Emily Hoffman | Western Michigan University (original) (raw)
Papers by Emily Hoffman
It is an activity of the W. E. Upjohn Unemployment Trustee Corporation, which was formed in 1932 ... more It is an activity of the W. E. Upjohn Unemployment Trustee Corporation, which was formed in 1932 to administer a fund set aside by the late Dr W. E. Upjohn for the purpose of carrying on "research into the causes and effects of unemployment and measures for the alleviation of unemployment." The facts presented in this study and the observations and viewpoints expressed are the sole responsibility of the authors. They do not necessarily represent positions of the W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.
There are two great parts in a research project. The first is getting all exited about new ideas ... more There are two great parts in a research project. The first is getting all exited about new ideas and the possibilities that a new approach would offer. The second is when the paper is finally done and can be put aside. It is the part in the middle that I had troubles with. Endless efforts trying to make sense of the data and writing the text over and over. Therefore, having finished this thesis, I would like to especially thank all those that helped me with this middle part.
Eastern Economic Journal, 1984
Page 1. -432-Eastern Economic Journal» Volume X, no. 4» October-November 1984 THE DESERVING AND T... more Page 1. -432-Eastern Economic Journal» Volume X, no. 4» October-November 1984 THE DESERVING AND THE NON-DESERVING POOR Emily P. Hoffman* The terms deserving and non-deserving poor refer to Sar Levitan's observation ...
This essay shows that the stable Phillips curve cannot be mapped off an aggregate supply curve th... more This essay shows that the stable Phillips curve cannot be mapped off an aggregate supply curve that is linear or exponential. Yet many principles of economics books claim that the stable Phillips curve is a mapping of a stable aggregate supply curve. Treating the stable Phillips curve mechanically as a mapping of the stable aggregate supply curve discourages the cognitive skills that the principles course intends to develop.
The American Economic Review, 1976
In a recent paper in this Review, Nancy Gordon, Thomas Morton, and Ina Braden (G-M-B) presented a... more In a recent paper in this Review, Nancy Gordon, Thomas Morton, and Ina Braden (G-M-B) presented a model of facultv salary determination and results of an empirical test of their model. In this paper I present results of a replication of their study using data from another institution and results from tests of alternative models. Faculty salary differentials can be explained in part by differences in individuals' characteristics. Jacob Mincer has stated that differences among individuals in their stock of human capital (for example, level of education, years of work experience) explains much of the variation in their earnings. College and university administrators claim that faculty salary depends on productivity in the areas of teaching, scholarship, and service. Differences in demand conditions among disciplines suggest including department or school among the factors thought to determine faculty salaries.' There is no consensus among economists on a definition of labor mar...
By Emily P. Hoffman; Abstract: This book explores the effects of discrimination on the economic o... more By Emily P. Hoffman; Abstract: This book explores the effects of discrimination on the economic outcomes of various societal groups.
Eastern Economic Journal, 1984
Page 1. -432-Eastern Economic Journal» Volume X, no. 4» October-November 1984 THE DESERVING AND T... more Page 1. -432-Eastern Economic Journal» Volume X, no. 4» October-November 1984 THE DESERVING AND THE NON-DESERVING POOR Emily P. Hoffman* The terms deserving and non-deserving poor refer to Sar Levitan's observation ...
![Research paper thumbnail of Introduction [to Essays on the Economics of Education]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67608403/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](![Research paper thumbnail of Introduction [to Essays on the Economics of Discrimination]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67608402/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Some part (but not all) of these differences can be attributed to discrimination, which is unequa... more Some part (but not all) of these differences can be attributed to discrimination, which is unequal treatment based on gender, race, age, national origin, religion, or similar characteristics irrelevant to the ability to perform on a job. While always unethical, discrimination is now definitely illegal, even though it has yet to be eliminated. Determining what part of the income gap between males and females or blacks and whites is due to discrimination and what part is due to productivity differences is a challenging exercise. Economists measure discrimination using a residual methodology; any wage gap not due to legitimate productivity-related variables such as education, experience, and occupation is attributed to discrimination.
Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 1995
The Journal of Human Resources, 1978
The dissertation is a collection of essays examining three topics in the economics of education. ... more The dissertation is a collection of essays examining three topics in the economics of education. The essays focus on the institutional structure of local and national education and the implications that demographics and institutional structure has on the productivity and financing of education. The first chapter introduces my essays by providing a brief overview of the economic study of education and highlights some of the major areas of research overlapping the topics covered in this dissertation. Chapter 2 looks at the impact of racial diversity on school performance. A measure of racial diversity is constructed for Ohio school districts to investigate the net effect of racial diversity on school district performance on statewide exams. The empirical results of this chapter suggest that racial diversity negatively affects school district performance. Chapter 3 considers the impact of interjurisdictional competition in the choice of a tax base. A spatial probit model is used on Ohio school district data to investigate two issues: 1) do school districts engage in 'yardstick competition' in their choice of an income tax; and 2) does the negative impact of interjurisdictional competition disappear once yardstick competition is taken into account. The empirical evidence shows that districts do engage in yardstick competition but that controlling for yardstick competition does not affect the significance of interjurisdictional competition. Chapter 4 examines the role of institutions in the return to human and physical capital. A theoretical model is developed where the effect of the change in capital on the rate of growth depends on the level of institutional quality. The empirical model is estimated using crosscountry data, where measures of a country's institutions are interacted with their growth rates of physical and human capital. The empirical results suggest that the institutional environment is very important in translating human and physical capital accumulation into economic growth. Chapter 5 summarizes the key findings of previous chapters and discusses areas of future research. 'shake off the rust' at the beginning of that first year and for being a good sounding board for my ideas. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the financial support of the economics department at West Virginia, the Institute for Humane Studies Dan Searle Fellowship, and the H.B. Earhart Foundation. Each of these organizations helped support my studies and research at various points during my studies. Without their help, I could not have written, presented, and published as many papers as I have the past three years, and for that I am eternally grateful.
The dissertation is a collection of essays examining three topics in the economics of education. ... more The dissertation is a collection of essays examining three topics in the economics of education. The essays focus on the institutional structure of local and national education and the implications that demographics and institutional structure has on the productivity and financing of education. The first chapter introduces my essays by providing a brief overview of the economic study of education and highlights some of the major areas of research overlapping the topics covered in this dissertation. Chapter 2 looks at the impact of racial diversity on school performance. A measure of racial diversity is constructed for Ohio school districts to investigate the net effect of racial diversity on school district performance on statewide exams. The empirical results of this chapter suggest that racial diversity negatively affects school district performance. Chapter 3 considers the impact of interjurisdictional competition in the choice of a tax base. A spatial probit model is used on Ohio school district data to investigate two issues: 1) do school districts engage in 'yardstick competition' in their choice of an income tax; and 2) does the negative impact of interjurisdictional competition disappear once yardstick competition is taken into account. The empirical evidence shows that districts do engage in yardstick competition but that controlling for yardstick competition does not affect the significance of interjurisdictional competition. Chapter 4 examines the role of institutions in the return to human and physical capital. A theoretical model is developed where the effect of the change in capital on the rate of growth depends on the level of institutional quality. The empirical model is estimated using crosscountry data, where measures of a country's institutions are interacted with their growth rates of physical and human capital. The empirical results suggest that the institutional environment is very important in translating human and physical capital accumulation into economic growth. Chapter 5 summarizes the key findings of previous chapters and discusses areas of future research. 'shake off the rust' at the beginning of that first year and for being a good sounding board for my ideas. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the financial support of the economics department at West Virginia, the Institute for Humane Studies Dan Searle Fellowship, and the H.B. Earhart Foundation. Each of these organizations helped support my studies and research at various points during my studies. Without their help, I could not have written, presented, and published as many papers as I have the past three years, and for that I am eternally grateful.
Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 1993
Labour Economics, 1994
Atlantic Economic Journal, 1978
Even though it is very difficult to define and measure faculty productivity, it is currently bein... more Even though it is very difficult to define and measure faculty productivity, it is currently being attempted. These measurements are used to aid in decisions on salary, promotion, and tenure within an academic department, as well as to allocate resources among departments or schools on a campus and among institutions in a multiinstitution state higher education system. As the financial resources available to higher education fail to grow as rapidly in the t 970's as in the halcyon 1960's, distribution of the limited supply of dollars becomes an issue of great concern to those in academe.
Economics of Education Review, 1981
This study predicts faculty salaries using data collected at a large public university on publica... more This study predicts faculty salaries using data collected at a large public university on publications, teaching and administrative hours, years of education and experience, department, sex, race, and interaction terms. Female faculty earn 24 percent less than male faculty; 17 or 41 percent of this differential is attributable to discrimination, depending on the particular set of salary determinants used. Unlike previous investigators, this study does not find discrimination in favor of minority faculty members. The choice of variables and form of model appropriate for a study of salary discrimination are discussed.
Economics Letters, 1980
While black women are much closer to earnings parity with white women than is true for black rela... more While black women are much closer to earnings parity with white women than is true for black relative to white men, such a comparison is misleading since it ignores maximization of utility (including leisure) by households (not individuals) and sex discrimination.
[
Page 1. Upjohn Institute Press Book Chapters Upjohn Research home page 1993 Introduction [to Essa... more Page 1. Upjohn Institute Press Book Chapters Upjohn Research home page 1993 Introduction [to Essays on the Economics of Education] Emily P. Hoffman Western Michigan University This title is brought to you by the Upjohn Institute. ...
It is an activity of the W. E. Upjohn Unemployment Trustee Corporation, which was formed in 1932 ... more It is an activity of the W. E. Upjohn Unemployment Trustee Corporation, which was formed in 1932 to administer a fund set aside by the late Dr W. E. Upjohn for the purpose of carrying on "research into the causes and effects of unemployment and measures for the alleviation of unemployment." The facts presented in this study and the observations and viewpoints expressed are the sole responsibility of the authors. They do not necessarily represent positions of the W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.
There are two great parts in a research project. The first is getting all exited about new ideas ... more There are two great parts in a research project. The first is getting all exited about new ideas and the possibilities that a new approach would offer. The second is when the paper is finally done and can be put aside. It is the part in the middle that I had troubles with. Endless efforts trying to make sense of the data and writing the text over and over. Therefore, having finished this thesis, I would like to especially thank all those that helped me with this middle part.
Eastern Economic Journal, 1984
Page 1. -432-Eastern Economic Journal» Volume X, no. 4» October-November 1984 THE DESERVING AND T... more Page 1. -432-Eastern Economic Journal» Volume X, no. 4» October-November 1984 THE DESERVING AND THE NON-DESERVING POOR Emily P. Hoffman* The terms deserving and non-deserving poor refer to Sar Levitan's observation ...
This essay shows that the stable Phillips curve cannot be mapped off an aggregate supply curve th... more This essay shows that the stable Phillips curve cannot be mapped off an aggregate supply curve that is linear or exponential. Yet many principles of economics books claim that the stable Phillips curve is a mapping of a stable aggregate supply curve. Treating the stable Phillips curve mechanically as a mapping of the stable aggregate supply curve discourages the cognitive skills that the principles course intends to develop.
The American Economic Review, 1976
In a recent paper in this Review, Nancy Gordon, Thomas Morton, and Ina Braden (G-M-B) presented a... more In a recent paper in this Review, Nancy Gordon, Thomas Morton, and Ina Braden (G-M-B) presented a model of facultv salary determination and results of an empirical test of their model. In this paper I present results of a replication of their study using data from another institution and results from tests of alternative models. Faculty salary differentials can be explained in part by differences in individuals' characteristics. Jacob Mincer has stated that differences among individuals in their stock of human capital (for example, level of education, years of work experience) explains much of the variation in their earnings. College and university administrators claim that faculty salary depends on productivity in the areas of teaching, scholarship, and service. Differences in demand conditions among disciplines suggest including department or school among the factors thought to determine faculty salaries.' There is no consensus among economists on a definition of labor mar...
By Emily P. Hoffman; Abstract: This book explores the effects of discrimination on the economic o... more By Emily P. Hoffman; Abstract: This book explores the effects of discrimination on the economic outcomes of various societal groups.
Eastern Economic Journal, 1984
Page 1. -432-Eastern Economic Journal» Volume X, no. 4» October-November 1984 THE DESERVING AND T... more Page 1. -432-Eastern Economic Journal» Volume X, no. 4» October-November 1984 THE DESERVING AND THE NON-DESERVING POOR Emily P. Hoffman* The terms deserving and non-deserving poor refer to Sar Levitan's observation ...
Some part (but not all) of these differences can be attributed to discrimination, which is unequa... more Some part (but not all) of these differences can be attributed to discrimination, which is unequal treatment based on gender, race, age, national origin, religion, or similar characteristics irrelevant to the ability to perform on a job. While always unethical, discrimination is now definitely illegal, even though it has yet to be eliminated. Determining what part of the income gap between males and females or blacks and whites is due to discrimination and what part is due to productivity differences is a challenging exercise. Economists measure discrimination using a residual methodology; any wage gap not due to legitimate productivity-related variables such as education, experience, and occupation is attributed to discrimination.
Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 1995
The Journal of Human Resources, 1978
The dissertation is a collection of essays examining three topics in the economics of education. ... more The dissertation is a collection of essays examining three topics in the economics of education. The essays focus on the institutional structure of local and national education and the implications that demographics and institutional structure has on the productivity and financing of education. The first chapter introduces my essays by providing a brief overview of the economic study of education and highlights some of the major areas of research overlapping the topics covered in this dissertation. Chapter 2 looks at the impact of racial diversity on school performance. A measure of racial diversity is constructed for Ohio school districts to investigate the net effect of racial diversity on school district performance on statewide exams. The empirical results of this chapter suggest that racial diversity negatively affects school district performance. Chapter 3 considers the impact of interjurisdictional competition in the choice of a tax base. A spatial probit model is used on Ohio school district data to investigate two issues: 1) do school districts engage in 'yardstick competition' in their choice of an income tax; and 2) does the negative impact of interjurisdictional competition disappear once yardstick competition is taken into account. The empirical evidence shows that districts do engage in yardstick competition but that controlling for yardstick competition does not affect the significance of interjurisdictional competition. Chapter 4 examines the role of institutions in the return to human and physical capital. A theoretical model is developed where the effect of the change in capital on the rate of growth depends on the level of institutional quality. The empirical model is estimated using crosscountry data, where measures of a country's institutions are interacted with their growth rates of physical and human capital. The empirical results suggest that the institutional environment is very important in translating human and physical capital accumulation into economic growth. Chapter 5 summarizes the key findings of previous chapters and discusses areas of future research. 'shake off the rust' at the beginning of that first year and for being a good sounding board for my ideas. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the financial support of the economics department at West Virginia, the Institute for Humane Studies Dan Searle Fellowship, and the H.B. Earhart Foundation. Each of these organizations helped support my studies and research at various points during my studies. Without their help, I could not have written, presented, and published as many papers as I have the past three years, and for that I am eternally grateful.
The dissertation is a collection of essays examining three topics in the economics of education. ... more The dissertation is a collection of essays examining three topics in the economics of education. The essays focus on the institutional structure of local and national education and the implications that demographics and institutional structure has on the productivity and financing of education. The first chapter introduces my essays by providing a brief overview of the economic study of education and highlights some of the major areas of research overlapping the topics covered in this dissertation. Chapter 2 looks at the impact of racial diversity on school performance. A measure of racial diversity is constructed for Ohio school districts to investigate the net effect of racial diversity on school district performance on statewide exams. The empirical results of this chapter suggest that racial diversity negatively affects school district performance. Chapter 3 considers the impact of interjurisdictional competition in the choice of a tax base. A spatial probit model is used on Ohio school district data to investigate two issues: 1) do school districts engage in 'yardstick competition' in their choice of an income tax; and 2) does the negative impact of interjurisdictional competition disappear once yardstick competition is taken into account. The empirical evidence shows that districts do engage in yardstick competition but that controlling for yardstick competition does not affect the significance of interjurisdictional competition. Chapter 4 examines the role of institutions in the return to human and physical capital. A theoretical model is developed where the effect of the change in capital on the rate of growth depends on the level of institutional quality. The empirical model is estimated using crosscountry data, where measures of a country's institutions are interacted with their growth rates of physical and human capital. The empirical results suggest that the institutional environment is very important in translating human and physical capital accumulation into economic growth. Chapter 5 summarizes the key findings of previous chapters and discusses areas of future research. 'shake off the rust' at the beginning of that first year and for being a good sounding board for my ideas. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the financial support of the economics department at West Virginia, the Institute for Humane Studies Dan Searle Fellowship, and the H.B. Earhart Foundation. Each of these organizations helped support my studies and research at various points during my studies. Without their help, I could not have written, presented, and published as many papers as I have the past three years, and for that I am eternally grateful.
Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 1993
Labour Economics, 1994
Atlantic Economic Journal, 1978
Even though it is very difficult to define and measure faculty productivity, it is currently bein... more Even though it is very difficult to define and measure faculty productivity, it is currently being attempted. These measurements are used to aid in decisions on salary, promotion, and tenure within an academic department, as well as to allocate resources among departments or schools on a campus and among institutions in a multiinstitution state higher education system. As the financial resources available to higher education fail to grow as rapidly in the t 970's as in the halcyon 1960's, distribution of the limited supply of dollars becomes an issue of great concern to those in academe.
Economics of Education Review, 1981
This study predicts faculty salaries using data collected at a large public university on publica... more This study predicts faculty salaries using data collected at a large public university on publications, teaching and administrative hours, years of education and experience, department, sex, race, and interaction terms. Female faculty earn 24 percent less than male faculty; 17 or 41 percent of this differential is attributable to discrimination, depending on the particular set of salary determinants used. Unlike previous investigators, this study does not find discrimination in favor of minority faculty members. The choice of variables and form of model appropriate for a study of salary discrimination are discussed.
Economics Letters, 1980
While black women are much closer to earnings parity with white women than is true for black rela... more While black women are much closer to earnings parity with white women than is true for black relative to white men, such a comparison is misleading since it ignores maximization of utility (including leisure) by households (not individuals) and sex discrimination.
[
Page 1. Upjohn Institute Press Book Chapters Upjohn Research home page 1993 Introduction [to Essa... more Page 1. Upjohn Institute Press Book Chapters Upjohn Research home page 1993 Introduction [to Essays on the Economics of Education] Emily P. Hoffman Western Michigan University This title is brought to you by the Upjohn Institute. ...