLE 75 .TABLE 77 Gun, 76 mm, M1Al, M1A1C, Shell, HE, M42Al Range yd MV 2,700 fls Fuze, PO, M48, M48A2 and M51 A4 (0.05 sec delay) 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,0,00 8,000 9,000 mils 8 20 38 65 106 163 233 315 407 mils 20 35 60 100 150 210 260 300 315 M1A2 PEin Height Height of Burst of Burst ft 3 4 5 6 7 7 7 6 4 Hllwitzer, 105 mm, M2, M2Al,' M4 Shell, HE, Ml' Range yd Charge 1 ,MV 650 fls Fuze, PO, M48A1, M48A2 and M51 A4 (0.15 sec delay) Charge 2 MV 710 fls Fuze, PO, M48A1, M48A2 and M51 A4 (0.15 sec delay) Charge 3, MV 780 fls Fuze, PO, M48A1, M48A2 and M51 A4 (0.15 sec delaylCharge 4 MV 875 fls Fuze, PO, M48A1, M48A2 and M51 A4 (0. ~ 5 sec delay) Charge 5· MV 1,020 fls Fuze, PO, M48A1, M48A2 and M51 A4 (0.15 sec delay) 1,000 2,000 Angle of Angle of Impact Recovery to Burst fall mils 1.26 272 mils 170 285 yd 24 15 PEin Height Height of Burst of Burst ft 12 13 ft 2 3 Angle of Angle of Impact Recovery to Burst Fall yd 40 33 26 21 16 12 9 6 4 - ft 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1,000 2,000 3,000 .. ' 104 226 370 145 260 315 27 19 10 12 15 10 2 3 3 Note: The data on distance from impact to burst, height of burst and PE in height of burst are approximately true for any 3 inch gun firing this projectile with MV from 2,600 to 2,800 f/s. 1,000 2,000 3,000 87 188 304 125 230 295 31 23 15 12 16 14 2 3 3 TABLE 76 Gun, 90 mm, Ml,M1Al, Shell, HE, M71 - M2, M3 PEin Height Height of Burst of Burst Ft 2 3 5 6 7 8 8 8 8 6 ft 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 1,000 69 147 237 343 51 109 174 247 331 430 39 86 138 198 265 339 422 25 60 104 156 214 278 348 42g 105 195 265 305 80 155 220 270 305 315 65 125 185 235 280 305 31'5 45 95 145 200 250 285 310 315 36 29 21 14 44 37 30 23. 17 10 51 43 36 30 24 17 10 65 54 44 37 29 23 17 10 11 17 17 13 10 17 20 19 15 9 10 17 20 21 20 16 10 8 15 19 22 22 20 16 10 2 3 4 3 2 3 '4 4 '4 3 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 Range yd' MV 2,700 E/s Fuze, PO, M48, M48A2 and M51 A4 (0.05 sec delay) 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 Angle of Angle of Impact Fall Recovery to Burst mils 7 17 30 47 69 98 136 187 249 314 mils 20 30 50 75 105 140 180 '230 270 300 yd 41 36 32 '28 23 19, 15 12 9 7 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 2~000 Charge 6 MV 1,235 fls Fuze, PO, M48A1, M48A2 and M51 A4 (0.15 sec delay) 1,000 2,OOQ 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000· 7,000 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000' Charge 7 MV 1,500 fls Fuze, PO,M48A1, M48A2 and M51 A4 (0.15 sec delay) 4 5 5 4 4 .. 2 3 Note: Data for Charges 1-5 applies also to Howitzer, 105 mm, M3. ' Page 128' 'TABLE 78 TABLE 79 Gun, 4.5 inch, Ml Shell, HE, M65 PEin Angle of Angle of Impact ' Height Height Fall . Recovery to Burst of Burst of Burst Howitzer, 155 mm, M1917,MI917Al, M1918 Shell, HE, Ml02 Range yd Charge 1 MV 679 f/s Fuze, PO, M51 A3 and M51A4 (0.15 sec delay) Charge 2 MV741 f/s Fuze, PO, M51 A3 and M51A4 (0.15 sec delay) Charge 3 MV 831 f/s Fuze~D, M51A3 and 51A4 (0.15 sec delay) Charge 4 MV 938 f/s Fuze, PO, M51 A3 and M51A4 (0.15 sec delay) , Charge 5 MV1,082 f/s Fuze, PO, M51 A3 and M51A4 (0.15 sec delay) 1,000 2,000 3,000 Angle of Angle of Impact Recovery , to Burst Fall mils 112 241 397 " Ra~ge PEin Heigfrt Height of Burst of Burst ft 12 14 8 ft yd Normal Charge MV 1~820 f/s Fu,z8, PO, M51 A3 , and M51A4 (0.15 sec delay) 1,000 2,000 3,000 a,OOO 5,000 6,000 7,000' 8,000 9,000 '10,000 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000' 8,000 9,000 10,000 11,000 12,000 13,000, ' - mils 16 36 60 89 125 168 219 274 334 395 10 22 37 54 75 100 130 167 211 261 317 376 438 mils 30 60 95 130 170 215 250, 285 305 315 20 40 60 85 110 140 175 215 250 280 300 315 315 yd 83 74 65 56 48 39 32 26 ' 19 14 105 '96 87 78 70 61 52 44 36 29 22 17 11 ft 7 13 18 22 24 25 24 22 18 13 7 11 15 20 23 26 27 28 27 24 20 16 11 ft 1 2 3 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 1 2 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 5 5 5 4 mils 155 265 315 yd 26 18 9 2 3 3 1,000 2,000 3,000 95 200 322 135 240 300 30 22 14 12 16 13 2 3 3 Super Charge MV 2275 f/s Fuze, PO, M51 A3 and,M51A4 (0.15 sec delay) - 1,000 ·2,000 3,000 4,000 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000, 6,000 7,000 8,000 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 75 ' 158 251 361 58 124 196 277 371 46 97 153 216 286 366 32 72 118 171 229 292 359 ,432 25 60 102 ' 151 . 206 265 328 395 110 205 275 310 90 170 235 285 310 75 140 200 250 290 310 55 110 165 215 260 290 310 315 45 95 145 195 245 280 305 315 35 27 20 13 40 34 27 21 14 47 41 34 27 ' 21 15 58 49 41 34 28 22 ' 16 10 64 54' 45 38 31 25 19 14 12, , 17 17 12 11 17 19 18 13 10 16 20 21 19 14 10 15 20 22 22 19 15 10 8 '15 19 22 23 22 18 13 " 2 4 4 3 2 3 4 4 4 2 3 4 4 4 4 2 3 4 4 5 4 4 4 2 3 4 4 5 5 4 I Charge 6 MV 1,357 f/s Fuze, PO, M51 A3 and M51A4 (0.15 sec delay) Charge 7 MV 1,476 f/s Fuze, PO, M51 A3 and M51A4 (0.15 sec delay) I 4 Page 129 TABLE 80 TABLE 81 Howitzer, 155mm, Ml mils 112 240 397 87 185 297 ·436 68 141 223 318 433 50 106 168 237 315 406 38 82 133 188 249 315 389 24 54 92 138 190 247 307 371 439 1S 35 60 92 130 176 228 286 348 411 mils 155 265 315 125 225 295 315 105 185 255 300 315 80 150 215 265 300 315 60 120 180 230 270 300 315 40 85 130 185 230 270 300 310 315 30 60 95 130 175 220 260 290 310 .315 Shell, HE,Ml07 PE in Angle of Angle of Impact Height Height Fall Reco.very to Burst, of Burst of Burst yd 26 18 9 31 24 16 . - 7 .37 30 23 16 8 45 38 31 24 18 11 51 45 38 32 26 20 13 66 56 48 40 34 27 21 16 10 83 74 64 55 46 38 30 24 18 13 ft 12 14 8 12 16 14 7 12 17 18 15 . 8 10 17 20 20 16 11 9 16 20 22 21 18 12 7 14 19 22 23 22 19 15 10 7 13 18 21 24 25 24 21 17 13 ft Gun, 155mm, Range yd Charge 1 MY 680 f/s Fuze, PO, M51 A3 and M51A4 (0.15 sec delay) Charge 2 MY 770 f/s Fuze, PO, M51 A3 and M51A4 (0.15 sec delay) 1,000 2,000 3,000 1,000 2,000 3,000. 4,000 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 , 6,000 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 1,000 2,000 ' 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 M1917,M1917Al,M1918 Shell, HE, M10l Angle of 'Angie of Impact Fall Recovery to Burst mils, 14 32 53 79 111 151 198 253 314 380 448 .9 20 33 49 68 91 120 154 195 245 302 365 432 mils 30 55 85 115 155' 195 235 275 300 315 315 'yd 89 81 71 61 52 44 36 28 21 15 10 111 102 92 83 74 65 56 47 39 31 24 18 11 PEin Height Heigh~ of Burst 'of Burst ft 8 13 18 21 24 26 25 23 20 15 9 7 11 15 19 23 25 28 28 28 25 22 17 11 yd Range 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 4 4 3 2 3 4 4 4 4 2 3 4 5 5 4 4 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 4 4. 1 2 4' 4 ft 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 6 6 6 5 5 4 Normal Charge MY 1,955 fls Fuze, PO, M51 A3 and M51A4 (0.15 sec delay) " Charge 3 MY 880 f/s Fuze, PO, M51 A3 and M51A4 (0.15 sec delay) Charge 4 'MY 1,020 f/s Fuze, PO, M51 A3 and M51A4 (0.1 5 sec delay) Chdrge 5 MY 1,220 f/s Fuze, PO, M51 A3 and·M51A4 (0.15 sec delay) 1,000 2;000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 . 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 11,000 1,000 2,000­ 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 . 9,000 10,000 11,000. 12,000 13,000 Super Charge MY 2,410 f/s Fuze, PO, M51 A3 ,andM51A4 (0.15 sec delay) - 35 55 80 105 130 165 200 235 270 295 310 .315 to Charge 6 MY 1,520 f/s Fuze, PO, M51 A3 andM51A4 (0.15 sec delay) - . Charge 7 MY 1,850 f/s Fuze,cPO, M51A3 and M51A4 (0.15 sec delay) 5 5 5 5 4 4 - Page 130 TABLE 82 Gun, 155mm, Ml, M1Al, M2 Shell, HE, Rqnge yd Normal Charge MY 2,100 f/s Fuze, PO, M51 A3. and M51A4 (0.15 sec delay) 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 .5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 11,000 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 11,000 12,000 13,000 14,000 15,000 mils 12 28 47 70 98 132 173 221 276 336 399 7 14 22 33 46 62 82 107 135 169 207 252 302 358 419 MlOl PEin Height Height of Burst of Burst ft 7 13 17 21 24 26 26 25 22 18 14 7 10 13 17 21 24 26 29 30 30 29 26 22 18 14 ft 1 2 3 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 6 6 6 Angle of Angle of Impact Recovery to Burst Fall mils 25 50 75 105 140 180 215 255 285 305 315 yd .96 86. 77 67 58 49 40 33 26 20 14 130 121 112 102 93 84 74 65 56 47 39 31 24 19 14 Super Charge MY 2,800 f/s Fuze, PO, M51 A3 and M51A4 (0.15 sec delay) - 20 30 40 55 75 95 120 150 180 • 215 245 275 295 310 315 6 5 5 5 Page 131 HOWITZER, 8 in. TABLE 83 Angle of Angle of Impact Recovery to Burst Fall mils 76 158 251 358 63 132 206 291 387 50 106 167 235 309 393 41 86 137 192 252· 317 388 mils . 110 205 275 310 95 180 245 290 315 80 150 215 265 300 315 65 125 185 235 275 300 315 y~ MI, SHELL HE, Ml06 TABLE 83 (Continued) Range yd Angle of Angle of Impact Fall Recovery to Burst mils 28 64 107 154 206 262 321 384 20 45 75 111 154 203 256 313 372 434 16 33 53 76 105 139 180 227 279 335 393 mils 50 100 ,150 200 245 280 300 315 35 70 . 110 155 200 240 275 300 310 315 30 55 85 110 150 185 225 260 285 305 315 yd 60 52 45 38 32 26 20 15 73 65 56 48 41 34 28 22 17 11 92 80 71 63 55 47 40 33 26 21 15 Height Height of Burst of Burst ft 9 15 20 23 23 22 19 14 8 14 19 22 24 24 23 20 16 11 8 13 18 21 24 26 27 26 23 19 14 ft 2 3 4 5 5 5 5 4 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 2 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 5 5 4 PEi~ Range yd Charge 1 MY 820. f/s Fuze, PO, M51 A3 and M51A4 (0.15 sec delay) Charge 2 MY 900 f/s Fuze, PO, M51A3 and M51A4 (0.15 sec delay) Charge 3 MY 1,000 f/s Fuze,PO,M51 A3 and M51A4. (0.15 sec delay) 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 1,000 2,000 3,009 4,000 5,000 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 PEin Height Height of Burst of Burst ft 11 17 17 12 11 17 19 17 11 10 17 20 20 17 12 10 16 21 22 21 18 13 ft 2 4 4 3 2 3 4 4 3 2 3 4 4 4 4 2 3 4 5 5 4 4 Charge 5 MY 1,380 f/s Fuze, PO,M51A3 and M51A4 (0.15 sec delay) 34 27 20 13 39 32 26 19 12 44 38 31 25 19 13 50 44 38 32 26 19 14 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6;000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 . 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 11,000 - Charge 6 MY 1,640 f/s Fuze, PO,M51 A3 and M51A4 (0.15 sec delay) Charge 4 MY1,150f/s Fuze, PO, M51 A3 and M5:tA4 (0.15 s'ec delay) Charge 7 MY 1,950 f/s Fuze, PO, M51 A3 and M51A4 (0.15 sec delay) Page 132 GUN, 8 in. MI, SHELL, HE, MI03 TABLE 84 Angle of Angle of Impact Recovery to Burst Fall mils 11 24 39 56 75 97 122 150 183 220 261 306 357 412 mils 20 40 65 85 110 140 170 195 225 255 280 295 310 315 285 300 310 315 315 285 300 305 315 315 yd 33 31 28 26 24 22 19 17 1-5 13 11 9 7 5 11 9 7 6 4 12 10 8 6 5 PEin Height Height of Burst of Burst It 2 4 5 7 8 9 10 10 10 10 9 8 6 5 10 8 7 6 4 10 9 7 6 4 ft 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Reduced Charge MY 2,100 fls Fuzj PO, M51A4' Mo 3 (0.15 sec delay) TABLE 85 Angle of Angle of Impact Fall Recovery to,Burst mils 11 24 39 56 75 97 122 150 183 220 261 306 357 412 272 310 . 351 395 442 275 309 347 387 430 mils 20 40 6S 85 110 140 170 195 225 255 280 295 310 315 285 300 310 315 315 285 300 305 315 315 yd 97 89 81 74 66 59 52 46 40 35 30 27 24 23 32 29 27 25 24 33 30 28 26 26 PEin Height Height of Burst of Burst ft 6 10 15 18 22 24 ' 26 26 27 27 26 24 23 22 27 26 25 24 23 29 27 26 25 24 ft 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 6 6 7 7 9 6 6 7 8 9 Range ·yd Reduced Charge MY 2100 fls Fuzj PD,M51 A 1 Mo 1 and M51A2Mod 3 (0.05 sec delay) 1,000 2,000 3;000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 11,000 12,000 13,000 14,000 15,000 16,000 17,000 18,000 19,000 17,000 18,000 19,000 20,000 21,000 Range yd 1,000 2,000 ' 3,000 . 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 -11,000 12,000 13,000 14,000 , 15,000 16,000 17,000 18,000 19,000 I Normal Charge MY 2600 fls Fuzj PO, M51A1 Mo 1 and M51A2 Mod 3 (0.05 sec delay) Super Charge MY 2850 fls Fuzj PO, M51A1 Mo 1 and M51A2 Mod 3 (0.05 sec delay) - 1­ 272 310 351 395 442 275 309 347 387 430 Normal Charge MY 2,600 fls Fuzj PO, M51A4 Mo 3 (0.15 sec delay) Super Charge MY 2,850 fls Fuzj PO, M51A4 Mo 3 (0.15 sec: delay) 17,000 18,000 19,000 20,000 21,000 1'118133 TABLE 86 Howitzer, 240 mm,Ml Shell, H~, Ml14 Angle of Angle. of Impact Recovery to Burst Fall mils 371 428 I Range yd Charge 1 MV 1,500 fls Fuze, PO, M51 A3 and M51A4 (0.15 sec delay)' Charge 2 MV 1,740 fls Fuze, PO, M51 A3 . and M51A4 (0.15 sec delay) Charge 3 MV 2,020 fls Fuze, PO, M51 A3 andM51A4 (0.15 sec delay) . PEin Height Height of Burst of Burst ft ft mils 310 315 yd 17 11 9,000 10,000 16 11 5 4 11,000 405 315 15 14 4 13,000 407 315 15 14 4 Note: Few ricochets expected with Charge 4 at minimum elevation with lev~ cC;lrriage. . . . Page 134 VoIUR1e III Part 11 ARMOR PENETRATION (THIS PART SUPERSEDES VOLUME II PART 1, PAGES 1 TO 29. PAGES 31 TO 52 ARE NOT SUPERSEDED.) 1. GENERAL. This section provides information pertaining to the performance of armor­ piercing projectiles against homogeneous and face-hardened armor plate. The various theories· and analyses of the mechanics' of ar~or penetration will not be dealt with in thi~ discussion, although such knowledge is neces­ sary for better evaluation of results obtained from test firings of projectiles against armor plate. It also allows these find.ings to be interpreted ~ore easily and accurately. It is from the test firmgs that data are obtamed and compiled as a basis for determining penetrations. 2•. ARMOR PENETRATION AND .STRIKING VELOCITY CURVES~ Armor penetration data are graphically presented for standard and limited procurement projectiles when fired against armor plate at various angles of impact and plate obliquities. These data are shown for both rolled homogeneous armor and face-hardened plates. From the charts, the thickness of armor plate which can be penetrated, at a given range or striking velocity, can be determined. It will be noted that certain portions of the penetration curve 'are shown as broken lines. This represents an . estimated performance for which actual firing data have not been obtained. The penetration curves are cOIllpiled for intact or shattered projec­ tile, with the greater portion of the fragIllents, com.pIeteIy penetrat­ ing the plate. (1) Example 1. Given-3-inch plate thickness. Required-The striking velocity and maximum range at which penetration at 20-degree obliquity can be achieved. Solution-(l) Enter the penetration scale at point "A" which represents 3-inch plate thickness. (2) Proceed upward along the vertical line until the intersection with the 20-degree obliquity penetration curve is reached at "B". (3) From "B" proceed left along a line until the intersection with the striking velocity curve at "C" is reached. (4) From "C" continue left along the horizontal line to "E" where the striking velocity of 2,160 feet per second can be read; then proceed downward from "C" along the vertical line to "D" where the range of 1,430 yards is found. Thus, a striking velocity of 2,160 feet per second is needed to penetrate 3 inches of plate, and the maximum range at which the projectile will penetrate the plate is 1,430 yard~. (2) Example 2. Given-1,430-yard range. Required~The maximum thickness of armor plate which can be penetrated at 20-degree obliquity and the corresponding striking velocity required. Solution-(1) Enter the range scale at 1,430 yards on "D" and proceed upward on a vertical line to point "C" where the striking velocity curve is intersected. (2) Proceed right from "C" along a horizontal line to "B" where the penetration curve for 20-degree obliquity is intersected. (3) Then proceed downward along a' vertical line to "A" where a thickness of 3 inches is read. (4) From point "C" proceed left along horizontal line to "E" where a striking velocity of 2,160 feet per second is ~ead. (3) Example 3. . Given-2,160 feet per second striking velocity. range and thickness of 20-degree obliquity armor plate which can be penetrated. Solution-(l) Enter the striking velocity scale at point "E" which repre­ sents 2,160 feet per second. (2) Proceed right to point "C" and then downward along the vertical line to "D" where the range of 1,430 yards can be read. (3) From point "C" proceed right to "B" on the 20-degree obliquity curve and then downward along the vertical line to "A" where the thickness of 3 inches can be read. Required~The 3. CHARTS. The chart shown in Figure 57 is for use in conjunction with the examples given below to illustrate the use of the striking velocity apd armor penetra­ tion curves. 4. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. The following examples and the chart shown in Figure 57 illustrate the use of the striking velocity and armor penetration curves. The range scale in yards and the penetration scale in inches are shown. along the bottom of the chart, the striking velocity in feet per second is shown along the left­ hand border. The striking velocity curve is designated by showing the muzzle velocity upon which it is based. The penetration curves are des­ ignated to indicate the obliquity upon which they are based. Page 135 2,500 Penetration Curves ~ '. 2,300 E 2,100 ~ C I I I I I 1.6 1,900 ~1 en 'u > ....­ I I o I I I I I I. . . . 1,700 > C> c: Q) 32 I.. (f) .... -CI' I I 1,500 I T • I Stri king Velocity Curve 1,300 ~ I I --. I 1,100 I "T I • I I 900 A Penetration I In. 1±tI:±tti:ttt1:±tti±t 1. 0 ++Hf++Il-f++++++-+ 2.0 ++++~+-+++-H-+ 1 I I I 3. 0 I 'r-H-HH-+-H-++++++ 4.0 I -+-I--I-l-+-I-I4-II--l--I--l--+--l-l- 50 • 6. 0 ++++-++-1-++++++-++ 7. 0 ~-++-I-I I o o 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,5003,000 Range yd PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT 3,300 ' 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 6,500 7,000 7,500 FIGURE 57 TABLE 87 ARMOR·PIERCING .AMMUNITION CHARACTERISTICS. (These characteristics were used in the computation of the armor penetration and striking velocity~urves.) I Proiectile Model and Caliber .30 cal AP, M2 .50 cal AP, M2 Proi Wt Ib 166 grains 708 grains Gun 24-in. barrel MG 36-in.barrel MG 45-in. barrel MG "­ Muzzle Vel f/s 2,775 2,835 2,935 2,555 2,800 2,900 2,800 2,050 3,050 1,825 2,870 2,950 2,700 2,030 Based on ** C6=0.250* C6=0.458 C6=0.458 C6=0.344* C6=0.403 C6=0~544 Figure No. 58,59 60,61 20mm, AP-T, M75 20mm, AP-T, M95 37mm,APC-T, M5181 and M51 B2 37mm, APC-T, M59 2,548 grains 2,000 grains 1.92 1.91 . M2 M2 M3,M6 AN-M9 M1A2 AN-M9 M4 M1 M1 M1 M4, AN-M5A1 MfO, M3 -­ 3 in.M'5, M7 76mm, M1A1, M1A1C, M1A2 3 in. M5, M7 76mm, M1A1, M1A1C, M1A2 M1, M2, M3 62,63 64,65 66,67 68,69 C1=0.492 C1=0.610* , 37mm, AP-T,M80 40mm, AP-T, M81 or M81 A 1 57mm, AP-T, M70 57mm, APe-T, M86 75mm, APC-T, M61 or M61A1 • 1.66 C1=0.78 C1=0.78 C6=0.615* C1=0.974 C6=1.31 FT75-AY-1 70, 71 1.96 6.28 7.27 14.96 72, 73 74, 75 76, 77 78, 79 3 in. & 76mm, APC-T, M62 or M62A1 15.44 2,600 FT3-W-1 FT76-C-1 80,81 3 in. & 76mm HVAP-T, M93 (T4E20), T4E17 9.36 3,400 C7=0.885 82 90mm, APC"I, M82 90mm, AP-T, T33 90mm, HVAP-T, T30E16 *Variable ballistic coefficient. 24.11 2,800 2,670 2,800 3,350 FT90-F-1 83,84 I I 24.06 16.80 M1, M2, M3 M1,M2,M3 C7=1.86 C7=1.11 85 86 **Striking velocity curves are based on calculation made by Siacci's Method, using the indicated ballistic coefficients unless a .Firing Table number is indicated. STRIKING VELOCITY Y5. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE NAVY· CRITERION * Page 137 BULLET, AP, .30 'CAL , .M2 . ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR PLATE 2,750 2,500 2,250 .::: I II) 2,000 'u 0 ­ >­ > 1,750 c: 'i: Q) m ~. en ­ 1,500 1,250 MV-2,775 f/s 1,000 Penetration in. 750 0.1 I I­ f-. 0.2 400 I­ 0.3: IIII 0.4 I S0.5E I I I- ­ :: 0 6 I• I­ I­ : ; 1.0= • f-. Range y d I ~1.1_ ++++-I'H-H-+-I-H-+-+-+-l--I--l--+-I--U ­ 1.111 _ I-III _LLll ­ .. ... PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT " 1.2 ~ 1.3 _ ... ­ ~ 104 _ 1.5 , ,., •••• 1-'. r' ....... o 200 600 800 '1,000 1,200 FIGURE 58 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800 3,000 *See definition, page 134 Page 138 STRIKING VELOCITY Ys. ARMOR "PENETRATION and RANGE FACE HARDENED ARMOR PLATE 'NAVY CRITERION * , BULLET, AP, .30 CAL, M2 3,000 . ' 2,750 2,500 .. 2,250 2,000 ~ I 'u 0 :L, .... 0> 1,750 Q) > 'C (f) c: 32 1,500 .... 1,250 r; MV-2,77S f/s 1,000 If. 750 ~ 0.1 ~ 0.2 "1111 Penetration in. ~ 0.3= II r 0.4: III 0.5:= T 0.6 0.7 ­ 1 0.8 III r- O.g> 1.0 II 1.1 11 , III II I I I I­ :11111 ~ 1.2 - 1.3 I I II­ 1.1111 1.4 I I ,­ I! I I l. 5 " Range yd I PREPARED r 'I ," BY ORDNANCE DEPT o 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800' 2,000 2,200 2,400.. 2,600 2,800 3,000. ~ . *See definition, page 134 FIGURE 59 STRIKING VELOCITY Y5. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE NAVY CRITERION * BULLET, AP, .50 CAL, M2 Page 139 ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR PLATE 3,000 2,750 , . ! 2,500 2,250 -~ - 2,000 ..... I >­ - 'u 0 Q)' 1,750 > C> :5t '­ tf) c: 1,500 - . 1,250 MY-2,935 f/s, (45 in. barrel) MY-2,835,_f/s (36 in. barr~1) Penetration in. . 1,000 750 0.1 II 0.2 1I11 , , I , , , I 003 , , , 0.4 0.5 11I1 0.6 "'1111 "1'1 I l l r r- r l l l ' I I , 1 0.7 :m 0:8 ' D.9 "'I ~ 1.0 r,' l­ 1.1 I"l I I- 'j-, t 1.2 ," h 1;3 IIII 1.4 "'I r 1"", 1. 5 I Ran ge' yd PREPARED BY ORDNANCE, DEPT,~ 3,000 o 200' 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800 *See definition, page 134 FIGURE 60 Page 140 STRIKING VELOCITY Y5. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE NAVY CRITERION-* BULLET, .AP, .50 CAL, M2 FACE HARDENED ARMOR PLATE 3,000 2,750 -2,500 2,250 ! I - 2,000 .::: I >­ 0 Q) I/) 'u c: C> 1,750 , > ~ .~ ( f) 1,500 MY-2,935 f/s (45 in. barrel) ~ 1,250 I 1,000 Penetration in. f- MY-2,835 f/s (36 in. barrel) 750 0.1 0.2 400 0.3 0.4 I 0.5 I I 0.6 ; &,0.7 mO.8 Range yd I , .... 0.9 , ~ 1.0 . 2,000 -, 1.1 ..• 1,800 PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT IIII ·11111 I . I 1.2 . I . ' 1.3 .-.1 t­ 1-, ~ 1.4 1'""', '1. 5 • I o J 200 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800 3,000 *See definition, page 134 . FIGURE 61 Page 141 2,600~oo: STRIKING VELOCITY Y5. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE ,ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR PLATE 50 0 ·............-T',.......,.40° r 30°­ 0° NAVY CRITERION * SHOT, Ap·T, 20 mm, M75 2,400 2,200 2,000 1,800 .::: I Q) II) .... ·u >. 0 1,600 > 0) c: 32 "­ .... tf) ­ 1,400 1,200 MV-2,SSS f/s 1,000i Penetration in. I I , 800 I 0-.+++t-H 0.2· ~ _" 0.4 r- 0.6 PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT_ -"] 11"'"11 f I TT1,-­ o 200 400 600 8,00 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800 3,000 *See definition, page 134 FIGURE 62 Page·142 NAVY CRITERION* SHOT, AP-Y, 20 mm, M75 2,400 2,200 2,000 ~ 1,800, 'u o Q) ­ ~ I 1,600' 1-0) > .;:: V) .:;: C 1,400 - 1,200 NJV-2,SSS f/s 1,000 800 " o• ,- '0.2 I 0.4 •, I " I • ,-!-=tFt=ff1 0.6 ~ 0.8 +ti++.. 1.0 III I • I I .m=tt.g..111-+- 1.2 1. 4 ~ 16 1.8 ,WWI:t++:J:++tI::t:I:l+q::mQ::t::l:tTTf II H-tt-~rl1m.Ird.jj±t±ttittttttttt:ttttiii"1H:1 I • • I I I I I o 200 . 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2~400 2,600 2,800 3,000 *See definition, page 134 FIGURE 63 Page 143 3,000 STRIKING VELOCITY vs. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE NAVY CRITERION* ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR PLAT~EJI~IIII~: g~.P~IWS~HO~T, MAP~-TJ~20~m~mJ~M~95~.T~9E5~) ( --.H-+-l-I--H--IH-+-H.-++-H--I--I-+-+++++++++++++t-+++ ­ 70° -I-I--t--t-c1-H 60° 50°.. 40° 30° +-H++-t++ 20° 0° ++++-t+l-H-++++++++-H-I-H++++++++I 2,500 2,25'0 2,000 1,750 ~ I I 'u 0 I >­ > Q) :s2 0> c: 1,500 'i: en - 1,000 1IIIIIIIIIIIIgIEIIIIRlgiEM~V.~2,8;OO~f~/sIIIElllllm Penetrati 0 n in. ++++++++++++-H+-H-++-H-I-H-+++++-++++++++t-+++-R""f'IItooI"""-:I:::-H-++++++++++++-I 750 0.1,. :.. . I I == OJ I h ~ 0.3 . I f­ t 0.5 I ,c 0.6,.,i • I I I I ,I 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,bOO 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800 3,0.00 *See definition, page 134 FIGURE 64 Page 144 3,000 STRIKING VELOCITY Ys. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE FACE HARDENED ARMOR PLATE 1 I 11_ NAVY CRITERION* SHOT, AP-T, 20 mm, M95(T9E5) 1_ •.U.J .1 I I 50° 1 - l­ ~ 40° - I ~ 30° - 20°- - ,1111 0° 2,>150 . 2,500 2,250 ;:;: I/) 2,000 lI-­ I-­ I-­ I­ I-­ I-­ I-­ I-­ l- 'u 0 Q) 0> I >­ I-­ I-­ I-­ I-­ I-­ I-­ l- > :52 c: I-­ v; "­ 1,500 1,250 .. I. MV-2,800 lIs , Penetration in. 1,000 750 0.1 F­ I I I I I I .'­ 0.2 := 0.3 '" I­ l­ 0.4 ,r 1 I 1 0.5 t­ r. ~ 0.6 illO. 7OO Range I 'TI I I I I 0.8 l- l- ~ 0.9 I­ I- ~ 1.0 I­ r ~ 1.1 ~ 1.2 .1­ I­ := 1.3 1.4 1. 5 yd PREPARED BY ORDNANCE' DEPT'~ I I I I I I I I I *See definition, page 134 FIGURE 6S ° 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600' 2,800 3,000 Page 145 3,000 ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR PLATE STRIKING VELOCITY V5. _ - NAVY, CRITERION* - SHOT, APe·1,37 mm, M51Bl or M51B2 ;65 0 60° 55°50° 45°: 400:~ 830°, 20° 0° 2,800 70° 2,600 2,400 : ~ en ·u 0 ~ I 2,200 > c: "~ Q) m .t: 2,000 'tJ) MV·2,900 f/s 1,800 1,600 " 1,400 1,200 0 I Penetration in. "~. 1.0 TI' 2.0 2,000 : 3.0 Range yd 'r,' 4.0 r_· • 5.0 ....,.. ..,,-,_r ' PREPAR~D BY ORDNANCE DEPT. : *See definition, page 134 ° 1,000 3,000 FIGURE 66 4,000 5,000 6,000 Page 1.46 STRIKING VELOCITY Ys. ARMOR PENETRATION and. RANGE NAVY CRITERION* SHOT, APe-T, 37 mm, M5181 or M5182 2,800 2,600 2,400 2,000 1,800 MV-2,900 f/s 1,600 1,400 Penetration in. 1,200 o I. I I 1.0 2.0 I I I I I I I 3.0 I J 4.0 PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT LJ. . Range . yd o *See definition, page 134 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 FIGURE 67 Page 147 STRIKING VELOCITY Y5. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR PLATE NAVY CRITERION * .. -SHOT, APe-T, 3'7 mm, M59 3,500 ·3,000 2,500 MV-2,800f!s 2,000 ~-.; P Til ~ ;:;:: II) 1;500 I­ 'g > Q) - MV-2,800 f/s + 3'50 m~h I >­ ,airspeed 1,000 ~ .~ C> c: en , ,," MV-2,050 f/s I Penetration in. 500 0 '0 ..5 400 600 800 . 1.0 .I LI U I I 2. 0 I I 1.1 I I 1.1 I. r+-+-!++++++-+++-I-I-l 2. 5 BY . 3. 0 'rl 3. 5 r r '·Jrl" ,.",. I I '"[ Range yd I I -. 'PREPARED 2,000 2,200 2,400 OR"DNANCE DEPT] 2,600 2,800 3,000 0 200 1,000 1,200 . 1,400 1,600 1,800 *See definition, page 134 FIGURE 68 Page 148 STRIKING VELOCITY Ys. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE FACE HARDENED ARMOR PLATE I NAVY CRITERION* SHOT, APe-T, 37 mm, M59 3,500 3,000 2,500 MV-2,800 lIs 2,000 1,500 MV-2,800 lIs + 350. mph airspeed -++-+-+++++++++-+++++++++++++++++-t+++-H-t-t-+++-t MV-2,OSI lIs Penetration , II1II in. I i II I I 1.0 • 1.5 Range I I yd '" .1 f II I I o 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800 3,000 *See definition, page 134 FIGURE 69 Plge 149 STRIKING VELOCITY Ys. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE: NAVY CRITERION* ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR PLATE~~~~~~~~~~~~SHOT,A~~ 37mm, M80 .::: I VI 'u o Q) - >,. >. 3,300' 2,800 1,800 MY-3,050 f/s + 350 mph airspeed MY-3,050 f/s -Penetration in. r++-+-H-++-iH-++-ir+++l-H 800 i 1+ tttEwmw 1. 0 ", , I I . ""Y-.1!~~~.Ys.+ 350 mph airspeed MY-l.,825 f/s .I I " ',' • - ". • .+1 +Jt:t:tl=t+~m 2.0 +++++++-+-H-+--t-f-H 3.0 1,200 ++++:ttt:J=jftl:+j:+l=. 4.0 ++Range --t+++++-+-HH-H-t++ 5.0 PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT:: yd - o 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000· 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800 3,000 *See definition, page 134 FIGURE 70 Page 150 STRIKING VELOCITY Ys. ARMOR PENETRATION and RAN,GE FACE HARDENED ARMOR PLATE I' 'u ~ NAVY CRITERION*. SHOT, Ap·T, 37 mm, MOO 'l:­ o Q) > Q') 3,800 c: :it 2,800 2,,3,00 1,800 MV·3,050 fls + 350 mph airspeed MV·3,050 f/s 800 ~II o 200 Penetration in. ·'MV.1,825- f/s MV.1,825 f/s + 350 mph airspeed t-+++-t-+++-t-t-t-+H-t-t-H-I 1. 0 H-++-l'+++-++-H-++-H 2.0 .-+++-H-+-HH-t-HH-t-H 3. 0+-+-++++++.f-++-I-H-+-I-':, 4.0 --. - Range 5.0 PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT ~ -,III I II I I I I I I I I I II I I I ~ yd . 400 600 800 . 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800 3,000 *See definition, page 134 FIGURE 71 Page 151 STRIKING VELOCITY, Y5. , ARMOR PENETRATION and 'RANGE .. NAVY CRITERION *' ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR PLATE SHOT,AP~T, 40 mm,M8l or M81Al 2,750 2,500 ;::: V) 2,250 ·u 0 (1) I >­ 2,000 > c: C) Jt .~ t J) 1,750 MV· ~ ,870 f/5 1,500 t-H-I-H-++-t-++-HH-H-I'-+-lfl-hff*H-+++++++++++++-H-+-H'-+-N-+ Penetration in. o 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 FIGURE 72 5,000 6,000 7,000 *See .definition, page 134 Pili 152 . STRIKING VELOCITY Y5. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE FACE HARDENED ARMOR PLATE 3,2501• • • • • 3,00 0 60° lllllllii~' •• SHOT, Ap·T, 40 mm, M8l or M81Al -, NAVY CRITERION* , 45° ++++-If-++-I-I- 30° 20° I-+--l--J.-.+-I--!- 00 ..j.....j...W-J.-.+.W-J....I..-+..G) I ~ c 0> 1,500 MV·2,870 fI5 ++-HH-l--I-I-I-4-l-+-+-I-+--l--I-l-4-l-l-1--l-+-l-l-1 · 1,250 Penetration in. 1,000 0.2 I J OA J J I .I I h ~ 0.6 IIII 0.8 IIII 1.0 I , 1.2 I I I I 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 ~,400 2,600. 2,800 3,000 *5•• definition, page 134 FIGURE 73 Page 153 STRIKING VE_LOCITY 3,000 vs. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE60°: 50° 40° 30° 20° 0° NAVY CRITERION * SHOT, Ap·T, 57 mm, M70 ( ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR PLATE 2,750 2,500 - . 2,250 ;:;:: 11). \ 2,000 "u 0 a; I l:­ > 1,750 ~ 0> c: I "C: ci5 1,500 - MV..2,9S0 f/s 1,250 ,. Penetration in. 1,000 1.0 2.0 3.0 I I I 1 4.0 Range 5.0 ..6.0 7.0 PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT yd . . . o 200 400 600 800 - 1,000 ·1,200 1,400· 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800 3,000 .*See definition, page 134 FIGURE 74 Page 154 STRIKING ,VELOCITY Y5. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE FACE HARDENED ARMOR PLATE NAVY CRITERION* SHOT, Ap·T, 57 mm, M70 '2,750 2,500 2,250 ~ 2,000 1 ~ 'u o '" ~ L- v; 1,500 MV·2,950 f/s 1,250 Penetration in. "1111 2.0 , 3.0 ,. II : 4.0 1,6.00 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800 3,000 + 800 111111111111111 Range-yd 1,000 1,200 1,400 FIGURE 75 Page 155 STRIKING VELOCITY Y5. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR PLATE NAVY CRITERION* PROJECTILE, APC-T, 57 mm, MBG , WITH FUZE, B0, M72 2,500 2,300 2,100 I, 1,900 >­ -.:;:: I/) .... ·u c: 0 Q) 1,100 > C> ~ (f) '­ .... 1,500 1,300 1,100 Penetration in . H--t-t-1H-++-t-+++-t--H- . 900 H-+-H-+-+-t++++HH-t-++ 1. 0 s=mElEm 2. 0 f=I::++1+1++m+++ 3. °t=ttJ=jm+t=t:t:l+tt 4. ° "I , 5. 0 +++++++-+-H-++i-+-t 6. 0 I ~,... t-++-+'-lH-t-++-r-H-t--H1 , 7. 0 ., , rt+++t-H , • I I Range yd PREI¥.RED BY ORDNANCE DEPT ++++-H-++++++-+-l-+-+-t+-H+-.-'TTTT I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I ° 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 FIGURE 76 5,000 6,000 1,000 *See definition, page 134 Page 156 3,200 STRIKING VELOCITY vs. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE FACE HARDENED ARMOR PLATE NAVY CRITERION* WITH FUZE, BD, 1IIIIIIIIIIlmlillmEIiPiPR~OJ~EC~TIL~E,~AP~C.~T,~57~m~m,~Mi8I86~ M72 2,800 2,600 2,400 .::: \I) 2,200 L r C) 32. c . 'i: . 1,800 en .... MV·2,700 f Is I--H-H--++++++++-I--H-H-+++++++-HH-+++-+++-t-+++-H l,600 Penetration in. 1,400 1.0 2.0 II I 3.0 I rl I 4.0 111-1 5.0 1II1 6.0 IIII ·'111111111111111111 I 11I111 1.0 III J J , , I Range I" - yd , . PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT 0 500 1,000 1~500 2,000 2,500 3,000 • I 3,500 *See definition, page 134 FIGURE 77 Page 157 STRIKING VELOCITY 2,600 Y5. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE 55°· E50045°~~~"""""30° 20° ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR PLATE rPROJECTILE, APC-T, 75 mm, M61 or M61Al WITH FUZE, B0, M66Al NAVY CRITERION* 2,200 2,000 t.::: I 1,800 1= ?:' I­ I­ 0_ lI- II) I­ := I­ t U 0 1,600 ~ g> I­ I­ > 01..- Q) t 32 :: . Cf) 1,400 1,200 MV-2,030f/s + 350 mph airspeed 1,000 Penetratio.n MV·2,030 fIs :tttttttt±±tttt:ttj 800 I I I . in. .: I Range I II I yd PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT I I *See definition, page 134 FIGURE 78 ° 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000' 6,000 7,000 Page 158 2,600 STRIKING VELOCITY Y5. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE '. ~~FACE HARDENED ARMOR PLATE PROJECTILE, APC-T,75' mm, M61 or M61Al WITH FUZE, B.D , M66Al NAVY CRITERION* . -­ 2,200 2,000 1,800 b f- 1,600 ~ 'g Q) I >­ f-> fC) f• c: ~ 1,400 .~ en ­ 1,200 MV-2,030 f/s + 350 mph. airspeed 1,000 Penetration . in. ; MV~2,030 f/s t::I:tt:lmt:tl=l:~ 800 ., 1.0 II II I I I I .2.0 111 I 3.0 IIII I I 4.0 Range -rr-o-­ 5.0 PRE PAR ED BY 0 RDNA NeE DEPT . I . yd ++-t---I-+++--l-t-H-l+-+-H+-+-H++' r I I r-Y- , O· 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,00D 'l'See definition, page 134 FIGURE 79 Page 159 STRIKING VELOCITY vs.·ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE 2,800 ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR PLATE II . . I I 2,600 60° 5 5° 50° 45° 40~ 30° 20° PROJECTILE, 00 or M62Al WITH FUZE, BD, M66Al 1 1 NAVY CRITERION * APC:t; 3 INCH an'd 76 mm , M 2­ 6: 11 2,400 2,200 2,000 ~ ..... 1,800 'u 0 ~ I Q) >' 0> ~ , 1;600 c: .~ en MV-2;600 f1s 76 mm Guns M1Al M1AIC and 3 in. Guns MS, M7 76 mm Guns M1A2 MV-2,600 fls I I I ~ 1,400 I I I -I I I I ! • I 1,200 Penetration in. 1,000 1.0 I 2.0 III 3.0 I II ( I , III 4.0 Range Yd. 5.0 I I 'T 6.0 I. I I ',: 7.0 I TTl 1 ITl '-'11 II 1 II 11­ . . I I I PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT :: I o 1.000 2,000 3,000 4,000 ' --FIGURE 80 5,000 6,000 7,000 *See definitio~, page 134 Page 160 2,800 STRIKING VELOCITY Ys. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE - NAVY CRIT·ERION* I ~FACE' HARDEN'ED' ARMOR PLATE I I I , : 0° - 2,600 45° 30° . 20° PROJ.ECTllE, APC-T, 3INCH and 76 mm, M62 or M62Al WITH FUZE, B0, M66Al 2,400 2,200 .. 2,000 - : '-:.:;: _ \I) c.. i- 1,800 - .~ ~ I >(1) E> i- - ~ - 1,600 c: .~. ~ C> .... ~c.n f- MY-2,600 f/s 76 mm Guns M1A2 MY-2,600. fls 111 f 1,400 If' I I Ill' 1,200 ,- 76 mm' Guns M1Al, M1A1C and 3 in. Guns MS / M7 . ' I _ I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I Penetration I 1,000 1.0 f I I I - . in. 2.0 3.0 I f II 4.0 .111111111111111 5.0 I 6.0 111111 I 7.0 I." ,­ Range . yd PREPARED BY QRDNANCE DEPT I I I I I I I I I I I I o 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 FIGURE 81 5,000 6,000 7,000 *See definition, page 134 Page 161 STRIKING VELOCITY Y5. ARMOR 'PENETRATION and RANGE ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR PLATE NAVY CRITERION* SHOT, HVAP,3 INCH and 76 mm, T4E17.or M93 (T4E20) 3,200 3,000 2,800 .::: I. , en 2,600 'u o > ....­ 2,400 > 0) CI) ~ c: 'C (J) .... MV-3,400 fI 5 -++++-+-+++++++t+++-t-+++-t-t-t-t-t-t-H-++-H 2,200 2,000 ,;'1 , , !I' I d. 1,800 Penetration in. 1,600 1-I-I-+++-H-+++-t-+++-t-+++-t-+-H-t-H-H-1 0 _ 2.0 3.0 4.0~~, ?o,t$ 6.0 .11 I II IL.l I I I I I I I I ~ 7.0 ~ 8.0 I I I I I I I 9.0 I I I I I I E, 10.0 I 1 1'1 1 1 I ~,ll.0 ~ 12.0 1+J::+++t++U+t=+ttt~ PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT . ~ Range: yd ° 200 400 *See definition, page 134 600 800 1,000 1,200, 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800 3,O~0 FIGURE 82 Page 162 STRIKING,VELOCITY V5. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE , ROLLE'D HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR PLATE I NAVY CRITERION* PR'OJECTltE;APC-T, 90 mm, M82 WITH FUZE B0, M68 r 55°· ~ 50°·' 2,600 2,400 ~ III 2,'200 >­ .... ·u I o, 2,000 > 0) ~ .i: c: en .... 1,800 MV-2,670 fls MV-2,800 f/s 1,600 1,400 Penetration in. H-H-t-++-t+++-t-+-+-H' 1,200 1-H-++++++-f-J++++-+-I--l-4' 1. 0 " 1 , -+ +++-++++++++++' -+-t' 2. 0 f-+++-l-++++-++++++- 3. 0 I " -t+++-+-+++-+++++-+-H I 4. 0 ++++-I--l--l-+-I---I-I-l-l-~ 5. 0 I 1 I 1 ". i 6. 0 -++++++++-t-+-I-4-l-l-4; 7. 0 -+-!-l-I-I-l-I T l H-H-tt+t++++++++-rr--r-t-rl++t+++-H-+H--H-+-t--t-t-t-t+++++H Range yd PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT IIII1I11 o 1,000 2,000 3,00D 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 *See definition, page 134 FIGURE 83 Page 163 STRIKING VELOCITY Y5. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE NAVY'CRITERION*' P'ROJECTILE, APC-I, 90' inm~ MOl FACE HARDENED ARMOR PLATE 2,600 2,400 I 2,200 -.:::: - I ,= - 'u 0 Q) II) 0> c: ~ >-" ~ 2,000 > .:52 V ): - 1,800 MV-2,800 f/s 1,600 MV-2,670 f/s 1,400 Penetration in. I-+++-H--H-i-++-+-+-++ 1. 0 1 IIII \-l....I-I-l--I-+-I--l-+++-l++ 2. ° ++-H-+++-HH-H-+-H­ 3. 0 Range 4. 0 5. 1'1 I" , r" , l--I-+-I--l-++-+-+-+-t-+-+-f-+" I ° I--I-+-I--H-+++-++++++­ 6. 0 ' 7. 0 H-I-I-+-+-+-I , I I I yd " PREPARED, BY ORDNANCE DEPT, , IT' '" 1 o 1,000 ' 2,000 3,000 ' 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 *See definition, page 134 FIGURE 84 Page 164 STRIKING VELOCITY Ys. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR PLATE NAVY CRITERION* .. SHOT, AP-T, 90 mm, T33 : 3,000 55° 30° 20° .0° 2,750 I/) 2,500 'u 0 >Q) I > Ie 0> 2,250 1-. ~ 'i: c: V )' - 2,000 1,750 MV-2,SOO f1s 1,500 Penetration • ! In. 1,250 3.0 _4.0 5.0 6.0 Range yd 7.0 ' I 8.0 - 9.0 . r ..... ,- PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT _ .•. ,. o 1,000 2,000 - 3,000 4,000 6,000 7,000 *See'definition, page 134 FIGURE 85 Page 165 STRIKING VELOCITY V5. ARMOR PENETRATION and RANGE ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR PLATE' NAVY CRITERION * SHOT, HYAP-T, 90-mm, T30E16 .- #-., ,. ,... 3,200 ,~ -, I .~ 3,-000 ~ ~.~ 0 ,s:: 2,800 ~:s2 ~~ 'ci) 2,600 2,400 2,200 2,000 Penetration in . ..,.,-,.... 1,800 1-H-HH-H-l'3. 0 4:0 400 5.0 ~ 600 6.0 1. 0 r8.0 ~ 9.0 Range . yd. I'" I T · . ·. • ..,,··, ....· , · . . - , 11.0­ 12.0 TT'­ o 200 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800 3,000 *See definition" page 134 Volume III Part 12 ATTACK OF ;JAPANESE LOG AND/OR EARTH FORTIFICATIONS 1. GENERAL. Japanese log and/or earth fortifications of the type considered in this discussion are built with vertical walls made of several layers of logs or of one or 'more layers of earth-filled oil drums and with log roofs, the whole covered with earth. They are usually constructed quit~ low so as to be almost in­ visible. In. cases, however, where the water table is high, the fortifications would of necessity lie mostly above ground and be more. easily seen. Th~ structureS. are usually well compartmentalized into bays so that a shell detonating in one bay will do a minimum of damage in a bay next to it. It appears that soft woods like palm should be as easily penetrable as earth while hardwoods like oak, ebony, or mahogany wo~ld be equivalent in stopping power to two times th~ir thickness of earth.' Medium hard woods like pine or spruce shQuld come in between. The data are given in graphs representing the thickness of earth penetrated or the thickness of logs in the walls versus range for the various weapons. There is one set of graphs for the attack of vertical walls with low-angle fire and a second set for the attack of roofs with high-angle fire. It is dear that as high-angle fire is practiced, relatively light weapons like the 75mm and 105mm howitzers, the 155mm mortar, and the 81mm mortar are of borderline usefulness in attacking heavier type roofs of log fortifications. It would seem from the graphs that a well-made bunker or pillbox with three layers of logs and say 5 or 6 feet of earth would stand up against any of the light weapons used in high~angle fire. Such targets would he vulnerable to high-angle fire from the. 4.5 inch Gun Ml, the 155mm Gun Ml, the 155mm Howitzer Ml or the 8 inch Howitzer Ml. Question~ of probable errors would, however,'come to the fore. In dir~ct fire against a vertical wall of similar construction to that of the roof just mentioned, the 57mm, 75mm, 76mm, 3 inch and 90mm would be effective. The 105mm Howitzer M2Al would also be effective but the 105mm Howitzer M3 and the 75mm Howitzer would be at the limit of their effective­ ness at point blank range. Heavier direct firing guns and howitzers will all defeat such a wall. I" 'BOMBING OF LOG AND/OR EARTH FORTIFICATIONS. Bombs are not very effective against this type of target due to the small percentage of -hits scored, the resilience of palm-log shoring, the dispersion of personnel in bays, and the high recovery coefficient of· these targets. Direct hits are required since near-misses seem to do negligible damage. See Volume III Part 3 for penetrations of bombs in earth. 3. ARTILLERY AND MORTAR ATTACK. In artillery attack it is. required that the projectile perforate the earth covering and log or oil drum walls and detonate inside the fortifications. Since the materials of the bunkers are rather soft, ordinary HE projectil~s may be used without fear Of their deforming. A suitable delay fuze is required to bring about the detonation inside. The ordinary PD fuzes with delay setting attached to most HE artillery projectiles would be satisfactory at ranges for which strikingvelocities are relatively low. The CP M78 (TI05) Fuze, where it can be attached ~o a projectile, may be used at all ranges. Its use is required at the shorter ranges of certain weapons where the striking velocity is high and an ordinary PD fuze would malfunction. The treatment is limited to giving the .maximum ranges at which the various weapon-ammunition combinations will perforate a given thickness of earth and/or logs as the case may be. In the case of earth filled drums it may be assumed that the steel walls are equivalent to 6 inches of earth in stopping power. Thus the thickness of earth in a vertical wall would be considered increased by as many times 6 inches as there are layers of' steel drums. 4. ROCKET ATTACK. It appears from experiments that the 2.36 in~h rocket is ineffective against log and earth fortifications. It can be effective. only if it enters an embrasure since it does not have much penetrating power. This would require attack from extremely small ranges of approximately 15 yards. At a range of 150 feet the 4.5 inch Rocket, M9, can penetrate 4 feet of earth and three layers of I-foot pine logs. Data for the newer spin stabilized , 4.5 inch Rocket, T38, are given in one Of the figures. When fired from a plane flying low and level at 350 miles per hour the 5 inch HVAR is estimated to penetrate 21 feet of earth at 1,000 yards range and 19 .feet at 2,000 yards. The small arigle of fall of this rocket limits its use to the attack of vertical walls. With the BD fuze at 0.02 second delay there might be some danger of the rocket· passing all the way through a bunker and then detonating. . Page 161 <{ a CL W ~ z (/) PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT. .,,., 20 FIGURE 87 90 mm-90 mm-Guns, MIAl, M2 or M3 with Shell, HE, M71; MV 2,700 f/s. 3 in.-3in, Guns, M5. or M7 with Shell, HE, M42Al; MV 2,800 f/s. 76mm-76 mm Guns, MIAl, MIAIG or MIA2 with Shell, HE, J\f42Al; MV /2,700 f/s~ 75 mm-75 mmGun, M3 with Shell, HE, M48; MV 1,980 f/s. 57 mm-57mm Guns, Ml or MIAI with Projectile, APC-T, M86; MV 2700 f/s. 37 mm-,-37 mm Guns M3 orM3Alwith Shell, HE, M63; MV 2600 f/s. All the above shell with standard PD Fuze with 0.05 sec. or greater delay, including Fuze, CP, M78 (TI05) (0.025 sec. delay) may be used at ranges greater than the rangesindi­ catedby the dash line on the curves. The use of the M78Fuze is mandatory at shorter ranges. Example: A Japanese bunker has vertical walls consisting of 2 feet of hardwood logs with an ~nbankment 5 feet thick. At what maximum range will the 76 mm Gun, MIA2 firing Shell, HE, M42Al perforate? At the right of the diagram it is seen that 2 feet of hardwood logs (lower horizontal dashed I ine) is equivalent to 4 feet of earth to which must be added 5 feet, of earth (right vertical dashed line). Following the remaining dashed I ines shows that the maximum range of pene­ tration is 4,350 yards. TH.ICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFO.RATED FEET [ HARD WOOD (OAK, EBONY t MAHOGANY) "'" I­ Z IS :e « m :e l1J l1J ,(/) Z ~ 0 10 (\J FUZE ANY C.P. M78 FUZE (0.025 SEC. DEL.), 16 :::> a 0:: >00 0:: LL ~ J: I0:: I­ :I: « z 14 75~'~M l1J « I­ 0:: l1J 12 « 90.~M I ­ 10 --I w -I I a ~ « W (/) (!) I0 J: I~ 0 0:: ::::> l1J 0:: (!) :3" -5 · -5 d5 I I0:: ~ ::> :e en en 0 lLI I S'I 57MM 76 MM l.LI I I I · ­ 4 (,!) « 3= 0 -I z « o I­ 61 ; ­ 4 t~ J: z 37MM 3 . 4 1_": 4--­ ----2 I : ,-5 -3 · - ­ :::> 0 W en « 0 -I -I ::i (.) « z z : - ~ 3 ­ 2 -I 2 ..; 2 : -: -I ­ g, Z ~ ~ : (!) I- Z ~ o 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 RANGE (YARDS) '=0 -0 -,0 . ­ -I l1J a Z Z « (.) > 0:: l.LI -I « (0 Z ~ L I- 0:: I­ W ~ l.LI ~ l MEDIUM r THICKNESS r THICKNESS OF' LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET HARD' WOOD (PINE, SPRUCE) OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET SOFT WOOD (PALM) l PENETRATION INTO EARTH (FEET) .0.. W Page 168 (f) 0 Z F== PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT. . ~ I­ Z W ~ a.. ­ <:( 20 FIGURE 88 105H-105 mm Howitzer, M2A1 with Shell, HE, M1; MV J550 f/s. 105h-105 mm Howitzer, M3 with Shell, HE, M1; MV 1020 f/s. 75h-75 mm Howitzer, M1, MlA1, M2 or M3 with Shell, HE,M48; MV 1250 f/s. All the above shell using Fuze, PD, M 48 or Mod. or "any other PD Fuze, including Fuze, CP, M78 (T105) (0.025 sec. delay). The use of the M78 Fuze is not mandatory. Example: A Japanese bunker has vertical walls con~isting of 2 feet of hardwood logs with. a horizontal embankment 5 feet thick. At what maximum range will the 105 mm Howitzer, M2A1 firing . Shell, HE, M1 perforate? At the right of the diagram it is seen that 2 feet of hardwood logs (lower horizontal dashed line) is equivalent to 4 feet of earth to which must. be added 5 feet of earth (right vertical dashed line). Following the remaining dashed lines shows that the maximum range of per ­ foration is 4,850 yards. 2 3: :::> 0 0:: (f) W « CO ~ Z ~ 10 C\J 0 18 16 w >CD (f) ~ :J: I- I- « :J: lLJ I-­ Z 14 a::: w « a::: I­ « ANY FUZE 12 J­ w a::: lL. 0 I CD 'I:J: I- :::> 0 <.!> 0 lLJ a::: lLJ 10 - -j -.J I CO I0:: <:( 3: 0 I­ :::> ~ W ...J (,!) a::: « Z 0 l­ en en 'I05h 75 h' 105 H ! == f--­ 8'I 61 I I I I « I Z :J: 3: 0 ...J W :::> 0 ~ ~ 3: en l=: f.:= 4 , I 1 - z z « ...J ...J ...J W 3: (,!) « 0 2 Z ~ 0 ...J I­ Z w ~ -0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 (YARDS) o ,- ~ 0 Z e« a::: w > ...J 0 I- « co Z 5000 6000 7000 8000 0:: IW Z ~ w ~ RANGE ~ HARD ""-HICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET WOOD (OAK, EBONY, MAHOGANY) THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PE~FORATED FEET MEDIUM HARD WOOD (PINE, SPRUCE) THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET SOFT WOOD (PALM) (FEET) '------4 1-_----1 a.. W L-------PENETRATION INTO EARTH Page 169 (f) -0­ 0 (.) 1LI Li: 0: > :I: t­ >- 0: CD « 1LI 0 ::::> 0 -4 ­ 5 - 5 = -= - - -3 -6 -, -3 -4 - -4 -2 z « I 1LI ....J C> CJ) (!) t­ ,­ , - -2 -.J :I: C> d5 t­ 0: :I: :f .0:: J: 3: 0 « w t­ :I: - 3 ­3 '­ - -'­ :::> ~ 3: - --, -I 2 ­ 2 -I .0 Z ~ w 0 0: 0 0 0 ~ C> ....J -I - ~ -I - Z 0 0:: I­ a: ~ :I: 0 N 0 j:! z ....J -' I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1,1 I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I - o . 1000 2000 RANGE (YARDS) 3000 4000 5000 I LJTHICKN,ESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET HARD WOOD (OAK, EBONY, MAHOGANY) Z W W I THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED I MEDIUM HARD WOOD (PINE, SPRUCE) ' - -_ _---1 THICKNESS 1 FEET , a.. I SOFT OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET WOOD (PALM) '-------PENETRATION INTO EARTH (FEET) PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT. l= 7 .J FIGURE 97 105 mm Howitze~, M2Al or M3; Shell, HE, Ml;Fuze, PD, M48 or Mod. or Fuze, CP, M78 (Tl05) (0.025 sec Delay). . (Use of the M78 Fuze is not mandatory.) The figures in the graph refer to the zone numbers of the propellent charge. See figures 87, 88 and 89 for examples on how to use the chart. (f) 0 z ~ "3 « w 0 3 ~ (/) (!) (f) z 2 5 -5 - ] ::J 0:: 0 a::: w > c..:> - -3 W G: w a::: ~ ::c >­ Ia::: (1). « w (f) (9 4 -4 -2 .....J (,!) .« ::c (,!) :E I z 0 I I­ 3-3-2 - .-J :::> 0 d5 I­ 0:: W l­ ::c 3: a:::, 0 I­ 2 -2 -I « ::c ::J 0 ~ ~ 3: ~ 0 0 0 . -I W a::: I­ Z 0 (!) I -I . - ..J .....J 0-0-0-0 0 1000 2000 RANGE (YARDS) 0 Z I­ N « 0 Z 0:: I­ Z W W ~ ~ .0 ~ ::c 3000 4000 5,,00 LI THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED" FEET I HARD WOOD (OAK. EBONY. MAHOGANY) ~_-II THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED, FEET I MEDIUM HARD WOOD (PINE. SPRUCE) L..-­_ _ ----.,1 I THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET SOFT WOOD (PALM) L.-------PENETRATION INTO EARTH (FEET) Page 178 FIGUJl,E 98 -z 0 (f) « W 0­ 6 -4 -c 81 mm Mortar, M1; Shell, HE, M56; Fuze, PD,. M53E2. Numbers in graph refer to number of incre­ ments of propellent charge. See figures 87, 88 and 89 for example on how to use the chart. ~ (I) (f) ::::> 0 0:: z " 0:: 5,- 5 " > 0 LW (.) itJ,J a: i:i: LW -I <.!) ~ ::I: >­ .... co ~ (j) (9 4- 4 -3 -2 LW « CO I ::J: <.!) z 0 .....J ::> """ .~. 0 ::I: \-r­ :E :c ~ 3 - 3 -2 « W 0:: ~ ~ @5 ::I: .~ ~ - 4 2 - 2 -I :::> ~ 0 W 0 ~ 2 1 0 a::: <.!) -I -I 0 r- 9 z -I . .... .., 5 I­ W Z ~ z 0 0 - 0::: ~ N iE ::I: 0-0-0-0 o 1000 2000 RANGE (YARDS) 3000 4000 ~ 5000 '-- THICKNESS OF l.OG WALL PERFORATED FEET HARD WOOD (OAK, EBONY, MAHOGANY) '--"':"-"_ THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET MEDIUM HARD WOOD (PINE, SPRUCE) '--THICKNESS' OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET SOFT WOOD (PALM) EARTH (FEET) ~ L----~--PENETRATION INTO Page 179 FIGURE 99 en. 0 z a.. <{ w ~ (.!) 6 -4 -~ 105 mm Mortar, "T13; Shell, HE, T17; Fuze, " PD, M4Al. Numbers in graph refer· to number of incre­ ments of propellent charge. See Figures 87, 88 and 89 for example on how to use the chart. en en Q z 5 - 5 ::J 0:: UJ (.) 0:: 0 > . ~ . -3 ::t: j--, UJ >-:OJ (f) (!) 0:: c::( 4 -4 -2 0:: [i: W ..J (!) UJ j--, 3 -:: 3 -2 z c::( I .....J 0 0 :::> j--, ::I: ::I: d5 (!) :E :r: w ~ 0 0:: l0:: ~ 4 - <t' 0="" 1="" 2="" 3="" 6="" 7="" 88="" 89="" 180="" 1000="" 2000="" 3000="" 4000="" 5000="" ::i:="" i­="" ~="" -i="" ::j="" 0::="" (!)="" w="" lz="" i="" -="" ..j="" z="" lw="" 0:::="" a..="" n="" c::(="" j--,="" 0-0-0="" -0="" oc="" o="" range="" (yards)="" lj="" thickness="" imedium="" of="" log·="" wall="" perforated="" feet="" hard="" wood="" (oak,·="" ebony="" j="" mahogany)="" log="" perforated·="" (pine="" spruce)="" "'-'---1="" '---~---ii="" soft="" (="" pal.m="" )="" '----,-----penetration="" into="" earth="" (feet)="" page="" prepared="" by="" ordnance="" dept.="" f-­="" figure="" .100="" 4.2="" in.="" chemical="" mortar;="" shell,="" he,="" m3;="" fuze,="" pd,="" m4al.="" .="" numbers="" in="" graph="" refer="" to="" number="" incre­="" ments="" propellent="" charge.="" see="" figures="" 87,="" and="" for="" example="" on="" how="" to.="" use="" the.="" chart.="" (f)="" «="" c="" -4="" -3="" c,!)="" :j="" 1.lj="" g:="" c£:="">en (f) (!) 0:: 0 > 1.LJ z ­ a:: 5 - 5 -- <..:> -3 a:: 1.LJ t- J: « 4 -4 -2 1.LJ .....I (!) z « I ..J 0 :r: (!) :f ciS I :c 0 t­ :::> t­ 17 15 I~ i 3- 3 -2 f- « W 0 W 0:: ~ 0 a:: II J: 16 14 18 2 - 2 -I t­ ~ 7 6 5,+1-1'\ 9 12 10 8 6t :::> ~ r:c 0 0 0 I -I -I a:: (!) 4 0 f­ 5f 4t - .....I .....I Z 3t - Z 0 tt 0::: fW Z W N 0 ~ z o­ 0 1000 2000 RANGE (YARDS) 0- o -0 0: 3000 4000 5000 :c 0 Y THICKNESS OF LOG. WALL PERFORATED FEET HARD WOOD (OAK, EBONY, MAHOGANY) FEET I THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED I MEDIUM HARD WOOD (PINE, SPRUCE) I THICKNESS QF LOG WALL I SOFT WOOD ( PALM) a.. PERFORATED FEET PENETRATION INTO EARTH (FEET) Page 181 PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT. FIGURE 101 155 mm Mortar, T25; Shell, HE, T26E1; Fuze, ~ 0 PD, M4Al. -4 -2 « w a.. ~ (.!) Numbers in graph refer to· number of incre­ ments of propellent charge. See Figures 87, 88 and 89 for example on how to use the chart. en a= (f) z 5 - 5 - :::> 0 cr: > 0 IJJ a= [i: IJJ -I IJJ ~ :c >­ .... a= CO « IJJ () - -3 3 4 -4 -2 (f) (9 (,!) « :c (,!) :E I z 0 I .... ::::> 0 - .-J :c dS .... 3: 0::: 0 I­ a= 2 2 -2 -I « W 0 W :c .... ~ ~ :::> ~ ~ 0 - -I 0 0 a= I -I -I -I 0 I­ ~ (!) 0 Z I- 0::: a: ~ 0 :c N 0 ~ z 0-0-0-0 ~ THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET o 1000 2000 RANGE (YARDS) 3000 4000 5000 I HARD WOOD (OAK, EBONY. MAHOGANY) FEET a.. Z W W ""---_-"II THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED I MEDIUM HARD WOOD (PINE, SPRUCE) '--_ _~I I THiCKNESS QF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET SOFT WOOD (PALM) L-'-------PENETRATION INTO EARTH (FEET) rage 182 (/) 0 z « w 0.. PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT. FIGURE 102 155 mm Gun~ Ml; Shel1~ HE~ MI0l; 4.5 in. Ml; Shel1~ HE~ M65; Fuze~ PD~ M51 or Mod. or Fuze~ CP~ M78 (TI05) (0.025 sec Delay). (The use of the M78 Fuze is not mandatory.) The letters in the graph refer to the propellent charge~ N for Normal Charge and S for Super-· charge. See Figures 87 ~ 88 and 89 for example on how to use the chart. Gun~ ~ (f) C,!) ::::> 0 0:: (/) z 0:: W 4.5"N. > 0 0 W 0:: u:: z « I §£ >CD <9 --I ~ :c 0:: .I55MM N « (/) w ~ w (!) ...J 0 :::> 0 ~ :c (!) :f dS I I- :c 0:: 3: 0 W ~ « 0:: :c 2 3: 0 0 0 ~ ::::> 0 W ~ ~ 000 0:: I­ Z 0 (!) ...J 0 I 1- ~ THICKNESS ~ OF LOG WALL PERFORATEO FEET HARD WOOD (OAK,EBONY, MAHOGANY) ...J 0 Z I­ W Z W 0.. ti 0:: N 0 0 j5 z L------'-----1 THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET MEDIUM HARD WOOD (PINE, SPRUCE) THICKNESS OF LOG WALL PERFORATED FEET SOFT WOOD (PALM) 0: :c L- PER,F0RATION INTO EARTH (FEET) Page 183 (f) 0 z 0.. w « . PREPARED BY ORDNANCE DEPT. FIGURE 103 ! 3= if) en (.!) z a:: 0 ANY FUZE ::::> 0 0:: > LtJ (,) w i:i: a:: (!) ~ J: >­ .... a:: CD </j)>

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