Nineteenth Century Death Tolls (original) (raw)

Statistics of Wars, Oppressions and Atrocities of the Nineteenth Century

(the 1800s)

Alphabetical Index

Site Index

Over 1 000 000 killed

Napoleonic Wars (1803-15) 4 000 000 [make link]
- NOTE: The era of almost continuous warfare that followed the overthrow of the French monarchy is traditionally split into three parts:
  1. The Revolution itself (including all internal conflicts)
  2. The Revolutionary Wars during which France fought international wars as a Republic
  3. The Napoleonic Wars, during which France fought international wars as an Empire.
The numbers here generally refer only to the international wars of the Imperial period, but not always.
- The Napoleonic Empire, 2d ed (1991, 2003) Geoffrey Ellis (citing Esdaile)
  * KIA, Died of Wounds + Camp Disease, France Proper: 1,400,000 during the period 1792-1815, incl. 916,000 [65%] under the Empire.
  * Total war dead among all Eur. armies: 3 million [65% or 1.95M under the Empire?]
  * Civilians: 1 million
- Samuel Dumas, Losses of Life Caused By War (1923) cites:
  * Taine: 1,700,000 French
  * Delbrück: 2,000,000 military deaths, all armies (¼ of them French)
  * Hodge:
  * UK Navy, 1804-15:
  * KIA: 6,663
  * Shipwrecks, drownings, fire: 13,621
  * Disease: 72,102
  * TOTAL: 92,386
  * UK Army, 1804-15:
  * KIA: 25,569
  * Disease: 193,851
  * TOTAL: 219,420
  * Fröhlich: 5,925,084 dead (1801-1815), including 1M Fr+Ger civilians and 160,000 dead in Sainte-Domingue.
  * Danzer's Arme-Zeitung, KIA in major battles:
  * Austria: 376,000
  * Prussia: 134,000
  * Russia: 289,000
  * TOTAL: 799,000 (Dumas suggests that multiplying this total by 3 to include disease deaths and small skirmishes might be appropriate. Urlanis claims that these number are for killed and wounded, not just killed.)
- Gaston Bodart, Losses of Life in Modern Wars (1916)
  * French
  * French battle deaths: 306,000
  * KIA among French allies: 65,000
  * TOTAL: 371,000 KIA
  * Disease deaths among same: ca. 400,000
  * Combined French military deaths, both battle and disease: 1M
  * Enemy deaths: about the same [1M]
  * TOTAL: 2 Million
- Urlanis
  * K. in Battle: 560,000
  * Military. Killed and died: 3,105,000
  * French: 1,200,000
  * Russian: 450,000
  * German: 400,000
  * Austrian: <200,000
  * Spanish: >300,000
  * British: 243,000
  * Italians: 120,000
- Clodfelter
  * French and Allies (1805-1815): 370,750
  * French: 306,000 KIA (same as Bodart above)
  * French allies: 65,000 KIA
  * "most" estimate that 1.3-2.0M Fr. d. 1792-1815
  * UK
  * UK Navy (same as Hodge/Dumas above)
  * KIA: 6,663
  * Shipwrecks, drownings, fire: 13,621
  * Disease: 72,102
  * TOTAL: 92,386
  * UK Army, 1793-15:
  * KIA: 920 officers + 15,392 men
  * Died of wounds: 8,174
  * Missing and presumed dead: 2,003
  * [TOTAL: 26,489]
- A History of Spain and Portugal, Vol. 2, Stanley G. Payne: "Altogether, the war may have cost the lives of a quarter-million Portuguese."
- Levy, War in the Modern Great Power System
  * Battle deaths: 1,869,000
- Eckhardt: 1,000,000 civ. + 1,380,000 mil. = 2,380,000
- Sorokin:
  * TOTAL (1803-14): 1,991,284 ("losses". i.e. killed + wounded. Killed alone would be approx 1/4 to 1/3of that, or 500-660,000)
- MEDIAN
  * Military deaths (all sides, all causes): of the eight estimates listed here, the middle three are 2 million ±
  * Civilian deaths: all three estimates listed here: 1 million
- BATTLES:
  * Arcis-Sur-Aube
  * Aspern-Essling
  * Austerlitz
  * Bautzen
  * Berezina
  * Borodino
  * Dresden
  * Eckmühl
  * Lâon
  * Leipzig
  * Ligny
  * Lützen
  * Quatre Bras
  * Talavera
  * Trafalgar
  * Viasma
  * Wagram
  * Waterloo
  * Wavre
  * Wurschen
- ATROCITIES:
  * Chartrand, The Portuguese Army of the Napoleonic Wars: 2,969 people reported murdered by French near Coimbra, Port.
  * Rothenburg, The Napoleonic Wars: After fall of Jaffa, Nap. had 2,500 POWs shot.
- see also: French Revolutionary Wars
Mfecane (1818-1840), and the reign of Shaka (1816-1828) 1 500 000 [make link]
- Eugene Walter, Terror and Resistance (1969) cites the following, but admits it might be lower:
  * Henry Francis Flynn: more than 1,000,000 deaths caused by Shaka's wars.
  * George Theal, History of South Africa (1915): 2,000,000
- The diary of Henry Francis Fynn, 1838, p.20: “The numbers whose death he occasioned have been left to conjecture, but exceed a million.”
- Major Charters, Royal Artillery, “Notices Of The Cape And Southern Africa, Since The Appointment, As Governor, Of Major-Gen. Sir Geo. Napier.” United Service Journal and Naval and Military Magazine, London: W. Clowes and Son, 1839, Part III, p.24: “Chaka may be termed the South African Attila; and it is estimated that not less than 1,000,000 human beings were destroyed by him"
- Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, “Shaka”, v.10. p.689 (“… left 2,000,000 dead in its wake.”)
- Donald R. Morris, The Washing of the Spears, p.60 ("At least a million people, and more likely two, died in a decade that virtually depopulated" the interior.)
- Hanson, Carnage and Culture, p. 313: "Shaka ... slaughtered 50,000 of his enemies in battle.... As many as 1 million native Africans had been killed and starved to death as a direct result of Shaka's imperial dreams."
- NOTE: These numbers are controversial in South Africa. Afrikaaners claim that Shaka depopulated much of southern Africa leaving it conveniently empty and free for the taking when the Boers moved in. Africans, on the other hand, deny this and claim that the death toll is wildly exaggerated. But one or two million is the only actual number I've seen.
19th Century Slave Trade
- Atlantic slave trade: ca. 1.6M transported and 2.5M deaths.
- Islamic slave trade: ca. 2M transported and 3M died.
Venezuela, power struggles (1830-1903) 1 000 000 [make link]
- Scheina, Latin America's Wars: "during these seventy-four years of conflict some 300,000 combatants and 700,000 civilians were killed directly (battlefield deaths and assassinations) or indirectly (wounds, sickness, starvation, and imprisonment.)"
  * This includes the Federal War, 1859-63
Taiping Rebellion (1850-64) 20 000 000 [make link]
- Guinness Book of World Records calls this the bloodiest civil war in history with 20-30 million dead.
- Colin McEvedy, Atlas of World Population History
- Alan McFarlane, The Savage Wars of Peace: England, Japan and the Malthusian Trap (2003): 20M
- Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th edition, "Taiping Rebellion," v.11, p.509 (1992): 20M
  * 100,000 k. at Nanking.
- Spence, Search for Modern China, p.805: 20m
- Colin McEvedy, Atlas of World Population History, "China" (1978) pp.170-173: 25,000,000
- MSN Encarta Encyclopedia, “China”, p.20 [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia\_761573055\_20/China.html\]
- Robert L. Worden, et al., ed., China: a country study, Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, 1987.
- PGtH: 20,000,000
- Small & Singer: 20,000,000
- Eckhardt: 2,000,000
- COWP: 2,000,025, incl. 25 UK
- see also Miao, Nien and Moslem Rebellions, 1860-77
Panthay Rebellion (1855-73) 1 000 000 [make link]
- Raphael Israeli, Islam in China (Lexington Books, 2007) p.286: one million
- Damian Harper, China, (Lonely Planet) p.648: one million
- Clodfelter, v.1, p.401: one million
Colonial El Niño Famines (1876-1900) 27 000 000 [make link]
- Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World (2001) argues that the business policies of the imperial European landlords, merchants and bureacrats in the face of El Niño drought intensified these famines and thereby caused millions of deaths. If true, this accusation could easily create a moral equivalence between these famines and the devastating Communist famines of the 20th Century, but so far, Davis is the only major authority I found who tackles this question.
- Estimated death tolls:
  * 1876-79 Famine
  * India
  * est. by Digby: 10.3 M
  * est. by Maharatna: 8.2 M
  * est. by Seavoy: 6.1 M
  * China
  * Broomhall: 20 M
  * Bohr: 9.5-13 M
  * Brazil: 0.5-1.0 M (Cunniff)
  * 1896-1900 Famine
  * India
  * The Lancet: 19.0 M
  * Maharatna: 8.4 M
  * Seavoy: 8.4 M
  * Cambridge: 6.1 M
  * China: 10 M (Cohen)
  * Brazil: 1.0-1.5 M (Smith)
  * TOTAL: 31,700,000 to 61,300,000 (midpoint: 46.5M)
Sudan, Mahdist state (1881-98) 5 500 000 [make link]
- Francis Mading Deng, War of Visions: Conflict of Identities in the Sudan (1995) p.51: "It is estimated that the population of Sudan fell from around 7 million before the Mahdist revolt to somewhere between two and three million after the fall of the Mahdist state." [4m -5m]
- Jok Madut Jok, War and Slavery in Sudan (2001) p.75: "By 1898. the population of Sudan under the Mahdist rule and those areas within its proximity was reduced from eight million to two and a half million people." [5.5m]
- Edward Spiers, Sudan: The Reconquest Reappraised (1998) p.12: "Sir Reginald Wingate estimated that the mortality in the Mahdist state from war and misgovernment was 6 million out of a population of 8 million."
- Henry Cecil Jackson, Osman Digna (1926) p.185: "Between the years 1883 and 1898 the population of the Sudan fell from eight and a half million people to less than two millions." [6.5m]
Congo Free State (1886-1908)
- Approximately 4,500,000 deaths during the 19th C.
- See the 20th Century

Between 100,000 and 1,000,000

United States, eradication of the American Indians (1775-1890) 350 000 [make link]
- Russel Thornton, American Indian Holocaust and Survival (1987)
  * Overall decline
  * From 600,000 (in 1800) to 250,000 (in 1890s)
  * Indian Wars, from a 1894 report by US Census, cited by Thornton. Includes men, woman and children killed, 1775-1890:
  * Individual conflicts:
  * Whites: 5,000
  * Indians: 8,500
  * Wars under the gov't:
  * Whites: 14,000
  * Indians: 30-45,000
  * TOTAL:
  * Whites: 19,000
  * Indians: 38,500 to 53,500
  * TOTAL: 65,000 ± 7,500
- William Osborn: The Wild Frontier: atrocities during the American-Indian War from Jamestown Colony to Wounded Knee (2000)
  * Deaths caused by specific settler atrocities: 7,193 (1623-1890)
  * Deaths caused by specific Indian atrocities: 9,156 (1511-1879. Incl. Indian vs. Indian)
  * Osborne basically defines an atrocity as murder or torture of civilians and prisoners. Most of your outright massacres are counted, but the Trail of Tears, for example, isn't.
- Trail of Tears (1838-39)
  * Trager, The People's Chronology: 4,000 out of 14,000 Cherokee die on route.
  * Osborne: anywhere between 1,846 and 18,000 Indians died, in total.
Australia (1788-1921) 240 000 [make link]
- Mark Cocker, Rivers of Blood, Rivers of Gold (1998)
  * Australian mainland
  * Ongoing frontier war: 2,000-2,500 whites and 20,000 Aborignies KIA ("best guess", probably higher)
  * General population decline: from 1M (1788) to 50,000 (ca. 1890) to 30,000 (1920s)
- Jared Diamond, The Third Chimpanzee (1993)
  * Decline of the Aborgines
  * From 300,000 (in 1788) to 60,000 (in 1921)
  * Extermination of the Tasmanians
  * From 5,000 (in 1800) to 200 (in 1830) to 3 (in 1869) to none (1877)
- Clodfelter: 2,500 Eur. and 20,000 Aborignies k. in wars, 1840-1901
- Bill Bryson, In a Sunburned Country (2001): 20,000 Aboriginies intentionally killed by whites.
- Joseph Glascott, “600,000 Aborigines Died After 1788, Study Shows”, Sydney Morning Herald, February 25, 1987
New Zealand (1800s) 200 000 [make link]
- Mark Cocker, Rivers of Blood, Rivers of Gold (1998)
  * Maori pop: 240,000 (pre-contact) to 40,000 (1896)
- Clodfelter, Maori War (1860-72)
  * UK, NZ: 700 k.
  * Maori: 2,000
Russo-Turkish War (1806-12) 225 000 [make link]
- Urlanis: 225,000 soldiers killed and died
- Eckhardt: 45,000 military
- OnWar.com
  * Russia: 70,000
  * Turkey: 100,000
  * TOTAL: 170,000
New Spain (Mexico), War of Independence (1810-21) 425 000 [make link]
- Clodfelter: 400,000-500,000 violent deaths, Mexicans and Spanish
- Scheina, Latin America's Wars: 250,000-500,000 k.
New Grenada (Grand Colombia), Wars of Independence (1810-23) 250 000 [make link]
- Clodfelter: population of Venezuela dropped by 100,000 (from 300,000) in the 15 years following 1810.
- Scheina, Latin America's Wars: pop. of Ecuador decreased from 600,000 to 480,000 [a loss of 120,000]. "Venezuela lost about one-fourth of its one million population."
- Eckhardt: 37,000 total
Greek Revolution (1821-28) [make link]
- Eckhardt: 105,000 civ. + 15,000 mil. = 120,000
- COWP: 15,000 state, 120,000 total
- Urlanis: 60,000
- Singer: 15,000 Turks k.
- Carolyn Bain, Lonely Planet Greece
  * Psara: Turks killed all but 3,000 of the 20,000 inhabitants
  * 1824 Kasos: 7,000 inhabs. massacred by Turks.
Javanese War (1825-30) [make link]
- Uprising against the Dutch
  * Rudolf von Albertini, European Colonial Rule, 1880-1940: 200,000
  * Clodfelter (dead, mostly from disease)
  * Dutch: 8,000
  * Loyalist natives: 7,000
  * Javanese: 200,000, no more that one-tenth in battle [ca. 20,000 KIA]
  * Singer: 15,000 Netherlanders k.
Russo-Turkish War (1828-29) [make link]
- Singer, COWP:
  * Russia: 50,000
  * Turkey: 80,000
  * TOTAL: 130,000
- Eckhardt: 61,000 civ. + 130,000 mil. = 191,000
- Urlanis:
  * K. in Battle: 25,000
  * Military. Killed and died: 205,000
French Conquest of Algeria (1829-47) [make link]

Mahfoud Bennoune, The Making of Contemporary Algeria, 1830-1987, (Cambridge University Press, 2002) p.42: "as a direct consequence of this kind of colonial war of conquest the total urban and rural population declined from an estimated three million in 1830 to 2,462,000 by 1876."
* French losses: 92,329 soldiers dead in the hospital and 3,336 killed in battle, 1830-51
Ben Kiernan, Blood and Soil, p. 374: 825,000 Algerians killed
COWP: 300,000 total, incl.15,000 French

Spain, 1st Carlist War (1832-40) [make link]

Clodfelter: up to 140,000 d., incl. 65,000 govt. + 60,000 Carlists
Singer
* 30,000 Spanish
* Outsiders:
* UK: 2,500
* France: 100
* Portugal: 50
* TOTAL: 32,650
Eckhardt: 33,000
COWP
* States
* 65,000 Spanish
* France: 7,700
* UK: 2,479
* Portugal: 50
* TOTAL: 135,229
Urlanis: 50,000

Ireland, Famine (1845-48) [make link]

Encyclopedia Americana (2003), "Ireland": 750,000
NOTE: Some people blame the British government for this. Some don't. Seeletter.]

Mexico (1847-55) [make link]

Govt vs. Yucatan Maya
* COWP: 300,000

Crimean War (1854-56) [make link]

Singer, COWP:
* Russia: 100,000
* France: 95,000
* Turkey: 45,000
* UK: 22,000
* Sardinia: 2,200
* TOTAL: 264,200
Eckhardt: 264,000 military
Bodart:
* Russia: 40,000 KIA + 60,000 disease = 100,000
* France: 20,240 KIA + 75,375 dis. = 95,615
* Turkey: ca. 35,000 dead
* UK: 4,602 KIA + 17,580 dis. = 22,182
* Piedmont: 28 KIA + 2,166 dis. = 2,194
* [TOTAL: 277,173]
The Crimean War (Essential Histories, No 2) by John Sweetman
* UK
* KIA: 2,755
* Died of wounds: 2,019
* Died of disease: 16,323
* Total: 21,097
* France
* KIA: 10,240
* Died of wounds: 20,000
* Died of disease: 75,000
* [Total: 105,240]
* Sardinia: 2,050 (all causes)
* Turkey: unkn.
* Russia: 110,000+
* TOTAL: Paul de la Gorce est. >300,000 "may not be far wrong"
MEDIAN: Of the nine estimates, the median is 309,000
Urlanis
* K. in Battle: 53,000
* Military. Killed and died: 309,000
1911 Britannica
* Battle deaths:
* Allies: 70,000
* Russians: 128,700
* TOTAL: 198,700
* Dead from all causes
* Allies: 252,600 (including 5,000 English)
* Russians: 256,000
* TOTAL: 508,000
Michael G. Mulhall, Dictionary of Statistics (1892), p.587
* Russia: 30600 kia + 42000 d. of wds. + 374000 d. of sickness = 446600 d
* France: 8490 kia + 11750 dow + 75375 dos = 95615 d
* Turkey: 10100 kia + 10800 dow + 24500 dos = 45400 d
* UK: 2755 kia + 1847 dow + 17580 dos = 22182 d
* TOTAL: 51945 kia + 66397 dow + 491455 dos = 609797
Robert Breckenridge Edgerton, Death Or Glory: The Legacy of the Crimean War (1999) p.5 ("The butcher's bill for the Crimean War of 1853-1856 will never be known exactly, but it probably amounted to over 1 million deaths...")
Helen Fawkes, "Ukraine honours Crimean War dead," BBC 9 September, 2004 ("More than a million people were killed in the war.") http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3640772.stm

China, Punti-Hakka Clan Wars (1856-67) [make link]

Some guy on Internet (Jon Kehrer): 500,000 people died [http://www.apex.net.au/\~jgk/taishan/phcwar.html\]

Venezuela, Federal War (1859-63) [make link]

Scheina, Latin America's Wars: 100,000 d. of all causes, incl. 30,000-50,000 combat deaths
Singer, COWP: 20,000

China, Nien Rebellion (1860-68) [make link]

Small & Singer, COWP: 75,000

China, Miao Rebellion (1860-72) [make link]

Small & Singer, COWP: 75,000

American Civil War (1861-65) [make link]

[Sources listed in rough chronological order]
Regimental Losses In the American Civil War - William F. Fox, 1889 [http://www.civilwarhome.com/foxs.htm\] , also, A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion - Frederick H. Dyer, 1908 [http://www.civil-war.net/searchstates.asp?searchstates=Total\]
* Killed and Mortally Wounded: 110,070
* Died of Disease: 199,720
* In Confederate prisons: 24,866
* Drowning: 4,944
* Accidents: 4,114
* Total Deaths, all causes: 359,528
Dumas:
* USA
* KIA: 67,038
* Died of wounds: 43,000
* Disease: 224,586
* Accident, murder, suicide, etc.: 24,872
* TOTAL: 359,496
Urlanis (1971)
* K. in Battle: 134,000
* Military. Killed and died: 538,000
Trager, The People's Chronology, "1865"
* United States: 360,222
* k. in battle: 110,000
* Confederacy: 258,000
* k. in battle: 94,000
* TOTAL: 618,222
* k. in battle: 204,000
Singer, Eckhardt: 650,000
McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (1988)
* United States: 360,000
* Confederacy: 260,000
* TOTAL: 620,000 (p.854)
* Civilians: 50,000 (p.619)
Britannica (1992)
* United States: 359,528
* Confederacy: 258,000
* TOTAL: 617,528
DoD (USA only)
* Battle deaths: 140,414
* Other deaths: 224,097
* TOTAL: 364,511
COWP: 650,000 total, incl. 364,511 USA
One Kind of Freedom: The Economic Consequences of Emancipation by Roger Ransom, Richard Sutch, p.53-54 (2001)
* General Howard, Freedmen's Bureau, estimated that 25% of African-Am. lost their lives by the war.
* Instead, Ransom/Sutch estimate that 1.6% of African-Am. died as a direct result of the war. [based on the 3.5M blacks in the CSA, this would come to around 56,000 civilian deaths. Howard's est. would be 875,000 d.]
Encyclopedia Americana (2003)
* United States: 360,222
* k. in battle: 67,058
* d. of wounds: 43,012
* [Total battle deaths: 110,070]
* Confederacy: 258,000
* k. in battle: 94,000
* [TOTAL: 618,222]
* [Battle deaths: 204,070]
Battles
* Antietam
* Bull Run: 1st,2nd
* Chancellorsville
* Chattanooga
* Chickamauga
* Cold Harbor
* Corinth
* Franklin
* Fredericksburg
* Gettysburg
* Manassas: 1st,2nd
* Prairie Grove
* Seven Days
* Shiloh
* Spottsylvania C.H.
* Murfreesboro
* Perryville
* Wilderness

Hui Rebellion (1862-78) [make link]

Dillon, China’s Muslim Hui Community, p.60: General Zuo reported to Beijing that only 60,000 of the 700,000 Muslims in Shaanxi survived the revolt. Colonel Mark Bell, a British observer, claimed that the population of Gansu plunged from 15 million to 1 million
Eckhardt: 300,000 died in the Moslem Rebellions (1860-72)
COWP: 300,000 died in the Moslem Rebellions (1863-72)

Paraguay, War of the Triple Alliance (1864-70) [make link]

Britannica
* 11th ed. (1911): The counted population of Paraguay dropped from 1,337,439 to 28,746 men + 106,254 women + 86,079 children [=221,079 for a loss of 1,116,360 (83%)]
* 15th ed. (1992): The population of Paraguay population dropped from 525,000 to 221,000 for a loss of 304,000 (58%)
* [I don't know why the two editions have a different starting population for Paraguay. I suspect (but can't confirm) that the 15th edition measures the before-and-after population of only those provinces that remained part of Paraguay after the war, while the 11th edition (maybe) begins with the population inside the pre-war borders and ends with the population inside the_post_-war borders. If so, neither set of numbers are a proper measure of the decline of the orginal Paraguayan population. The 15th edition would be too low, and the 11th edition too high.
The population loss is also described as 50% (Wilgus, Latin American History;Encarta) or 70% (Anchor Atlas)
Urlanis
* military losses: 300,000 (citing Mulhall)
* Paraguayan population decline from 1.3M to .3M (1M or 80%)
Reader's Companion to Military History [http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/mil/html/mh\_054500\_tripleallian.htm\]
* Allied losses: 190,000 dead, of whom 100,000 were Brazilian.
* Paraguay: 220,000
Eckhardt: 300,000 civ. + 310,000 mil. = 610,000
Scheina, Latin America's Wars, p.331
* Allies: 180,000 "lost" (implied dead)
* Brazil: 100,000 "casualties"
* Argentina: 20,000 "lost"
* Uruguay: 1,400 KIA/DOW
* Paraguay: 300,000
* [TOTAL: 480,000]
Clodfelter
* Allied "casualties": 190,000, incl...
* Allied combat deaths: 30,000, incl.
* Brazil: 24,000 d.
* Argentina & Uruguay: up to 30,000 dead (80% of which disease)
* Paraguay: >200,000 dead, incl ca. 100,000 in combat
* TOTAL: 350,000 (as stated in section on Taiping Reb.)
OnWar.com:
* Argentina: 10,000.
* Brazil: 100,000.
* Paraguay: 304,000
* Uruguay: 10,000
* TOTAL: 424,000
LC [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/pytoc.html\]
* Brazil: 150,000 dead
* Executed by Lopez: 500 foreigners + thousands in military
Small & Singer (partial)
* Brazil: 100,000
* Argentina: 10,000
COWP
* Paraguay: 200,000
* Brazil: 100,000
* Argentina: 10,000
* TOTAL: 310,000
MEDIANS
* Paraguay: 304,000
* Brazil: 100,000

Ten Years War, Cuba (1868-78) [make link]

Encarta: 200,000
Scheina, Latin America's Wars
* Cuban Revolutionaries: 100-150,000 d.
* Spain: 200,000 "casualties, mostly from disease"
Dale Walker, The Boys of '98: Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders: 200,000 Cubans
Stanley Payne, Politics and the Military in Modern Spain (1967): more than 50,000 Spanish soldiers killed.
* cited by Payne:
* Gen. Jovellar: 140,000 d
* Galego: 3,660 KIA + 54,754 deaths by disease and wounds
Clodfelter
* Spain (dead of all causes)
* Soldiers: 81,097
* Marines: 3,240
* Sailors: 1,758
* Cuban volunteers: 5,000
* [TOTAL: 91,095]
* Cubans: 50,000 d.
Singer: 100,000 Spanish battle deaths.
Eckhardt: 100,000 civ. + 100,000 mil. = 200,000
COWP: 100,000 Spain, 200,000 total

Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) [make link]

Gaston Bodart, Losses of Life in Modern Wars (1916)
* France
* battle deaths: 60,000 KiA+DoW
* other deaths
* As prisoners of Germany: 17,000
* Interned in Switzerland: 2,000
* Disease: 61,000
* [Total: 80,000]
* Total: 140,000
* Germany
* KIA: 1,046 officers + 16,539 men [= 17,585]
* Died of Wounds: 671 officers + 10,050 men [=10,721]
* Accidents: 9 + 281 [=290]
* Suicide: 3 + 26 [=29]
* Disease: 207 + 11940 [=12,147]
* MIA: 3 + 4,006 [= 4,009]
* Total: 1,939 + 42,842 [= 44,781]
* Excess deaths among French civilians, 1870-71: 590,000
* [TOTAL: 774,781, incl...]
* [Battle deaths: 88,306]
* [Military, all causes: 184,781]
Singer:
* France: 140,000
* Prussia: 40,000
* Bavaria: 5,500
* Baden: 1,000
* Wurtemberg: 1,000
* TOTAL: 187,500
Eckhardt: 62,000 civ. + 188,000 mil. = 250,000
COWP
* FRN: 152,000
* GMY: 44,781
* BAV: 5,600
* BAD: 956
* WRT: 976
* TOTAL: 204,313
Urlanis
* K. in Battle: 57,000
* Military. Killed and died: 188,000
* French civilians: 300-400,000 excess deaths, incl. 47,000 in siege of Paris
* German civilians: 200,000 excess deaths, half in smallpox epidemic spread by French POWs
* [TOTAL: 738,000 ± 50,000]
see also Paris Commune

Russo-Turkish War (1877-78) [make link]

Samuel Dumas, Losses of Life Caused By War (1923)
* Russian:
* Killed: 30,000
* Dead of wounds: 4,742
* Dead of disease: 81,166
* Dead of frostbite or accident: 1,713
* TOTAL: 117,621
Urlanis
* K. in Battle: 34,000
* Military. Killed and died: 190,000
* Russian civilians: 300-400,000 excess deaths
Clodfelter
* Russian:
* Killed or D. of wounds: 34,742
* Dead of disease: 81,166
* Turks: 30,000 in battle and possibly twice that from disease
* Bulgarians + Romanians: 10,000
* [TOTAL: ca. 215,000]
Singer, COWP:
* Russia: 120,000
* Turkey: 165,000
* TOTAL: 285,000
Eckhardt: 285,000

Cuban Revolution (1895-98) [make link]

Clodfelter
* Spain
* battle: 9,413
* disease: >40,000
* Cubans: 300,000 d. incl...
* battle: 5,180
* disease: 3,437 insurgents
Scheina, Latin America's Wars: 300,000 Cubans d.
Eckhardt:
* Cuba vs Spain (1895-98): 250,000 civ. + 50,000 military = 300,000
COWP: 50,000 Spain; 300,000 total
Leslie Bethell, Cuba: a short history (1993, 1998): population declined from 1,850,000 (1894) to 1,689,600 (1898). [a loss of 160,400]
Elbert J. Benton, International Law and Diplomacy of the Spanish-American War: 400,000 died from starv. + dis.
Hugh Thomas, Cuba, or, the pursuit of freedom (1971, 1988): Spanish losses in Cuba, 1895-98
* KIA and died of wounds: 9,303
* Deaths by disease: 53,440

Somalia (1899-1920)

See the 20th Century

Colombia, War of a Thousand Days (1899-1902)

See the 20th Century

Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901)

See the 20th Century

Philippine-American War (1899-1902)

See the 20th Century

Between 10,000 and 100,000

India, Sati (1800-29)
- Somewhere around 17,500 widows burned during the 19th Century.
Egypt (1805-11)
- Muhammad Ali v. Ottomans
  * OnWar.com
  * Britain: 5,000
  * Egypt: 39,000
  * Rebels: 3,000
  * Ottomans: 9,000
  * TOTAL: 56,000
Anglo-American War of 1812 (1812-15) [make link]
- Dept.of Defense; 1984 World Almanac
  * USA: 2,260 KIA
- Eckhardt: 4,000 military
- Clodfelter
  * USA: 2,260 KIA + 15,000 disease
  * UK: ca. 3,000
- Donald Hickey, The War of 1812 (1989)
  * USA:
  * KIA: 2,260
  * Executions: 205
  * Deaths by disease: 17,000
  * TOTAL: approx 20,000
  * UK:
  * No British numbers available. Hickey suggests there were probably more battle deaths and fewer disease deaths.
- William Osborn: The Wild Frontier: atrocities during the American-Indian War from Jamestown Colony to Wounded Knee (2000)
  * Deaths caused by specific settler atrocities (1812-15): 58
  * Deaths caused by specific Indian atrocities (1812-15): 1,325
1st Anglo-Burmese War (1823-26)
- Singer: 15,000 UK
- Eckhardt: 5,000 civ. + 15,000 mil. = 20,000
Turkey, massacre of the Jannisaries (1826)
- PGtH: 20,000
- Trager, People's Chronology: 6-10,000
- Eckhardt: 14,000 civ. + 6,000 mil. = 20,000
Portugal (1829-34)
- Govt. vs. Conservatives
  * Singer: 20,000, plus 100 British
  * Eckhardt: 20,000
Polish Insurrection (1830-32)
- Singer: 15,000 Russians
- Clodfelter
  * Russians: 15,000
  * Poles: many more
- Eckhardt: 6,000 civ. + 15,000 mil. = 21,000
- Urlanis: 70,000 total
1st Syrian War (1831-32)
- Singer: Turkey lost 10,000 k
- Eckhardt: 8,000 civ. + 10,000 mil. = 18,000
1st British-Afghan War (1838-42)
- Singer: UK lost 20,000 k.
- Eckhardt: 20,000 mil.
2nd Syrian War (1839-40)

Singer: Turkey lost 10,000 k.
Eckhardt: 2,000 civ. + 10,000 mil. = 12,000

Argentina (1841-51)

Govt. vs. Unitarios
* Singer: 10,000 (plus 100 UK and 100 France)

Vietnam, Persecution of Christians (ca. 1832-1887) [make link]

Peter C. Phan, Vietnamese-American Catholics (Paulist Press, 2005) p.88: A total of some 130,000 Catholic missionaries and converts were killed.
Bernard B. Fall, Last Reflections on a War: Bernard B. Fall's Last Comments on Vietnam (Stackpole Books, 2000) p.44: a total of 130,000
LC [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/vntoc.html\]: Punitive bombardment of Da Nang by French warships, 1847: ca.10,000 Vietnamese k.
GEM [http://www.pitt.edu/\~ibcmod/gem/vietnamdata.htm\] Christians executed 1848-60
* 25 European priests
* 3,000 Vietnamese priests
* >30,000 Vietnamese Catholics
Catholic Encyclopedia [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07765a.htm\]
* Killed 1857-62
* 40,000 Christians d. of ill-treatment, starvation, etc.
* 115 VN priests + 100 VN nuns
* Christians killed, 1885, partial
* E. Cochin China: 24,000
* S. Cochin China: 8585 massacred in Quang-tri
* S. Tong-king: 4799 executed + 1181 of hunger and misery
* (1883-4): 400+
* [Est. Total: >40,000]

1st Sikh War (1845-46)

Battle of Sobraon: 10,000 k.

Mexican-American War (1846-48) [make link]

Singer, OnWar.com :
* USA: 11,000
* Mexico: 6,000
* TOTAL: 17,000
Eckhardt: 4,000 civ. + 17,000 military = 21,000
Winders, Mr. Polk's Army (1997), citing Henry Scott, Military Dictionary
* USA:
* KIA: 1,548
* Illness: 10,970
* Mortal wounds: 505
* TOTAL: 13,023
Bauer, The Mexican War: 1846-48 (1974)
* USA:
* KIA: 1,192
* Illness: 11,155
* Mortal wounds: 529
* TOTAL: 12,876
Clodfelter: ca. 5,000 Mexicans KIA
Douglas Mead, The Mexican War 1846-1848: 12-15,000 Mexican battle "losses" [deaths?] and "thousands" of indirect civilian deaths.
Dept. of Defense (also 1984 World Almanac):
* USA: 1,733 KIA + 11,550 other deaths = 13,283
My Guess:
* USA: The median (and official) count is 1,733 KIA.
* Mexico: Looking at the battle-by-battle statistics, [http://www.dmwv.org/mexwar/mwstats.htm\] it appears that, on average, the Mexicans suffered 4.7 times as many casualties as the USAns. That indicates some 8,000 KIA all told.
Civilians:
* According to Encarta: The American bombardment of Veracruz killed 1000-1500 Mexicans, military and civilian. Civilian deaths outnumbered military 2:1. That would come to 666-1,000 civilians killed. [http://encarta.msn.com/text\_761559370\_\_\_9/Mexican\_War.html\]

Revolutions of 1848 (1848-49)

France
* Clodfelter: 1,460 Parisians k., incl 150 after surrender
* Singer (Govt. vs. Republicans): 3,000
Austria
* Clodfelter (Vienna): 19 officers + 200 soldiers + 3,000 citizens
* Singer (Govt. vs. Liberals): 3,500
Austro-Sardinian Wars (1848-49)
* Singer
* Austria: 5,600
* Sardinia: 3,400
* TOTAL: 9,000
* Clodfelter
* 1st: 1,030 Austrians KIA
* 2nd
* Austrians: 857 KIA + 2,000 marsh fever
* Sardinia: 2,400
* [TOTAL: >6,287]
1st Schleswig-Holstein War (1848-49)
* Singer
* Prussia: 2,500
* Denmark: 3,500
* TOTAL: 6,000
* Clodfelter (dead, mostly disease.)
* Prussia, allies: 2,500
* Denmark: 3,500
* [TOTAL: 6,000]
Hungarian Revolt (1848-49)
* Urlanis: 100,000
* Clodfelter: 60,000
* Habsburgs: 16,600 k. or wounded
* Russia: 903 KIA + 13,554 disease
Two Sicilies (1848-49)
* Singer (Govt. vs. Liberals): 1,000
Roman Republic (1849)
* Singer
* France: 500
* Two Sicilies: 100
* Papal States: 1500
* Austria: 100
* TOTAL: 2,200
TOTAL
* [Clodfelter: ca. 77,000]
* [Singer: 24,700]

Persia (1848-54)

16 Dec. 1979 Washington Post: 20,000 Babis (Baha'is) massacred. (also http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babis)

Nicaragua, Walker Filibuster (1856-57)

Scheina, Latin America's Wars
* American mercenaries: >1,000, mostly of disease
* Costa Rica
* Out of army of 2,500, only 400 lived to return home.
* 10,000 C.R. civilians d. of cholera spread by army.
Clodfelter
* Americans: 1,000 died, mostly of disease
* four opponent Central America nations: 5,800 killed and wounded [maybe 1,450 k.?] + 5,000 died of disease

Zulus (1856) [make link]

Hanson, Carnage and Culture: In a civil war, Cetshwayo killed >7,000 warriors and 20,000 rival family members incl. women, children.

South Africa, Xhosa self-destruction (1857) [make link]

LC: Following a prophecy, Xhosa sacrificed almost all of their cattle and grain. 40,000 starved. [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/zatoc.html\]

India, Sepoy Mutiny (1857)

Clodfelter
* UK soldiers: 2,034 KIA and massacre + 8,987 by disease etc.
Eckhardt: 15,000 = 11,000 civ. + 4,000 mil.
OnWar.com
* UK: 2,000
* India: 8,000
* Total: 10,000
Common quote, no source: "In Awadh alone 150000 people were killed - of which 100000 were civilians"

War of Italian Unification (1859)

Singer:
* France: 7,500
* Sardinia: 2,500
* Austria: 12,500
* TOTAL: 22,500
Bodart (KIA + died of wounds):
* France: 5,500
* Piedmont: 1,500
* Austria: 8,000
* TOTAL: 15,000

Ottoman Empire, Lebanon (1860)

War Between Christians and Druses
* 1975 Britannica
* Christians massacred in battle: 11,000
* Died in destitution: 4,000
* 1911 Britannica: >3,000 Christians k.

Franco-Mexican War (Emp. Maximilian, 1862-67) [make link]

Rene Chartrand, The Mexican Adventure 1861-67: 32,000 Republican soldiers KIA, executed, died of disease.
1978 Britannica "Mexico, history of": >50,000 people k.
Clodfelter
* Mexicans: 31,962 KIA (both sides, including 5,671 monarchists)
* French: 1,729 KIA+DoW. 4,925 by disease
Scheina, Latin America's Wars: "taking into consideration the ... duration ... yellow fever, the lack of sanitation and medical services, and the brutality practised on both sides, one might estimate ..."
* Monarchists: lost 33,000
* France: 10,000
* Army: 6,000
* Foreign Legion: 2,000
* Navy: 2,000
* Austrian & Belgian mercenaries: 3,000
* Mexican Conservatives: 20,000
* Liberals: lost more
Singer:
* Mexico: 12,000
* France: 8,000
* TOTAL: 20,000
Eckhardt: 20,000 mil.

Seven Weeks War (1866) [make link]

Bodart:
* Prussia: 4,454 KIA
* Italy: 1,633 KIA
* Austria-Hungary: 21,488 KIA + MIA
* Austrian allies: 348
* TOTAL: 27,923
Urlanis
* K. in Battle: 34,000
Singer:
* Prussia: 10,000
* Italy: 4,000
* Austria-Hungary: 20,000
* Saxony: 600
* Hanover: 500
* Bavaria: 500
* TOTAL: 36,100
Eckhardt: 43,000 civ. + 36,000 mil. = 79,000

Paris Commune (1871)

PGtH: 17,000 k. in suppression of the Commune
Singer: 20,000
Eckhardt: 20,000
Urlanis: 20,000
Gabriel Jackson, The Spanish Republic and the Civil War 1931-39(1965, 1972):
* 17,000 to 25,000 Communards shot.
* 3,000 deaths in prison.
see also: Franco-Prussian War

Spain, 3rd Carlist War (1872-76)

Clodfelter: 50,000
Singer: 7,000

Bulgaria (1876)

PGtH, also Britannica (1992 and 1911 eds.): 15,000 Bulgarians massacred by Turks in Philippopolis District, incl. 5,000 in town of Batak, acc2 British report.
Eckhardt: 30,000 civ. + 10,000 mil. = 40,000 (1875-77)

Japan (1877)

Govt. vs. Satsumas
* Singer: 14,000

War of the Pacific (1879-83)

Singer:
* Bolivia: 1,000
* Chile: 3,000
* Peru: 10,000
* TOTAL: 14,000
Dumas (also Clodfelter):
* Bolivia: 920
* Chile: 3,276
* Peru: 9,672
* TOTAL: 13,868

South Africa, Anglo-Zulu War (1879) [make link]

Trager, The People's Chronology (also Clodfelter)
* UK:
* KIA: 76 officers + 1,007 men
* Disease: 17 officers + 330 men
* Natal Xhosa corpsman: 1,000
* Zulus: 8,000
* TOTAL: 10,430
Eckhardt: 1,000 civ. + 3,000 mil.
Battles
* Isandlwana

Transvaal (1880-81)

Revolt vs UK
* Ekhardt: 18,000

Sino-French War (1884-85)

Singer:
* China: 10,000
* France: 2,100
* TOTAL: 12,100

Korea, Tonghak Rebellion (1894)

Clodfelter: 36,000 rebels k.

Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)

Singer:
* China: 10,000
* France: 5,000
* TOTAL: 15,000

Turkey (1895-96)

Massacre of Armenians:
* Alan Palmer, The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire (1992): 30,000

Brazil, Canudos War (1896-97)

Singer: 5,000
Roelofse-Campbell: 30,000 [http://www.unisa.ac.za/dept/press/lar/112/canudos.html\]
* Govt: 5,000
* Rebels: 25,000

Spanish-American War (1898) [make link]

Singer:
* Spain: 5,000
* USA: 5,000
* TOTAL: 10,000
Eckhardt:
* US vs Spain over Cuba & Phil (1898): 190,000 civ. + 10,000 military = 200,000 [190T civilians k. is very unlikely considering that the fighting lasted only some 5 months and involved small armies. E. might be conflating the Span-Am War with the Cuban orPhilippine Insurrections]
Urlanis
* K. in Battle: 5,000
* Military. Killed and died: 16,000
Spanish deaths:
* Stanley Payne, Politics and the Military in Modern Spain (1967)
* KIA: 2,159
* Deaths by disease: 53,000
* Hugh Thomas, Cuba, or, the pursuit of freedom (1971, 1988): Spanish losses in Cuba, 1895-98
* KIA and died of wounds: 9,303
* Deaths by disease: 53,440
USA dead:
* Dept. of Defense, 1991 Information Please, World Almanac 1984: 385 KIA + 2,061 disease = 2,446

Anglo-Boer War, 1899-1902

see the 20th Century

Under 10,000

USA, Creek War (1813-14)
- Clodfelter: 1,800 Creeks and 700 Americans (soldiers + civilians)
British-Mahabattan War (1817-18)
- UK: 2,000 (Singer)
Spain, Civil War (1820-23)
- Singer (Govt. vs. Royalists: 1821-23): 7,000
- Urlanis: 100,000
Franco-Spanish War (1823)
- Singer:
  * Spain: 600
  * France: 400
  * TOTAL: 1,000
Turkey (1826)
- Govt. vs. Janissaries
  * Singer: 6,000
Russo-Persian War (1826-28)
- Russia: 5,000 (Singer)
Navarino Bay (1827)
- Singer:
  * Turkey: 3,000
  * UK: 80
  * Russia: 60
  * France: 40
  * TOTAL: 3,180
France, July Revolution (1830)
- Govt. vs. Liberals
  * PGtH: 1,000
  * Singer: 1,700
  * Eckhardt: 2,000
Mexico (1832)
- Govt. vs. Liberals
  * Singer: 4,000
USA, 2nd Seminole War (1835-42) [make link]

Clodfelter
* US Army: 1466 d., incl 328 in combat
* US Navy: 69, most by dis.
* white non-combatants: 400
* Seminloles: 700

Texan War (1835-36) [make link]

Clodfelter
* Mexicans: ca. 1,500
* Texans: 704
Scheina
* Mexicans: 1,000 battle d.
* Texans: 600
Singer: 1,000 Mexicans
Eckhardt: 1,000 civ. + 1,000 mil. = 2,000

Colombia (1840-42)

Govt. vs. Progressives
* Singer: 4,000

Spain, 2nd Carlist War (1847-49)

Clodfelter: 10,000
Singer: 3,000 (1846-49)

Chile (1851)

Govt. vs. Liberals
* Singer: 3,000

La Plata War (1851-52)

Singer:
* Brazil: 500
* Argentina: 800
* TOTAL: 1,300

Peru (1853-55)

Govt. vs. Liberals
* Singer: 4,000

Anglo-Persian War (1856-57)

Singer:
* UK: 500
* Persia: 1,500
* TOTAL: 2,000

Peru (1856-58)

Govt. vs. Conservatives
* Singer: 3,000

Mexico (1858-61)

Govt. vs. Liberals
* Singer: 8,000

Spanish-Moroccan War (1859-60)

Clodfelter
* Spain: 1,152 battle + 2888 disease = 4,040
* Morocco: 6,000 d.
* [TOTAL: 10,040]
Singer:
* Spain: 4,000
* Morocco: 6,000
* TOTAL: 10,000

Syria (1860)

1911 Britannica, "Damascus": July 1860, the Moslem population massacred about 3000 adult males Christians.

Italo-Roman War (1860)

Singer:
* Sardinia: 300
* Papal States: 700
* TOTAL: 1,000

Italo-Sicilian War (1860)

Singer:
* Sardinia: 600
* Two Sicilies: 400
* TOTAL: 1,000

Colombia (1860-62)

Govt. vs. Liberals
* Singer: 2,500

Argentina (1863)

Govt. vs. Montoneros
* Singer: 1,000

Ecuadorian-Colombian War (1863)

Singer:
* Colombia: 300
* Ecuador: 700
* TOTAL: 1,000

2nd Schleswig-Holstein War (1860)

Singer:
* Prussia: 1,000
* Austria-Hungary: 500
* Denmark: 3,000
* TOTAL: 4,500

USA, Reconstruction (1865-76) [make link]

1998 World Book Encyc.: 5,000 southern blacks murdered by whites
Philip Dray, At the Hands of Persons Unknown : The Lynching of Black America, cites:
* Phil Sheridan: 3,500 whites + blacks k. 1865-75
* Ida Wells-Barnett: 10,000 blacks lynched 1865-1890s
* Dorothy Sterling: 20,000 k. by KKK 1868-71

Spanish-Chilean War (1866)

Singer:
* Peru: 600
* Chile: 100
* Spain: 300
* TOTAL: 1,000

Argentina (1866-67)

Govt. vs. Federalists
* Singer: 1,000

Venezuela (1868-71)

Govt. vs. Conservatives
* Singer: 3,000

Spain (1868)

Govt. vs. Liberals
* Singer: 1,600

Argentina (1870-71)

Entre Rios Rebellion
* Singer: 1,500

Colombia (1876-77)

Govt. vs. Liberals
* Singer: 1,000

Argentina (1880)

Buenos Aires Rebellion
* Singer: 1,000

South Africa (1880-81)

Basuto Revolt vs UK
* Eckhardt: 1,000

Tunisia (1881)

France v Tunisia
* Eckhardt: 1,000

Sino-French War (1884-85)

Singer:
* China: 10,000
* France: 2,100
* TOTAL: 12,100

Colombia (1884-85)

Govt. vs. Liberals
* Singer: 1,000

Central American War (1885)

Singer:
* El Salvador: 200
* Guatemala: 800
* TOTAL: 1,000

Chile (1891)

Govt. vs. Congressists
* Singer: 5,000

Brazil (1893-94)

Govt. vs. Rio Grande do Sud
* Singer: 1,500

Brazil (1893-94)

Govt. vs. Naval Royalists
* Singer: 1,000

Peru (1894-95)

Govt. vs. Liberals
* Singer: 4,000

Rhodesia, Matabele uprising (1896-98)

Laura Franey, Victorian Travel Writing and Imperial Violence: 600 Europeans + 9000 Shona and Ndebele k.

Greco-Turkish War (1897)

Singer:
* Turkey: 1,400
* Greece: 600
* TOTAL: 2,000
Dumas: 1,300 Turks

USA, Lynching (1882-1962)

See the 20th Century

Total:

EXTREMELY PRELIMINARY TOTAL:
- Adding all the events listed here gives a very tentative total of 45 Million unnatural deaths during the 19th Century -- and I probably missed a lot.
- You might want to add an additional 45M, depending on whether you feel that the El Niño famines of 1876 and 1896 were man-made or not. That would boost the total to 80M unnatural deaths for the 19th Century.
- Using Table 1.2 of A Concise History of World Population, 2d by Massimo Livi-Bacci, I determined that there were 8661 million deaths between 1750 and 1950. As the 19th Century covers the middle half of that, let's assume roughly 4330 million deaths during the 1800s.
- Another source would be "How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth?" by Carl Haub [http://www.prb.org/Content/ContentGroups/PTarticle/0ct-Dec02/How\_Many\_People\_Have\_Ever\_Lived\_on\_Earth\_.htm\]
  1. We can calculate the number of deaths between 1850 and 1900 as [1850_population] + [Births_1850-1900] - [1900_population] = [Deaths_1850-1900] = ca. 2509 million.
  2. We can calculate the number of deaths between 1750 and 1850 as [1750_population] + [Births_1750-1850] - [1850_population] = [Deaths_1750-1850] = ca. 3576 million.
  3. Adding [1] and half of [2] would give us some 4297 million deaths in the 19th Century.
- Forty-five million unnatural deaths would be 1% of 4.3 billion deaths (or 1 out of every 96), considerably less than the percentage for the20th Century. Counting the famines would bring the percentage to 2% or 1 out of 48.

List of Recurring Sources

to Table of Contents

Last updated January 2004