Andrew Burlingame | Wheaton College (original) (raw)
Dissertation by Andrew Burlingame
Ph.D. dissertation, NELC, University of Chicago, 2021
This PDF provides an analytical table of contents, abstract, and references for the author’s doct... more This PDF provides an analytical table of contents, abstract, and references for the author’s doctoral dissertation, which was submitted to the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations of the University of Chicago and defended during June 2021. Open access to a complete PDF of the dissertation (though without the analytical table of contents!) is available at https://knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/3375.
The dissertation provides a linguistic and textual analysis of Ugaritic indefinite pronouns drawing on typological linguistic, diachronic linguistic, and formal semantic models and tools. The results are evaluated relative to the social and textual distributions in which Ugaritic indefinite pronouns appear in an effort to extend the empirical foundation for considering both Ugaritic grammar and the history of scribal training and textual production at Ugarit during the Late Bronze Age.
The dissertation committee consisted of Dennis Pardee (NELC, University of Chicago, Chair), Rebecca Hasselbach-Andee (NELC, University of Chicago), Anastasia Giannakidou (Linguistics, University of Chicago), and Carole Roche-Hawley (Scientific Director, IFPO, Beirut).
Articles by Andrew Burlingame
Göttinger Miszellen zur Ugaritistik 1, 2024
This article proposes toponymic identifications for several entries appearing in RIH 83/47+, firs... more This article proposes toponymic identifications for several entries appearing in RIH 83/47+, first published in 2019. The new insights resulting from this study include an identification of the first alphabetic attestation of the toponym Paṯaratu (previously attested only in logosyllabic texts and in one alphabetic text as a gentilic), a second attestation of the previously hapax toponym ʿry, a series of arguments in favor of identifying the entries appearing in this text as uniformly toponymic, and a number of topographic observations intended to contribute to the challenging work of locating these settlements within the kingdom of Ugarit.
https://eupt.uni-goettingen.de/GMU/1_Burlingame_Toponymic-Remarks-to-RIH-83-47.html
Administrations et pratiques comptables au Proche-Orient ancien, PIOL 74, 2024
Migration and Mobility in the Ancient Near East and Egypt: The Crossroads IV, 2024
Please email me for a full PDF of this article. This study is designed to contribute to two re... more Please email me for a full PDF of this article.
This study is designed to contribute to two related lines of research interest, located at the intersection of administrative mobility and epistolary and scribal practice in the kingdom of Ugarit during the Late Bronze Age. The study gathers examples of letters sent to the king of Ugarit by individuals who describe themselves as his “servants,” evaluating each to determine whether the Ugaritian status of the sender as well as a position outside the kingdom at the time of dispatch can be determined. Examples that satisfy these conditions provide previously understudied evidence for the activities of Ugaritian agents abroad. At the same time, this dataset allows us to consider related questions of epistolary and scribal protocol. The study presents an evaluation of the criterial value of such protocol in historical reconstruction as well as the evidence provided by letters sent from Ugaritians abroad for matters of script and language selection. Finally, a specific test case concerning Ugaritian agents in Amurru is revisited in light of more recent textual, onomastic, and prosopographic data.
Journal of Semitic Studies 69/2, 2024
This review article discusses points raised in Philip Boyes's 2021 monograph Script and Society: ... more This review article discusses points raised in Philip Boyes's 2021 monograph Script and Society: The Social Context of Writing Practices in Late Bronze Age Ugarit. The arguments of the book are summarized, contextualized, and evaluated from an Ugaritological disciplinary perspective; remarks on method and opportunities for future research are presented; and a series of specific comments is offered as a supplementary resource for readers and researchers interested in further pursuing the topics Boyes addresses.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jss/fgae001
Biblical Archaeology Review 49/1 (2023): 54-57
A re-assessment of the reading BT DWD that was defended in the previous issue of BAR. First page;... more A re-assessment of the reading BT DWD that was defended in the previous issue of BAR. First page; please email either of us for the entire PDF.
The Routledge Handbook of Emotions in the Ancient Near East (ed. Karen Sonik & Ulrike Steinert), 2023
This chapter examines the terms and expressions employed for the description of emotional states ... more This chapter examines the terms and expressions employed for the description of emotional states in the Ugaritic language. The best-attested emotions in Ugaritic literature are joy, fear, and grief. The narrative poetry of the great mythological texts holds pride of place within the Ugaritic literary corpus as the leading host of such emotional expressions. Direct attributions of emotion, while not uncommon, are vastly outnumbered by indirect descriptions targeting specific vocalizations, bodily responses, and other actions. Embodied descriptions, making reference to involuntary bodily processes and anatomical features of the individual experiencing a given emotion, contribute to our appreciation of the inapplicability of mind–body dualism to the study of emotion in the ancient Near East; they also underscore the extent to which emotional experience could remain invisible to others. Finally, the specific rhetorical and literary purposes served by emotional expression reveal that emotion was not simply woven into narratives for the sake of verisimilitude or flourish but was instead recognized as playing a meaningful role in interpersonal and social dynamics.
Ougarit, un anniversaire (RSO XXVIII), 2021
The Ugaritic juridical text RS [Varia 31] (AO 29.390; KTU 4.817), first published in 2010, provid... more The Ugaritic juridical text RS [Varia 31] (AO 29.390; KTU 4.817), first published in 2010, provides a second example of the Ugaritic temporal expression šḥr ṯlṯt, alongside the first attestation of this phrase found in RS 16.382. The use of this Ugaritic expression in a role comparable to that of the phrase urra(m) šēra(m) found in syllabic texts from Ras Shamra and a number of other sites dating to the Middle and Late Bronze Age raises anew questions regarding the relationship between alphabetic Ugaritic legal texts and their syllabic Akkadian counterparts. This study draws on recent formal semantic and typological linguistic research to provide a semantic account of Ugaritic šḥr ṯlṯt in relation to its Akkadian analog and is designed to contribute to our attempts to address these questions, as well as to ongoing study of the unusual syntax and lexicography of RS [Varia 31]. It is suggested that this expression functions as an indefinite temporal expression incorporating exhaustive and scalar semantics, best translated as “at any future time,” and that it accordingly plays an important role in constraining the future in Ugaritic juridical composition.
Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 110, 2020
In this article, data appearing in recently published Akkadian letters from the House of ʾUrtēnu ... more In this article, data appearing in recently published Akkadian letters from the House of ʾUrtēnu (Ugarit) are applied to reach solutions to several Ugaritic onomastic and prosopographic problems. The results allow for clearer etymological evaluation of several personal names and a number of plausible prosopographic identifications, including two that are arguably relevant to Hittite prosopography and chronology. They further contribute to ongoing efforts devoted to exploring the relationship between Ḫatti and Ugarit in the final decades of the Late Bronze Age.
Bibliotheca Orientalis 76, 2019
This review article takes up a number of themes addressed in C. A. Rollston's 2010 monograph Writ... more This review article takes up a number of themes addressed in C. A. Rollston's 2010 monograph Writing and Literacy in the World of Ancient Israel: Epigraphic Evidence from the Iron Age and considers how the discussions devoted to these topics have evolved since 2010. This survey of recent developments is accompanied by several suggestions for future investigations pertaining both to the domain of inquiry and to the methods employed in Northwest Semitic epigraphic research.
![Research paper thumbnail of Two fragments from a single tablet? A new proposal regarding the epistolary fragments RS 18.286[A] and RS 18.[400], with discussion of RS 18.286[B]. (Burlingame and Pardee)](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119279519/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Altorientalische Forschungen 46, 2019
This article presents material, palaeographic, and epistolographic arguments in support of the hy... more This article presents material, palaeographic, and epistolographic arguments in support of the hypothesis that two epistolary fragments recovered at the site of Ras Shamra in 1954—RS 18.286[A] and RS 18.[400]—originally belonged to a single tablet. Similar data suggest that the fragment RS 18.286[B], long thought to belong to the same tablet as RS 18.286[A], cannot in fact be accepted to have originated from this tablet. The reconfiguration of these fragments results in new interpretive possibilities and leads us to believe that the tablet of which RS 18.286[A] and RS 18.[400] comprise two parts originally bore a message from the queen to her son—the only such letter in our possession and hence a potentially important addition to our knowledge of Ugaritic epistolary protocol within the royal family.
Semitica et Classica 11, 2018
This article presents data collected in the course of an epigraphic study of the sarcophagus insc... more This article presents data collected in the course of an epigraphic study of the sarcophagus inscription (pectoral surface) of ʾEšmunʿazor II at the Musée du Louvre (AO 4806) and argues two points: 1/ The graphemic sequence in line 19 traditionally read as {lmdtʿṣmt} (“according to the measure of the mighty deeds”) must in fact be read as {lmrtʿṣmt} ; 2/ While the {r} established by this presentation may constitute a scribal error for an intended {d}, one lexicographic possibility not previously considered may render such an assessment unnecessary. If the proposed interpretation is correct, it carries with it several important implications for our understanding of the rhetoric of the inscription and its reflection of Persian-Sidonian relations during the reign of ʾEšmunʿazor II.
BASOR 376, 2016
The fifth line of the Amman Citadel Inscription has remained an interpretive crux since the publi... more The fifth line of the Amman Citadel Inscription has remained an interpretive crux since the publication of the text. While earlier studies recognized its importance for the interpretation of the inscription, the philological difficulties hindering interpretation have generated a growing pessimism with respect to this line, culminating in a recent suggestion that it cannot be translated and may simply be the product of scribal mistakes. In this study, I offer a new proposal for the interpretation of this line, accompanied by a review of the previous scholarship devoted to its study. To support this proposal, I call attention to several data that have not been considered in previous studies. Specifically, I argue that {tdlt} at the beginning of the line constitutes a denominative verb meaning “to equip with a door” and point out the overlooked instance of this verb in the Temple Scroll. Second, I offer a new interpretation of {kbh} at the end of the line in light of possible Akkadian and Ugaritic cognates. I aim to illustrate that these proposals allow us to arrive at a more philologically satisfying reading of the line and, in turn, a better understanding of the text as a whole.
Book Reviews by Andrew Burlingame
Orientalia 92.2, 2023
Review of J. Screnock with V. Olivero, 2022, A Grammar of Ugaritic (SBL).
Bibliotheca Orientalis 79, 2022
Notices by Andrew Burlingame
Université de Lausanne, Faculté de théologie et de sciences des religions, 2024
Ten-day summer language program devoted to instruction in languages relevant to the study of the ... more Ten-day summer language program devoted to instruction in languages relevant to the study of the ancient and modern Middle East. Courses can be taught in English and French as needed.
https://www.unil.ch/summerschools/langues-orient
Université de Lausanne, Faculté de théologie et de sciences des religions, 2023
Ten-day summer language program devoted to instruction in languages relevant to the study of the ... more Ten-day summer language program devoted to instruction in languages relevant to the study of the ancient and modern Middle East. Ugaritic and Phoenician courses can be taught in English as needed.
Ph.D. dissertation, NELC, University of Chicago, 2021
This PDF provides an analytical table of contents, abstract, and references for the author’s doct... more This PDF provides an analytical table of contents, abstract, and references for the author’s doctoral dissertation, which was submitted to the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations of the University of Chicago and defended during June 2021. Open access to a complete PDF of the dissertation (though without the analytical table of contents!) is available at https://knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/3375.
The dissertation provides a linguistic and textual analysis of Ugaritic indefinite pronouns drawing on typological linguistic, diachronic linguistic, and formal semantic models and tools. The results are evaluated relative to the social and textual distributions in which Ugaritic indefinite pronouns appear in an effort to extend the empirical foundation for considering both Ugaritic grammar and the history of scribal training and textual production at Ugarit during the Late Bronze Age.
The dissertation committee consisted of Dennis Pardee (NELC, University of Chicago, Chair), Rebecca Hasselbach-Andee (NELC, University of Chicago), Anastasia Giannakidou (Linguistics, University of Chicago), and Carole Roche-Hawley (Scientific Director, IFPO, Beirut).
Göttinger Miszellen zur Ugaritistik 1, 2024
This article proposes toponymic identifications for several entries appearing in RIH 83/47+, firs... more This article proposes toponymic identifications for several entries appearing in RIH 83/47+, first published in 2019. The new insights resulting from this study include an identification of the first alphabetic attestation of the toponym Paṯaratu (previously attested only in logosyllabic texts and in one alphabetic text as a gentilic), a second attestation of the previously hapax toponym ʿry, a series of arguments in favor of identifying the entries appearing in this text as uniformly toponymic, and a number of topographic observations intended to contribute to the challenging work of locating these settlements within the kingdom of Ugarit.
https://eupt.uni-goettingen.de/GMU/1_Burlingame_Toponymic-Remarks-to-RIH-83-47.html
Administrations et pratiques comptables au Proche-Orient ancien, PIOL 74, 2024
Migration and Mobility in the Ancient Near East and Egypt: The Crossroads IV, 2024
Please email me for a full PDF of this article. This study is designed to contribute to two re... more Please email me for a full PDF of this article.
This study is designed to contribute to two related lines of research interest, located at the intersection of administrative mobility and epistolary and scribal practice in the kingdom of Ugarit during the Late Bronze Age. The study gathers examples of letters sent to the king of Ugarit by individuals who describe themselves as his “servants,” evaluating each to determine whether the Ugaritian status of the sender as well as a position outside the kingdom at the time of dispatch can be determined. Examples that satisfy these conditions provide previously understudied evidence for the activities of Ugaritian agents abroad. At the same time, this dataset allows us to consider related questions of epistolary and scribal protocol. The study presents an evaluation of the criterial value of such protocol in historical reconstruction as well as the evidence provided by letters sent from Ugaritians abroad for matters of script and language selection. Finally, a specific test case concerning Ugaritian agents in Amurru is revisited in light of more recent textual, onomastic, and prosopographic data.
Journal of Semitic Studies 69/2, 2024
This review article discusses points raised in Philip Boyes's 2021 monograph Script and Society: ... more This review article discusses points raised in Philip Boyes's 2021 monograph Script and Society: The Social Context of Writing Practices in Late Bronze Age Ugarit. The arguments of the book are summarized, contextualized, and evaluated from an Ugaritological disciplinary perspective; remarks on method and opportunities for future research are presented; and a series of specific comments is offered as a supplementary resource for readers and researchers interested in further pursuing the topics Boyes addresses.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jss/fgae001
Biblical Archaeology Review 49/1 (2023): 54-57
A re-assessment of the reading BT DWD that was defended in the previous issue of BAR. First page;... more A re-assessment of the reading BT DWD that was defended in the previous issue of BAR. First page; please email either of us for the entire PDF.
The Routledge Handbook of Emotions in the Ancient Near East (ed. Karen Sonik & Ulrike Steinert), 2023
This chapter examines the terms and expressions employed for the description of emotional states ... more This chapter examines the terms and expressions employed for the description of emotional states in the Ugaritic language. The best-attested emotions in Ugaritic literature are joy, fear, and grief. The narrative poetry of the great mythological texts holds pride of place within the Ugaritic literary corpus as the leading host of such emotional expressions. Direct attributions of emotion, while not uncommon, are vastly outnumbered by indirect descriptions targeting specific vocalizations, bodily responses, and other actions. Embodied descriptions, making reference to involuntary bodily processes and anatomical features of the individual experiencing a given emotion, contribute to our appreciation of the inapplicability of mind–body dualism to the study of emotion in the ancient Near East; they also underscore the extent to which emotional experience could remain invisible to others. Finally, the specific rhetorical and literary purposes served by emotional expression reveal that emotion was not simply woven into narratives for the sake of verisimilitude or flourish but was instead recognized as playing a meaningful role in interpersonal and social dynamics.
Ougarit, un anniversaire (RSO XXVIII), 2021
The Ugaritic juridical text RS [Varia 31] (AO 29.390; KTU 4.817), first published in 2010, provid... more The Ugaritic juridical text RS [Varia 31] (AO 29.390; KTU 4.817), first published in 2010, provides a second example of the Ugaritic temporal expression šḥr ṯlṯt, alongside the first attestation of this phrase found in RS 16.382. The use of this Ugaritic expression in a role comparable to that of the phrase urra(m) šēra(m) found in syllabic texts from Ras Shamra and a number of other sites dating to the Middle and Late Bronze Age raises anew questions regarding the relationship between alphabetic Ugaritic legal texts and their syllabic Akkadian counterparts. This study draws on recent formal semantic and typological linguistic research to provide a semantic account of Ugaritic šḥr ṯlṯt in relation to its Akkadian analog and is designed to contribute to our attempts to address these questions, as well as to ongoing study of the unusual syntax and lexicography of RS [Varia 31]. It is suggested that this expression functions as an indefinite temporal expression incorporating exhaustive and scalar semantics, best translated as “at any future time,” and that it accordingly plays an important role in constraining the future in Ugaritic juridical composition.
Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 110, 2020
In this article, data appearing in recently published Akkadian letters from the House of ʾUrtēnu ... more In this article, data appearing in recently published Akkadian letters from the House of ʾUrtēnu (Ugarit) are applied to reach solutions to several Ugaritic onomastic and prosopographic problems. The results allow for clearer etymological evaluation of several personal names and a number of plausible prosopographic identifications, including two that are arguably relevant to Hittite prosopography and chronology. They further contribute to ongoing efforts devoted to exploring the relationship between Ḫatti and Ugarit in the final decades of the Late Bronze Age.
Bibliotheca Orientalis 76, 2019
This review article takes up a number of themes addressed in C. A. Rollston's 2010 monograph Writ... more This review article takes up a number of themes addressed in C. A. Rollston's 2010 monograph Writing and Literacy in the World of Ancient Israel: Epigraphic Evidence from the Iron Age and considers how the discussions devoted to these topics have evolved since 2010. This survey of recent developments is accompanied by several suggestions for future investigations pertaining both to the domain of inquiry and to the methods employed in Northwest Semitic epigraphic research.
Altorientalische Forschungen 46, 2019
This article presents material, palaeographic, and epistolographic arguments in support of the hy... more This article presents material, palaeographic, and epistolographic arguments in support of the hypothesis that two epistolary fragments recovered at the site of Ras Shamra in 1954—RS 18.286[A] and RS 18.[400]—originally belonged to a single tablet. Similar data suggest that the fragment RS 18.286[B], long thought to belong to the same tablet as RS 18.286[A], cannot in fact be accepted to have originated from this tablet. The reconfiguration of these fragments results in new interpretive possibilities and leads us to believe that the tablet of which RS 18.286[A] and RS 18.[400] comprise two parts originally bore a message from the queen to her son—the only such letter in our possession and hence a potentially important addition to our knowledge of Ugaritic epistolary protocol within the royal family.
Semitica et Classica 11, 2018
This article presents data collected in the course of an epigraphic study of the sarcophagus insc... more This article presents data collected in the course of an epigraphic study of the sarcophagus inscription (pectoral surface) of ʾEšmunʿazor II at the Musée du Louvre (AO 4806) and argues two points: 1/ The graphemic sequence in line 19 traditionally read as {lmdtʿṣmt} (“according to the measure of the mighty deeds”) must in fact be read as {lmrtʿṣmt} ; 2/ While the {r} established by this presentation may constitute a scribal error for an intended {d}, one lexicographic possibility not previously considered may render such an assessment unnecessary. If the proposed interpretation is correct, it carries with it several important implications for our understanding of the rhetoric of the inscription and its reflection of Persian-Sidonian relations during the reign of ʾEšmunʿazor II.
BASOR 376, 2016
The fifth line of the Amman Citadel Inscription has remained an interpretive crux since the publi... more The fifth line of the Amman Citadel Inscription has remained an interpretive crux since the publication of the text. While earlier studies recognized its importance for the interpretation of the inscription, the philological difficulties hindering interpretation have generated a growing pessimism with respect to this line, culminating in a recent suggestion that it cannot be translated and may simply be the product of scribal mistakes. In this study, I offer a new proposal for the interpretation of this line, accompanied by a review of the previous scholarship devoted to its study. To support this proposal, I call attention to several data that have not been considered in previous studies. Specifically, I argue that {tdlt} at the beginning of the line constitutes a denominative verb meaning “to equip with a door” and point out the overlooked instance of this verb in the Temple Scroll. Second, I offer a new interpretation of {kbh} at the end of the line in light of possible Akkadian and Ugaritic cognates. I aim to illustrate that these proposals allow us to arrive at a more philologically satisfying reading of the line and, in turn, a better understanding of the text as a whole.
Orientalia 92.2, 2023
Review of J. Screnock with V. Olivero, 2022, A Grammar of Ugaritic (SBL).
Bibliotheca Orientalis 79, 2022
Université de Lausanne, Faculté de théologie et de sciences des religions, 2024
Ten-day summer language program devoted to instruction in languages relevant to the study of the ... more Ten-day summer language program devoted to instruction in languages relevant to the study of the ancient and modern Middle East. Courses can be taught in English and French as needed.
https://www.unil.ch/summerschools/langues-orient
Université de Lausanne, Faculté de théologie et de sciences des religions, 2023
Ten-day summer language program devoted to instruction in languages relevant to the study of the ... more Ten-day summer language program devoted to instruction in languages relevant to the study of the ancient and modern Middle East. Ugaritic and Phoenician courses can be taught in English as needed.