Kinga Tarcsay | Wien Museum (original) (raw)
Roman Glass and Glassworkshops by Kinga Tarcsay
Wien Archäologisch 15 , 2023
Römische Glasöfen. Befunde, Funde und Rekonstruktionen in Synthese (Hg. C. Höpken, B. Birkenhagen, M. Brüggler), Denkmalpflege im Saarland 11, 2021
Roman glassvessel production in Vindobona / Vienna
Monografien der Stadtarchäologie Wien 5, 2010
Roman glassworkshop and glassfindings from Vienna (Vindobona) Co-Authors: Parts of the text: Ma... more Roman glassworkshop and glassfindings from Vienna (Vindobona)
Co-Authors: Parts of the text: Martin Mosser - Werner Chmelar
Beiträge zur Mittelalterarchäologie in Österreich, Beiheft 11, 2019
Hubert Emmerig, Ingeborg Gaisbauer, Ingrid Hackhofer, Wolfgang Hahn, Sabine Jäger-Wersonig, Marku... more Hubert Emmerig, Ingeborg Gaisbauer, Ingrid Hackhofer, Wolfgang Hahn, Sabine Jäger-Wersonig, Markus Jeitler, Paul Mitchell, Wolfgang Szaivert und Kinga Tarcsay, 15. Ergebnisse der Grabung Salvatorgasse 12, 2005–2006, in: Sabine Felgenhauer-Schmiedt (Hrsg.) Von Vindobona zu Wienna – Archäologisch-historische Untersuchungen zu den Anfängen Wiens, Beiträge zur Mittelalterarchäologie in Österreich (BMÖ) Beiheft 11, 2019, 255-368.
Spätantike Glasfunde der Grabung Wien 1., Salvatorgasse 12
Late Roman / Late Antique glassfindings from the excavation Vienna 1., Salvatorgasse 12
Fundort Wien, 2015
Roman glassfinding with facet cut from Vienna (Vindobona)
Fundort Wien , 2001
Roman glass vessels from Vienna (Vindobona)
Fundort Wien , 2002
Roman glass objects from Vienna (Vindobona)
Austria Antiqua 2, 2008
Roman glassfindings from Hüttenberg in Carinthia (Austria), part 1. In: Cech Brigitte, Die Produ... more Roman glassfindings from Hüttenberg in Carinthia (Austria), part 1.
In: Cech Brigitte, Die Produktion von Ferrum Noricum am Hüttenberger Erzberg: Die Ergebnisse der interdisziplinären Forschungen auf der Fundstelle Semlach / Eisner in den Jahren 2003-2005. Austria Antiqua 2, Wien 2008.
Austria Antiqua 6, 2017
Roman glassfindings from Hüttenberg in Carinthia (Austria), part 2. In: Cech Brigitte, Die Produ... more Roman glassfindings from Hüttenberg in Carinthia (Austria), part 2.
In: Cech Brigitte, Die Produktion von Ferrum Noricum am Hüttenberger Erzberg. Die Ergebnisse der interdisziplinären Forschungen auf der Fundstelle Semlach/Eisner in den Jahren 2006–2009. Austria Antiqua 6, Wien 2017.
Medieval and Postmedieval Glass and Glassworks by Kinga Tarcsay
In: Festschrift Sabine Felgenhauer-Schmiedt, BMÖ, Beiheft 6, 2003
Archaeological research on glass and glassworks of the Middle Ages and early modern times in east... more Archaeological research on glass and glassworks of the Middle Ages and early modern times in eastern Austria
Inspections, prospections, old excavations, findings
Wien Archäologisch 15, 2023
Nearchos 25, 2024
Enameled glasses from the Middle Ages and the early Renaissance in Austria
Glaswerk. Beiträge zur Erforschung von Glas und Glashütten (Hg. Bertram Jenisch, Ralph Röber, Jonathan Scheschkewitz), Forschungen und Berichte zur Archäologie in Baden-Württemberg 23, 2022
Fundort Wien, 2018
New results of written, pictorial and archaeological sources on roman, medieval and early modern ... more New results of written, pictorial and archaeological sources on roman, medieval and early modern glassworks (including that in the "Kunst- und Werkhaus" by Johann Joachim Becher) in Vienna
Beiträge zur Mittelalterarchäologie in Österreich, Beiheft 3, 1999
Fundberichte aus Österreich , 2008
Early Modern Glass Production at the Manor of Reichenau am Freiwald, Lower Austria This public... more Early Modern Glass Production at the Manor of Reichenau am Freiwald, Lower Austria
This publication draws together all available sources about glass production in the 16th and 17th Centuries in the manor of Reichenau am Freiwald (Lower Austria). The focus is on the results of the archaeological research, which are significantly complemented by the descriptions and illustrations contained in the “Topographia Windhagiana”.
The glassworks Frauenwies, Schönfelderhof, Brennerhof and Reichenau I were in use up to 1599 and 1601 respectively and were succeeded by the glassworks Reichenau II, which continued until 1686. The technical structure of the glassworks and their furnaces can be partly reconstructed in some areas despite the limited archaeological results. A high level of technology, influenced not only by Italian glassmaking, but also showing further development towards the “Bohemian furnace”, is shown not only by the detailed views in the “Topographia Windhagiana”, but also from the construction of the works on stone foundations and the use of standardized furnace stones.
The crucible finds, together with other finds in the Mühlviertel and Waldviertel districts have made a typology of this, to glassworks specific, finds category possible for the first time. So-called ‘annealing pots’, pottery forms in which glass vessels were placed to cool in the annealing furnace, are presented extensively for the first time.
The reconstruction of the raw material composition and the spectrum of colour and forms of the Reichenau glasses has been made possible by the detailed inspection of the finds material and the results of chemical analyses. The glass was wood ash glass rich in silicon, although toward the end of the works` life the transition to the production of chalk glass had begun. From the waste glass it is possible to say that almost half the glass vessels were decoloured, almost a third were greenish and a fifth were otherwise green coloured; the rest were blue, red opaque, violet, emerald green, white and blue opaque, as well as opal and a very few black opaque vessels. The overly-represented violet raw glass consisted in the main part of intermediary or failed products of the decolouration process. Only a small part of the final product has this colour.
The production range, above all that of Reichenau II, included hollow, flat and solid glass. Colourless glasses à la façon de Venise (e.g. filigree and winding vessels), colourful plates, bowls and jugs, as well as simple everyday forms were found. Some groups, such as the diamond-point engraved or enamel-painted pieces, can be related to well-known, art historically narrowly-determinable, stylistic circles. Among the different flat glass types production in a little-known technique – the so-called ‘plate glass’ – was identified.
Faience production in the vicinity of the Reichenau glassworks was indicated by finds of unglazed sherds. The other pottery reveals something of the daily life of the glassmakers. Not only the usual domestic crockery was found, but also tobacco pipes, gaming pieces and a marble, which together with the illustration of a bowling alley in front of the glassworks in the “Topographia Windhagiana”, tell us how the glassmakers passed the time between work at the furnace.
The data considered as a whole allows more widely reaching statements about the operational methods of the glass works in the manor of Reichenau. The comparative analysis of the product range of archaeologically researched glassworks in central Europe underlines the quality of the production from Reichenau and the glass producing landscape of that area.
These results confirm that archaeological research at the sites of glassworks are essential to new impulses and findings in a historically and art historically-dominated glass research field.
Austria’s importance as the geographic link between Venice and Bohemia, the two important Central European glass centres in the medieval and early modern periods and its mediating role in the transfer of technological knowledge and innovation between these two poles has hardly been researched up to now. The research work presented here on the glass works of the manor of Reichenau illuminates this tension in exactly the period that saw the replacement of Venice as the leading European glass production centre by the Bohemian territories.
Currently only available for purchase
https://www.verlag-berger.at/shop/artikelsuche/v/issn-1993-1255-4.html
in: Hedvika Sedláčková, Dana Rohanová et al., Renaissance and Baroque Glass from the Central Danube Region, 2016
Currently only available for purchase http://www.archaiabrno.org/home\_cs/?acc=publikace
in: Hedvika Sedláčková, Dana Rohanová et al., Renaissance and Baroque Glass from the Central Danube Region, 2016
Plates from the DVD belonging to: K. Tarcsay, Glass from Vienna and Lower Austria: Overview, in: ... more Plates from the DVD belonging to: K. Tarcsay, Glass from Vienna and Lower Austria: Overview, in: Hedvika Sedláčková, Dana Rohanová et al., Renaissance and Baroque Glass from the Central Danube Region 2016.
Wien Archäologisch 15 , 2023
Römische Glasöfen. Befunde, Funde und Rekonstruktionen in Synthese (Hg. C. Höpken, B. Birkenhagen, M. Brüggler), Denkmalpflege im Saarland 11, 2021
Roman glassvessel production in Vindobona / Vienna
Monografien der Stadtarchäologie Wien 5, 2010
Roman glassworkshop and glassfindings from Vienna (Vindobona) Co-Authors: Parts of the text: Ma... more Roman glassworkshop and glassfindings from Vienna (Vindobona)
Co-Authors: Parts of the text: Martin Mosser - Werner Chmelar
Beiträge zur Mittelalterarchäologie in Österreich, Beiheft 11, 2019
Hubert Emmerig, Ingeborg Gaisbauer, Ingrid Hackhofer, Wolfgang Hahn, Sabine Jäger-Wersonig, Marku... more Hubert Emmerig, Ingeborg Gaisbauer, Ingrid Hackhofer, Wolfgang Hahn, Sabine Jäger-Wersonig, Markus Jeitler, Paul Mitchell, Wolfgang Szaivert und Kinga Tarcsay, 15. Ergebnisse der Grabung Salvatorgasse 12, 2005–2006, in: Sabine Felgenhauer-Schmiedt (Hrsg.) Von Vindobona zu Wienna – Archäologisch-historische Untersuchungen zu den Anfängen Wiens, Beiträge zur Mittelalterarchäologie in Österreich (BMÖ) Beiheft 11, 2019, 255-368.
Spätantike Glasfunde der Grabung Wien 1., Salvatorgasse 12
Late Roman / Late Antique glassfindings from the excavation Vienna 1., Salvatorgasse 12
Fundort Wien, 2015
Roman glassfinding with facet cut from Vienna (Vindobona)
Fundort Wien , 2001
Roman glass vessels from Vienna (Vindobona)
Fundort Wien , 2002
Roman glass objects from Vienna (Vindobona)
Austria Antiqua 2, 2008
Roman glassfindings from Hüttenberg in Carinthia (Austria), part 1. In: Cech Brigitte, Die Produ... more Roman glassfindings from Hüttenberg in Carinthia (Austria), part 1.
In: Cech Brigitte, Die Produktion von Ferrum Noricum am Hüttenberger Erzberg: Die Ergebnisse der interdisziplinären Forschungen auf der Fundstelle Semlach / Eisner in den Jahren 2003-2005. Austria Antiqua 2, Wien 2008.
Austria Antiqua 6, 2017
Roman glassfindings from Hüttenberg in Carinthia (Austria), part 2. In: Cech Brigitte, Die Produ... more Roman glassfindings from Hüttenberg in Carinthia (Austria), part 2.
In: Cech Brigitte, Die Produktion von Ferrum Noricum am Hüttenberger Erzberg. Die Ergebnisse der interdisziplinären Forschungen auf der Fundstelle Semlach/Eisner in den Jahren 2006–2009. Austria Antiqua 6, Wien 2017.
In: Festschrift Sabine Felgenhauer-Schmiedt, BMÖ, Beiheft 6, 2003
Archaeological research on glass and glassworks of the Middle Ages and early modern times in east... more Archaeological research on glass and glassworks of the Middle Ages and early modern times in eastern Austria
Inspections, prospections, old excavations, findings
Wien Archäologisch 15, 2023
Nearchos 25, 2024
Enameled glasses from the Middle Ages and the early Renaissance in Austria
Glaswerk. Beiträge zur Erforschung von Glas und Glashütten (Hg. Bertram Jenisch, Ralph Röber, Jonathan Scheschkewitz), Forschungen und Berichte zur Archäologie in Baden-Württemberg 23, 2022
Fundort Wien, 2018
New results of written, pictorial and archaeological sources on roman, medieval and early modern ... more New results of written, pictorial and archaeological sources on roman, medieval and early modern glassworks (including that in the "Kunst- und Werkhaus" by Johann Joachim Becher) in Vienna
Beiträge zur Mittelalterarchäologie in Österreich, Beiheft 3, 1999
Fundberichte aus Österreich , 2008
Early Modern Glass Production at the Manor of Reichenau am Freiwald, Lower Austria This public... more Early Modern Glass Production at the Manor of Reichenau am Freiwald, Lower Austria
This publication draws together all available sources about glass production in the 16th and 17th Centuries in the manor of Reichenau am Freiwald (Lower Austria). The focus is on the results of the archaeological research, which are significantly complemented by the descriptions and illustrations contained in the “Topographia Windhagiana”.
The glassworks Frauenwies, Schönfelderhof, Brennerhof and Reichenau I were in use up to 1599 and 1601 respectively and were succeeded by the glassworks Reichenau II, which continued until 1686. The technical structure of the glassworks and their furnaces can be partly reconstructed in some areas despite the limited archaeological results. A high level of technology, influenced not only by Italian glassmaking, but also showing further development towards the “Bohemian furnace”, is shown not only by the detailed views in the “Topographia Windhagiana”, but also from the construction of the works on stone foundations and the use of standardized furnace stones.
The crucible finds, together with other finds in the Mühlviertel and Waldviertel districts have made a typology of this, to glassworks specific, finds category possible for the first time. So-called ‘annealing pots’, pottery forms in which glass vessels were placed to cool in the annealing furnace, are presented extensively for the first time.
The reconstruction of the raw material composition and the spectrum of colour and forms of the Reichenau glasses has been made possible by the detailed inspection of the finds material and the results of chemical analyses. The glass was wood ash glass rich in silicon, although toward the end of the works` life the transition to the production of chalk glass had begun. From the waste glass it is possible to say that almost half the glass vessels were decoloured, almost a third were greenish and a fifth were otherwise green coloured; the rest were blue, red opaque, violet, emerald green, white and blue opaque, as well as opal and a very few black opaque vessels. The overly-represented violet raw glass consisted in the main part of intermediary or failed products of the decolouration process. Only a small part of the final product has this colour.
The production range, above all that of Reichenau II, included hollow, flat and solid glass. Colourless glasses à la façon de Venise (e.g. filigree and winding vessels), colourful plates, bowls and jugs, as well as simple everyday forms were found. Some groups, such as the diamond-point engraved or enamel-painted pieces, can be related to well-known, art historically narrowly-determinable, stylistic circles. Among the different flat glass types production in a little-known technique – the so-called ‘plate glass’ – was identified.
Faience production in the vicinity of the Reichenau glassworks was indicated by finds of unglazed sherds. The other pottery reveals something of the daily life of the glassmakers. Not only the usual domestic crockery was found, but also tobacco pipes, gaming pieces and a marble, which together with the illustration of a bowling alley in front of the glassworks in the “Topographia Windhagiana”, tell us how the glassmakers passed the time between work at the furnace.
The data considered as a whole allows more widely reaching statements about the operational methods of the glass works in the manor of Reichenau. The comparative analysis of the product range of archaeologically researched glassworks in central Europe underlines the quality of the production from Reichenau and the glass producing landscape of that area.
These results confirm that archaeological research at the sites of glassworks are essential to new impulses and findings in a historically and art historically-dominated glass research field.
Austria’s importance as the geographic link between Venice and Bohemia, the two important Central European glass centres in the medieval and early modern periods and its mediating role in the transfer of technological knowledge and innovation between these two poles has hardly been researched up to now. The research work presented here on the glass works of the manor of Reichenau illuminates this tension in exactly the period that saw the replacement of Venice as the leading European glass production centre by the Bohemian territories.
Currently only available for purchase
https://www.verlag-berger.at/shop/artikelsuche/v/issn-1993-1255-4.html
in: Hedvika Sedláčková, Dana Rohanová et al., Renaissance and Baroque Glass from the Central Danube Region, 2016
Currently only available for purchase http://www.archaiabrno.org/home\_cs/?acc=publikace
in: Hedvika Sedláčková, Dana Rohanová et al., Renaissance and Baroque Glass from the Central Danube Region, 2016
Plates from the DVD belonging to: K. Tarcsay, Glass from Vienna and Lower Austria: Overview, in: ... more Plates from the DVD belonging to: K. Tarcsay, Glass from Vienna and Lower Austria: Overview, in: Hedvika Sedláčková, Dana Rohanová et al., Renaissance and Baroque Glass from the Central Danube Region 2016.
Schloss Orth an der Donau. Baujuwel der Renaissance. Fundberichte aus Österreich, Beiheft 2, 2021
Neben diversen Glasfragmenten werden v. a. der renaissancezeitlicher Pokal mit filigranverziertem... more Neben diversen Glasfragmenten werden v. a. der renaissancezeitlicher Pokal mit filigranverziertem Nodus und Nuppen auf der Kuppa (samt ausführlicher Analogienliste) sowie die Streuung der Butzenscheiben auf dem Ausgrabungsgelände genauer behandelt.
This article deals in addition to various glass fragments with the renaissance glassgoblet with filigree-decorated hollow bulb and prunted bowl (including a detailed list of analogies) as well as the scattering of the window-crown glass-fragments on the excavation site in the Castle Orth a. d. Donau/Lower Austria.
Fundberichte aus Österreich Sonderheft, 2011
Renaissancezeitliches Kelchglas mit großem filigranverziertem Nodus und Nuppen auf der Kuppa. ... more Renaissancezeitliches Kelchglas mit großem filigranverziertem Nodus und Nuppen auf der Kuppa.
A renaissance Glass goblet with large filigree-decorated hollow knop and prunted bowl from Orth Castle/Lower Austria.
16. Jh., Venedig oder Façon de Venise
Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft für Landeskunde und Denkmalpflege Oberösterreich 164, 2019
Franz Haudum und Kinga Tarcsay, mit Beiträgen von Wolfgang Klimesch, Dana Rohanová und Christina ... more Franz Haudum und Kinga Tarcsay, mit Beiträgen von Wolfgang Klimesch, Dana Rohanová und Christina Schmid, Das Rätsel „Gegenbachhütte“ – Forschungen zu einer Glashütte des 17./18. Jahrhunderts bei Schwarzenberg am Böhmerwald, Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft für Landeskunde und Denkmalpflege Oberös-terreich Jg. 164, Linz 2019, 203–288.
BEADS: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers 32, 2020
Exploratory excavations carried out in Schwarzenberg am Böhmerwald, Upper Austria, uncovered the ... more Exploratory excavations carried out in Schwarzenberg am Böhmerwald, Upper Austria, uncovered the remains of an unrecorded glassworks. Part of a furnace was exposed, along with glass beads and buttons, as well as holloware and flat glass fragments from the 17th and early 18th centuries. This article describes the finds and their relationship to the nearby Sonnenschlag glassworks where similar beads and glassware fragments have been collected. Both sites are related to the beadmaking industry in the nearby Bavarian and Bohemian forests, which experienced a veritable bead boom around 1700.
Krajinou archeologie, krajinou skla. Studie vĕnované PhDr. Evĕ Černé. (Through the Landscape of Archaeology, Landscape of Glass. Studies dedicated to PhDr. Eva Černá), 2020
In 2017 a small-scale test pit excavation was carried out at Schwarzenberg am Böhmerwald (Bez. Ro... more In 2017 a small-scale test pit excavation was carried out at Schwarzenberg am Böhmerwald (Bez. Rohrbach) in order to establish the dating and spectrum of production at this site, known thanks to numerous finds of glass beads (prayer beads – Patterln). This site is not mentioned in the written sources describing glass workshops in this community, which are well-researched but sometimes not easy to interpret. The excavation has yielded crucibles, cooling vessels and production waste, but especially beads, buttons, hollow glassware in the Renaissance and Baroque style (including ruby-glass) as well as types of flat glass. This material surprisingly corresponds to stray finds made at the glassworks of Sonnenschlag, which are only 1 km distant, situated within the present residential area, and well documented by written sources. Based on these findings, there is a question about the reasons for such a parallerism, i.e. what actually was the function of the excavated glassmaking site.
The Bead Forum 73, 2018
Glass trade beads from Upper Austria _ Perlen-Glashütte in Schwarzenberg im Böhmerwald
ATTI Study Days on Venetian Glass, 2014
Beiträge zur Mittelalterarchäologie in Österreich 19, 2013
Sklářství na Vysočině a v Dolním Rakousku, 2014
Glassworks archeology in Lower Austria and the neighboring Austrian regions. In Tschechisch und... more Glassworks archeology in Lower Austria and the neighboring Austrian regions.
In Tschechisch und Deutsch.
Fundberichte aus Österreich, 2008
Keramikstempel, Kühlgefäße, Geschirrkeramik, Reste einer Fayenceproduktion, Tabakfpfeifenfunde un... more Keramikstempel, Kühlgefäße, Geschirrkeramik, Reste einer Fayenceproduktion, Tabakfpfeifenfunde und sonstiges keramisches Fundmaterial aus der Glashütte Reichenau am Freiwald (1601- ca.1686)
Cover and TOC in PDF (in German)
Das „Handbuch zur Terminologie der mittelalterlichen und neuzeitlichen Keramik in Österreich“ kon... more Das „Handbuch zur Terminologie der mittelalterlichen und neuzeitlichen Keramik in Österreich“ konnte sich schon bald nach seinem Erscheinen als Standardwerk der österreichischen Keramikforschung etablieren. Das große Interesse nicht nur der archäologischen Fachwelt hat allerdings dazu geführt, dass die erste Auflage nunmehr bereits seit einiger Zeit vergriffen ist. Angesichts der stetigen Nachfrage und mancher durch den aktuellen Forschungsstand erforderlicher Korrekturen und Ergänzungen haben sich die zwölf Autorinnen und Autoren noch einmal zusammengefunden, um eine überarbeitete und deutlich erweiterte Neuauflage des Handbuchs zu erstellen. Während die Grundstruktur des Werks selbstverständlich unangetastet blieb, konnten einige kleinere Fehler und missverständliche Formulierungen der Erstausgabe berichtigt werden. Zusätzlich wurden einige neue Termini sowie viele neue Abbildungen aufgenommen. Damit ist es allen interessierten Leserinnen und Lesern nun wieder möglich, dieses informative Handbuch zur Keramikbeschreibung zu erwerben und vor allem: zu benutzen!
Fundberichte aus Österreich, Materialhefte A12, 2010
Handbook of Medieval and Post-medieval Ceramics Terminology in Austria. Also available as e-book.
Altmann. Bischof von Passau und Gründer des Doppelstifts Göttweig., 2017
In addition to some post-medieval flat- and hollow glass finds (lamp, Kuttrolf), very special, fi... more In addition to some post-medieval flat- and hollow glass finds (lamp, Kuttrolf), very special, filigree, gilded buttonbeads came to light here. Chemical analyzes show a composition of different, partly unclear materials.
Manuskripterstellung 2009. Bei der Drucklegung wurden einige "Tippfehler" verursacht sowie die zugehörige Tafel vergessen, daher hier im Anhang.
Gottfried Brem (Hrsg.), Rösser in Wien, 2023
Medieval decorated bone-saddle excavated in Vienna.
Beiträge zur Mittelalterarchäologie in Österreich Beiheft 11, 2019
Literaturverzeichnis
Beiträge zur Mittelalterarchäologie in Österreich 24, 2008
Monika Datterl, Heinz Gruber, Nikolaus Hofer, Elfriede Hannelore Huber, Wilfried K. Kovacsovics, ... more Monika Datterl, Heinz Gruber, Nikolaus Hofer, Elfriede Hannelore Huber, Wilfried K. Kovacsovics, Karin Kühtreiber (Red.), Thomas Kühtreiber, Manfred Lehner, Gabriele Scharrer-Liška (Red.), Kinga Tarcsay
Beiträge zur Mittelalterarchäologie in Österreich 24, Wien 2008, 7–96, 2008
Beiträge zur Mittelalterarchäologie in Österreich 14, 1998
Heinz Gruber, Isabella Harb, Nikolaus Hofer, Elfriede Hannelore Huber, Wilfried K. Kovacsovics, K... more Heinz Gruber, Isabella Harb, Nikolaus Hofer, Elfriede Hannelore Huber, Wilfried K. Kovacsovics, Karin Kühtreiber (Red.), Thomas Kühtreiber, Martina Roscher, Gabriele Scharrer (Red.), Kinga Tarcsay
Mineral water for Vienna - origin, packaging and distribution of a healthy luxury good. Ceramic a... more Mineral water for Vienna - origin, packaging and distribution of a healthy luxury good. Ceramic and glass mineral bottle finds in Vienna
Poster: Wissen für Wien 15: 15 Jahre Hydrogeologische Forschung Wien, Vienna 2023
PDF contains TOC - Preface - Introduction (in German)