David Hartmann | Western Michigan University (original) (raw)

Papers by David Hartmann

Argumentation and Advocacy, 1986

The Prison Journal, 2017

The United States has witnessed enormous criminal justice system growth in the past 60 years. In ... more The United States has witnessed enormous criminal justice system growth in the past 60 years. In response to calls for reform, several jurisdictions have implemented programs that provide intensive supervision for highrisk offenders, swiftly responding to violations with sanctions. This quasiexperimental study is the first comprehensive analysis of Michigan's Swift and Sure Sanctions Probation Program (SSSPP), an alternative-to-incarceration program. The findings indicate that SSSPP participants had lower recidivism rates compared with individuals sentenced to probation-as-usual. Policy implications and suggestions for future research are offered.

Journal of Applied Social Science, 2007

WE CERTAINLY APPRECIATE this opportunity to return to the important ideas surrounding the place o... more WE CERTAINLY APPRECIATE this opportunity to return to the important ideas surrounding the place of triangulation in social science methods, and are especially pleased that the author of "Iterative Triangulation" found our presentation useful in framing her own fine extension of the arguments. There are at least three clear strengths to Miriam Boeri's paper. It succinctly draws out the main themes of our own recent work, it makes a prima facie case for extension, and the extension and surrounding discussion are particularly, though not exclusively, relevant for applied sociology. We should begin by pointing out that our intent was not to exhaust the types of triangulation. Therefore, Boeri's addition is most welcome indeed. Recall our discussion of Denzin's early presentation of methodological triangulation. Three other types of triangulation were elaborated which we subsequently ignored in stressing the issues of methods and measurement. Boeri does take up our argument in terms of measurement, and addresses our central point-that explicit attention to the synthesis of multiple measures is required. Commensurability is a fairly strong version of this, and most applicable to the bias reduction objective of triangulation. However, even what we called "aggregation" requires explicit synthesis, and it is clear that we did not sufficiently make this point. Recall that in contrast to syntheses that correct one measure by employing another method (validation and bias reduction), we wrote of syntheses that take individual measures as given but incomplete and seek to extend our understanding by including additional measures (aggregation or extension). Boeri writes:

Science and Engineering Ethics, 2016

This paper presents methods and challenges attendant on the use of protocol analysis to develop a... more This paper presents methods and challenges attendant on the use of protocol analysis to develop a model of heuristic processing applied to research ethics. Participants are exposed to ethically complex scenarios and asked to verbalize their thoughts as they formulate a requested decision. The model identifies functional parts of the decision-making task: interpretation, retrieval, judgment and editing and seeks to reliably code participant verbalizations to those tasks as well as to a set of cognitive tools generally useful in such work. Important difficulties in the reliability and external validity of measurement are evaluated and a small set of illustrative data is used in support of that discussion. Results indicate that both intuitive emotional but also more deliberative cognition is present which is consistent with work in related literatures in expertise and in neuropsychology. Finally, the theoretical and practical potential of the approach is elaborated, particularly through links to a framing in Aristotelian ethics.

PsycEXTRA Dataset

State Gambling Project, participated fully in the development and design of the work reported her... more State Gambling Project, participated fully in the development and design of the work reported here. David Hartman was responsible for all data collection and for preparation of the report of 1999 findings. He is the primary author of this report. William Wiersma synthesized and reported findings from this and the 1997 report. Rob Wright again did the CATI system programming. Rob and Wally Post created and cleaned the SPSS data file and the statistical output that is reported in these pages. Several persons associated with the Kercher Center for Social Science Research conducted interviews and/or supervised interviewers. Their assistance is acknowledged and appreciated. Their conscientious efforts have allowed the collection of an invaluable data set. As in 1997, the most important debt is to the 1,717 Michigan residents who gave of their time and experience to answer our questions about gambling.

Sociology Mind, 2012

The rise of inequality in China is one of the most serious social problems in the reform era in C... more The rise of inequality in China is one of the most serious social problems in the reform era in China. Previous studies have debated the relative importance of human capital, political capital, and other factors in determining personal income. Using a new dataset from 2006 China General Social Survey (CGSS, 2006), the first author replicates earlier tests to measure whether the market or state has more impact on incomes as a way to the competing hypotheses related to human versus political capital. The results of the ordinary least squares regression analysis show no significance in party membership, state ownership, and work experience, while the first author does find high returns to education, which supports Nee's market transition theory. Moreover, the findings indicate that market sectors, including domestic private enterprises and foreign enterprises have remarkable advantages in earnings, and there is a great income gap between different regions, sectors, and within the sectors. To summarize, the market and state play a dual role in determining income in transitional urban China.

Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 1995

ABSTRACT Case management has become a popular method of service delivery in many human service fi... more ABSTRACT Case management has become a popular method of service delivery in many human service fields, including mental health and alcohol and drug treatment. By focusing on the problems in living faced by clients. his style of helping has direct relevance for those who seek employee assistance services and those that sponsor them. Additionally, by embodying a generalist perspective, case managers are also adroit at assessing problems that emanate from organizational structure and culture. This paper explicates the philosophy of strengths-based case management services and offers practical examples of the case management process.

Journal of Academic Ethics, 2015

ABSTRACT As one approach to examining the way ethical decisions are made, we asked experts (i.e.,... more ABSTRACT As one approach to examining the way ethical decisions are made, we asked experts (i.e., ethicists, regulatory officials, and experienced researchers) and novices (i.e., inexperienced graduate students) to review a set of scenarios that depict some important ethical tensions in research. The method employed was " protocol analysis, " a talk-aloud technique pioneered by cognitive scientists for the analysis of expert performance. The participants were asked to verbalize their normally unexpressed thought processes as they responded to the scenarios, and to make recommendations for courses of action. We found that experts spent more time working through the decision-making process than novices and also raised substantially more concerns than novices. Differences also exist among the three groups of experts.

Journal of Drug Issues, 2012

ABSTRACT As drug treatment courts developed over the past 20 years, they were increasingly and pr... more ABSTRACT As drug treatment courts developed over the past 20 years, they were increasingly and productively grounded in the philosophy of therapeutic jurisprudence and in the operational standards of the 10 key components. Both of these and particularly the growing literature on the efficacy of the key components offer guidance for the implementation and monitoring of programs and provide a logic for attributing outcomes to program operation. What then, if anything, might be gained by an explicit attention to what is generally called social science theory in understanding and modifying drug courts? This article addresses these questions and develops social learning theory as an example of the potential for this union of theoretical and practical concerns.

Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 1990

Internal validity refers to the confidence with which changes in a dependent variable can be isol... more Internal validity refers to the confidence with which changes in a dependent variable can be isolated from the effects of extraneous factors and causally attributed to the effects of an independent variable. While a randomized design is commonly recommended as the best way to preserve internal validity, random assignment of subjects to groups is not always feasible in evaluations of correctional programs. This paper argues that the biased assignment design, whereby subjects are assigned to groups according to controlled criteria, is a viable alternative means of preserving internal validity which should be employed more frequently by corrections researchers. The steps for using the biased assignment design are presented, as is a strategy for proper data analysis.

Clinical Gerontologist, 2001

... Marisue Cody is affiliated with the HSR&D Center for Mental Health Care and Outcomes Rese... more ... Marisue Cody is affiliated with the HSR&D Center for Mental Health Care and Outcomes Research, Little Rock Veterans Affairs Medical Center and ... surveys that have collected data on commu-nity-dwelling older adults with cognitive impairment (eg, see Herzog & Wallace, 1997 ...

Federal Probation, 1997

Page 1. Recidivism and Substance Abuse Outcomes in a Prison-Based Therapeutic Community By David ... more Page 1. Recidivism and Substance Abuse Outcomes in a Prison-Based Therapeutic Community By David J. Hartmann, Ph.D., James L. Wölk, DSW, J. Scott Johnston, and Corey J. Colyer* IN THE 1980s, a perceived public concern ...

International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, Jan 10, 2015

A wealth of research has been amassed documenting the effectiveness of drug treatment courts in a... more A wealth of research has been amassed documenting the effectiveness of drug treatment courts in addressing the needs of substance-abusing individuals involved with the criminal justice system. However, there is a relative dearth of research that examines the long-term impact of these programs on recidivism rates for both drug treatment court graduates and those unsuccessfully discharged from the program. In this study, we examine which demographic and programmatic/legal factors influence program disposition and recidivism rates of participants (both graduates and those unsuccessfully discharged) across the 5 years following their discharge from a drug treatment court program located in a suburban city in the Midwest. The study sample consists of 249 (N = 249) male participants who have been out of the program for more than 5 years. Results from the univariate and multivariate analyses are provided, as well as policy implications, directions for future research, and study limitations.

Les AA. s'interessent aux programmes de desintoxication pour les alcooliques et les drogues. ... more Les AA. s'interessent aux programmes de desintoxication pour les alcooliques et les drogues. Ils presentent un certain nombre de donnees collectees aux Etats-Unis dans des services medicaux et s'efforcent de comprendre comment sont evalues les traitements, les «guerisons». Ils mettent en doute le bien-fonde du modele qui preconise une stricte abstinence. Ils soulignent que les chances de succes dans ce type de cure sont liees a une reduction progressive de la consommation d'alcool ou de drogue. Ils affirment en effet que les patients alternent au cours des traitements entre des periodes d'abstinence et de consommation

Teaching Sociology, Jul 1, 1993

Argumentation and Advocacy, 1986

The Prison Journal, 2017

The United States has witnessed enormous criminal justice system growth in the past 60 years. In ... more The United States has witnessed enormous criminal justice system growth in the past 60 years. In response to calls for reform, several jurisdictions have implemented programs that provide intensive supervision for highrisk offenders, swiftly responding to violations with sanctions. This quasiexperimental study is the first comprehensive analysis of Michigan's Swift and Sure Sanctions Probation Program (SSSPP), an alternative-to-incarceration program. The findings indicate that SSSPP participants had lower recidivism rates compared with individuals sentenced to probation-as-usual. Policy implications and suggestions for future research are offered.

Journal of Applied Social Science, 2007

WE CERTAINLY APPRECIATE this opportunity to return to the important ideas surrounding the place o... more WE CERTAINLY APPRECIATE this opportunity to return to the important ideas surrounding the place of triangulation in social science methods, and are especially pleased that the author of "Iterative Triangulation" found our presentation useful in framing her own fine extension of the arguments. There are at least three clear strengths to Miriam Boeri's paper. It succinctly draws out the main themes of our own recent work, it makes a prima facie case for extension, and the extension and surrounding discussion are particularly, though not exclusively, relevant for applied sociology. We should begin by pointing out that our intent was not to exhaust the types of triangulation. Therefore, Boeri's addition is most welcome indeed. Recall our discussion of Denzin's early presentation of methodological triangulation. Three other types of triangulation were elaborated which we subsequently ignored in stressing the issues of methods and measurement. Boeri does take up our argument in terms of measurement, and addresses our central point-that explicit attention to the synthesis of multiple measures is required. Commensurability is a fairly strong version of this, and most applicable to the bias reduction objective of triangulation. However, even what we called "aggregation" requires explicit synthesis, and it is clear that we did not sufficiently make this point. Recall that in contrast to syntheses that correct one measure by employing another method (validation and bias reduction), we wrote of syntheses that take individual measures as given but incomplete and seek to extend our understanding by including additional measures (aggregation or extension). Boeri writes:

Science and Engineering Ethics, 2016

This paper presents methods and challenges attendant on the use of protocol analysis to develop a... more This paper presents methods and challenges attendant on the use of protocol analysis to develop a model of heuristic processing applied to research ethics. Participants are exposed to ethically complex scenarios and asked to verbalize their thoughts as they formulate a requested decision. The model identifies functional parts of the decision-making task: interpretation, retrieval, judgment and editing and seeks to reliably code participant verbalizations to those tasks as well as to a set of cognitive tools generally useful in such work. Important difficulties in the reliability and external validity of measurement are evaluated and a small set of illustrative data is used in support of that discussion. Results indicate that both intuitive emotional but also more deliberative cognition is present which is consistent with work in related literatures in expertise and in neuropsychology. Finally, the theoretical and practical potential of the approach is elaborated, particularly through links to a framing in Aristotelian ethics.

PsycEXTRA Dataset

State Gambling Project, participated fully in the development and design of the work reported her... more State Gambling Project, participated fully in the development and design of the work reported here. David Hartman was responsible for all data collection and for preparation of the report of 1999 findings. He is the primary author of this report. William Wiersma synthesized and reported findings from this and the 1997 report. Rob Wright again did the CATI system programming. Rob and Wally Post created and cleaned the SPSS data file and the statistical output that is reported in these pages. Several persons associated with the Kercher Center for Social Science Research conducted interviews and/or supervised interviewers. Their assistance is acknowledged and appreciated. Their conscientious efforts have allowed the collection of an invaluable data set. As in 1997, the most important debt is to the 1,717 Michigan residents who gave of their time and experience to answer our questions about gambling.

Sociology Mind, 2012

The rise of inequality in China is one of the most serious social problems in the reform era in C... more The rise of inequality in China is one of the most serious social problems in the reform era in China. Previous studies have debated the relative importance of human capital, political capital, and other factors in determining personal income. Using a new dataset from 2006 China General Social Survey (CGSS, 2006), the first author replicates earlier tests to measure whether the market or state has more impact on incomes as a way to the competing hypotheses related to human versus political capital. The results of the ordinary least squares regression analysis show no significance in party membership, state ownership, and work experience, while the first author does find high returns to education, which supports Nee's market transition theory. Moreover, the findings indicate that market sectors, including domestic private enterprises and foreign enterprises have remarkable advantages in earnings, and there is a great income gap between different regions, sectors, and within the sectors. To summarize, the market and state play a dual role in determining income in transitional urban China.

Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 1995

ABSTRACT Case management has become a popular method of service delivery in many human service fi... more ABSTRACT Case management has become a popular method of service delivery in many human service fields, including mental health and alcohol and drug treatment. By focusing on the problems in living faced by clients. his style of helping has direct relevance for those who seek employee assistance services and those that sponsor them. Additionally, by embodying a generalist perspective, case managers are also adroit at assessing problems that emanate from organizational structure and culture. This paper explicates the philosophy of strengths-based case management services and offers practical examples of the case management process.

Journal of Academic Ethics, 2015

ABSTRACT As one approach to examining the way ethical decisions are made, we asked experts (i.e.,... more ABSTRACT As one approach to examining the way ethical decisions are made, we asked experts (i.e., ethicists, regulatory officials, and experienced researchers) and novices (i.e., inexperienced graduate students) to review a set of scenarios that depict some important ethical tensions in research. The method employed was " protocol analysis, " a talk-aloud technique pioneered by cognitive scientists for the analysis of expert performance. The participants were asked to verbalize their normally unexpressed thought processes as they responded to the scenarios, and to make recommendations for courses of action. We found that experts spent more time working through the decision-making process than novices and also raised substantially more concerns than novices. Differences also exist among the three groups of experts.

Journal of Drug Issues, 2012

ABSTRACT As drug treatment courts developed over the past 20 years, they were increasingly and pr... more ABSTRACT As drug treatment courts developed over the past 20 years, they were increasingly and productively grounded in the philosophy of therapeutic jurisprudence and in the operational standards of the 10 key components. Both of these and particularly the growing literature on the efficacy of the key components offer guidance for the implementation and monitoring of programs and provide a logic for attributing outcomes to program operation. What then, if anything, might be gained by an explicit attention to what is generally called social science theory in understanding and modifying drug courts? This article addresses these questions and develops social learning theory as an example of the potential for this union of theoretical and practical concerns.

Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 1990

Internal validity refers to the confidence with which changes in a dependent variable can be isol... more Internal validity refers to the confidence with which changes in a dependent variable can be isolated from the effects of extraneous factors and causally attributed to the effects of an independent variable. While a randomized design is commonly recommended as the best way to preserve internal validity, random assignment of subjects to groups is not always feasible in evaluations of correctional programs. This paper argues that the biased assignment design, whereby subjects are assigned to groups according to controlled criteria, is a viable alternative means of preserving internal validity which should be employed more frequently by corrections researchers. The steps for using the biased assignment design are presented, as is a strategy for proper data analysis.

Clinical Gerontologist, 2001

... Marisue Cody is affiliated with the HSR&D Center for Mental Health Care and Outcomes Rese... more ... Marisue Cody is affiliated with the HSR&D Center for Mental Health Care and Outcomes Research, Little Rock Veterans Affairs Medical Center and ... surveys that have collected data on commu-nity-dwelling older adults with cognitive impairment (eg, see Herzog & Wallace, 1997 ...

Federal Probation, 1997

Page 1. Recidivism and Substance Abuse Outcomes in a Prison-Based Therapeutic Community By David ... more Page 1. Recidivism and Substance Abuse Outcomes in a Prison-Based Therapeutic Community By David J. Hartmann, Ph.D., James L. Wölk, DSW, J. Scott Johnston, and Corey J. Colyer* IN THE 1980s, a perceived public concern ...

International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, Jan 10, 2015

A wealth of research has been amassed documenting the effectiveness of drug treatment courts in a... more A wealth of research has been amassed documenting the effectiveness of drug treatment courts in addressing the needs of substance-abusing individuals involved with the criminal justice system. However, there is a relative dearth of research that examines the long-term impact of these programs on recidivism rates for both drug treatment court graduates and those unsuccessfully discharged from the program. In this study, we examine which demographic and programmatic/legal factors influence program disposition and recidivism rates of participants (both graduates and those unsuccessfully discharged) across the 5 years following their discharge from a drug treatment court program located in a suburban city in the Midwest. The study sample consists of 249 (N = 249) male participants who have been out of the program for more than 5 years. Results from the univariate and multivariate analyses are provided, as well as policy implications, directions for future research, and study limitations.

Les AA. s'interessent aux programmes de desintoxication pour les alcooliques et les drogues. ... more Les AA. s'interessent aux programmes de desintoxication pour les alcooliques et les drogues. Ils presentent un certain nombre de donnees collectees aux Etats-Unis dans des services medicaux et s'efforcent de comprendre comment sont evalues les traitements, les «guerisons». Ils mettent en doute le bien-fonde du modele qui preconise une stricte abstinence. Ils soulignent que les chances de succes dans ce type de cure sont liees a une reduction progressive de la consommation d'alcool ou de drogue. Ils affirment en effet que les patients alternent au cours des traitements entre des periodes d'abstinence et de consommation

Teaching Sociology, Jul 1, 1993