Geomina Turlea | The World Bank (original) (raw)

Papers by Geomina Turlea

RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, Jun 1, 2011

The mission of the JRC-IPTS is to provide customer-driven support to the EU policy-making process... more The mission of the JRC-IPTS is to provide customer-driven support to the EU policy-making process by developing science-based responses to policy challenges that have both a socioeconomic as well as a scientific/technological dimension. 4 The top world R&D-investing companies from the ICT sector-a companylevel analysis 4.1 Methodological introduction 4.2 Global perspective 4.2.1 R&D investments by ICT and non-ICT companies across world regions 4.2.2 Trends in R&D investments of the ICT sector across world regions 4.3 Country-level perspective 4.4 Company-level perspective 4.5 Sub-sector analysis perspective 4.6 Summary of main findings and conclusions 4.7 References The 2011 Report on R&D in ICT in the European Union Korea (7.2%) and Taiwan (10.5%), as is shown in Figure 1.

This study contributes to the literature on the competitiveness of Romanian exports with a new pe... more This study contributes to the literature on the competitiveness of Romanian exports with a new perspective over the decade 2001-2011, by overlapping of two complementary analyses: of the export performance dynamics and of the domestic revenues created by export manufacturers and their suppliers. The analyzed period includes the period of global economic growth (mainly 2003-2007) and the first years of the economic crisis (2009-2011 ). The year 2007, when Romania joined the European Union, is in the middle of the analyzed period. The dynamics of Romania's export performance was assessed through a specific method combining three different research lines(1) changes in the ranking of exported products in the reference years 2001 and 2011, (2) evolution of the performance of key products exported in 2001 and (3) the position in 2001 of key products exported in 2011. The analysis of domestic revenues created by export manufacturers and their suppliers provides, for the first time for ...

Revue d'économie financière, 2001

Innovation, Labour Mobility and Growth in Transition Economies All debates on privatisation and r... more Innovation, Labour Mobility and Growth in Transition Economies All debates on privatisation and relations between production and employment show the importance of small firms in the transformation process of the Eastern European countries, considering contribution to growth as well as changes in the labour market. But these small firms are of two different types, which go from the traditional survival activity to the dynamic start-up. This contribution aims firstly at analysing which forms the small firms can take in the economies in transition, which leads to show the role of the differential of income between the self-employed and the salaried employees in the transition process. Secondly, it presents the empirical elements, which allow us to make a real evaluation of the mentioned processes possible and a validation of the conclusions, suggested by comparing two polar cases of transition, Poland and Romania. JEL classifications : J60, P23, P31

Social Science Research Network, 2012

There are no official statistics on international online trade in goods so far. This paper uses a... more There are no official statistics on international online trade in goods so far. This paper uses a consumer survey to construct a unique matrix of online B2C domestic and cross-border trade in goods between the 27 EU Member States. We compare online and offline trade patterns for similar goods. We find that the standard gravity model performs well in explaining online crossborder trade flows. The model confirms the strong reduction in geographical distance-related trade costs, compared to offline trade. However, the trade costs associated with crossing language barriers increase when moving from offline to online trade. Institutional variables such as the quality of legal institutions, online payments facilities and cost-efficiency of parcel delivery systems also play a role in cross-border trade. In a linguistically segmented market like the EU, online home market bias remains high. We conclude that there is some policy space available for regulators to boost online cross-border trade through improvements in legal and financial systems, and parcel delivery infrastructure.

Springer eBooks, 2008

This report provides a synthesis of the results of a research project on the Internationalisation... more This report provides a synthesis of the results of a research project on the Internationalisation of European ICT Activities. It starts by overviewing the theoretical frameworks applicable, then proceeds to evaluate available evidence based on trade, foreign direct investment and patent data. This macro-data is followed by micro-data supplied by case studies. Finally, the report draws conclusions and makes suggestions for policy. The mission of the JRC is to provide customer-driven scientific and technical support for the conception, development, implementation and monitoring of EU policies. As a service of the European Commission, the JRC functions as a reference centre of science and technology for the Union. Close to the policy-making process, it serves the common interest of the Member States, while being independent of special interests, whether private or national.

Journal of International Money and Finance, Mar 1, 2006

Money, inflation and output are tested for stationarity, and found to be integrated of order one.... more Money, inflation and output are tested for stationarity, and found to be integrated of order one. We apply the Johansen procedure for cointegration to test for the rank of the matrix of cointegration relations (one), to test for the weak exogeneity of output (accepted), inflation (rejected) and money (rejected). We interpret the unique cointegrating relationship as an extended Cagan money demand function. We then estimate error correction mechanisms, which explain the short-run movements of real money and inflation. The evidence suggests that in the period considered, including the sub-sample between the liberalization shocks, inflation was largely a monetary phenomenon.

eLearning and Software for Education

MOOCs ability to provide valuable skills and competencies at a fraction of the cost of other educ... more MOOCs ability to provide valuable skills and competencies at a fraction of the cost of other educational offers, in a fraction of the time, and from the comfort of one's own home, has proven to be a promising business reference to digital transformation, as applied in higher education. This paper overviews the impact of blockchain features, such as the trendy self-sovereign identity adding precious disruptive value along MOOCs value chains, especially around content acquisition, digital marketing and monetization, as well as facilitating acquisition and transfer of credentials in a digital trust-focused environment. A sound, trackable and protective digital identity has been long considered a needed asset, whereas the owner of the credentials, either the university, individual or employer has full control over the data that is shared across the educational ecosystem, on a case-by-case basis. The article also aspires at critically observing whether using blockchain tech for cours...

The authors are thankful to Louise Cord, participants of the World Bank video conference in June

The report shows that the ICT sector alone is responsible for about half the R&D investment gap b... more The report shows that the ICT sector alone is responsible for about half the R&D investment gap between the EU and the US, i.e. the fact that EU invests a much smaller share of its GDP in R&D. It argues that this is partly because the ICT sector is a smaller part of the economy in the EU than it is in the US. More important, however, is the lower R&D intensity (business R&D / value added) of the ICT sector in the EU. This is mainly due to lower R&D intensity in two sub-sectors: Computer Services and Software, and Electronic Measurement Instruments. Current data analysis gives no indication that the ICT R&D gap is closing. The analysis further finds that among EU Member States, Northern Member States show higher ICT R&D intensity than Southern Member States, and the Western Member States a much higher intensity than the Eastern Member States. The bulk of the paper then takes a closer look at each of the ICT sub-sectors, mapping out the R&D effort in each of them. The mission of the J...

R&D led innovation is deemed to be a key driver of economic growth for advanced economies. As... more R&D led innovation is deemed to be a key driver of economic growth for advanced economies. As a result, the European policy agenda increasingly focuses on creating framework conditions enabling an increase in private R&D investments. However, in its attempts to attract private R&D investments the EU is competing with other parts of the world, where some countries out-perform it in relative R&D investments (e.g. USA and Japan), and others are rapidly catching-up (e.g. India and China). In particular, evidence shows that most of the R&D gap with the USA (and even more with Japan) originates from the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) sector. However, a comprehensive overview of ICT R&D expenditures is still largely lacking. This paper addresses R&D performance by contrasting a comprehensive inventory of macroeconomic data centred on business R&D spending (BERD) with company level R&D data (from the EU Industrial Scoreboard). Focus is on the aggregate comparison between the EU and the USA, although industry level and EU member states cases are also considered. The paper also identifies the main conceptual and methodological problems in matching BERD and company level data and carefully considers the inherent differences between these two data sources. Macro evidence shows that the US ICT BERD is about twice the EU one, both in value terms and relative to GDP. This latter gap can be further decomposed into a contribution of about one third stemming from the larger relative size of the ICT sector (VAICT/GDP) in the USA, and of about two thirds from its higher R&D intensity (BERDICT/VAICT). The USA-EU gap in ICT R&D appears to be even larger when using company data. However, micro evidence also shows that R&D intensity of the major US ICT companies is similar to that of their European counterparts, while the US vastly outnumbers the EU among the global top ranking R&D investors. These findings, and also the discrepancy between macro-level and corporate data evidence, call for an explanation that, at this stage, can only be tentative. To this end, in the final part of the paper we propose some additional hypotheses regarding the internationalisation and the distribution of R&D efforts of small versus large firms, with differential impacts across industries and along time.

ABSTRACT Part 1 of the report provides an overview of the position of energy-intensive industries... more ABSTRACT Part 1 of the report provides an overview of the position of energy-intensive industries in Romania as compared to other Central and East European economies. The industries identified as particularly 'energy-intensive' are the paper industry, the chemical, the non-metallic mineral products and the basic metals industries. The countries selected for benchmarking are the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Bulgaria. The comparison includes production, employment, productivity and investment including foreign direct investment in the respective branches. Part 2 presents a more detailed analysis of the most energy-intensive sub-branches (pulp & paper, basic chemicals, glass, ceramics, cement, iron & steel and aluminium) focusing on major performance indicators such as value added and foreign trade developments; also included is information on the ownership structure, status of modernization, compliance with the acquis and the further demand for restructuring. Part 3 points out the demand for and possibilities of policy support for the energy-intensive branches in Romania with a view to EU membership. A special focus is on sectoral issues (steel and basic chemicals), energy pricing (electricity, gas), regional, labour market and environmental issues.

Project co-funded by the European Commission within the Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) Dis... more Project co-funded by the European Commission within the Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) Dissemination Level PU Public YES PP Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services)-RE Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services)-CO Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services)

Science and Public Policy, 2010

Journal of International Money and Finance, 2006

Page 1. CENTRE FOR THE STUDY OF ECONOMIC & SOCIAL CHANGE IN EUROPE SCHOOL OF SLAVONIC & E... more Page 1. CENTRE FOR THE STUDY OF ECONOMIC & SOCIAL CHANGE IN EUROPE SCHOOL OF SLAVONIC & EAST EUROPEAN STUDIES 'The electronics industry in central and eastern Europe: an emerging production location in the alignment of networks perspective' ...

Foresight, 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to assess the main implications for innovation and competitiv... more PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to assess the main implications for innovation and competitiveness of social computing trends that promote swift social and economic relations. They are increasingly being considered by policymakers, both as tool and object for policymaking (i.e. how social computing could play a role in information society policies). Therefore, a general issue for the paper is represented by the lessons to be learned in terms of policy‐related consequences for Europe.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is based on an extensive desk‐based survey of secondary data available from reports, studies and most recent statistics, from internet audience measurement companies, international research companies, research projects of non‐profit centers, international firms or the industry itself.FindingsThe diffusion and usage of social computing applications have been growing at an exponential rate. A powerful feature emerges, i.e. the new user as supplier, co‐producer or in...

First Monday, 2007

This paper assesses the development of emerging computing applications that fall under the family... more This paper assesses the development of emerging computing applications that fall under the family of digital applications and technologies. These applications and technologies — Internet 2 based technologies for short — enable new ways of connectivity for networking, interfacing and producing content. They have the capacity and the force to disrupt existing social and economic relations and thus have major impacts on society. Hence, the term ‘e-ruptions’: emerging e-trends with potential disruptive power. This paper investigates the socio-economic impact of emerging e-ruptions, in an attempt to try and contextualise their implications and relevance for policy formulation. Evidence on trend development is presented from both formal and less formal sources such as weblogs, journals, independent commercial sources and industry-produced data. Although this evidence is largely anecdotal, at least for Europe [1], it is consistent and growing, and is reflected in social and economic impact...

This report is the IPTS annual "PREDICT" report, which presents all the data available ... more This report is the IPTS annual "PREDICT" report, which presents all the data available on ICT R&D private and public expenditures in Europe, at sector level, at country level, in an international perspective (benchmarking), and at company level. It covers data for the period 2001-2005 (and 2006 for company data). The second part of the report includes a thematic analysis on R&D output in ICT and provides a detailed investigation of ICT R&D output based on the analysis of patent data.