Paulina Polko | University of Dąbrowa Górnicza (original) (raw)

Papers by Paulina Polko

Prices are subject to change and do not include shipping and handling. CHF-RRP incl. VAT (valid f... more Prices are subject to change and do not include shipping and handling. CHF-RRP incl. VAT (valid for Switzerland). € D-fixed retail price incl. VAT (valid for Germany and EU customers without VAT Reg No).

European Green Deal as a matter of security

IOP conference series, Nov 1, 2021

The European Green Deal (EGD) is a set of policy initiatives by the European Union with the overa... more The European Green Deal (EGD) is a set of policy initiatives by the European Union with the overarching and ambitious aim of making Europe climate neutral in 2050. Being world’s first ‘climate-neutral bloc’ and fulfilling other goals extending to many different sectors, including construction, biodiversity, energy, transport, food and others has also an impact on different sectors of security. The implementation of the tasks set out in the EGD requires taking into account the necessity of sustainability in reaching the goals, including not violating sectoral security in the EU Member States. Nexus approach might be useful in the processes of finding and implementation of particular solutions.

Studia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego, Mar 30, 2022

Celem badań prezentowanych w niniejszym artykule była analiza procesu sekurytyzacji pandemii Sars... more Celem badań prezentowanych w niniejszym artykule była analiza procesu sekurytyzacji pandemii Sars-Cov-2 w 2020 i 2021 roku jako zabiegu czyniącego z niej zagrożenie egzystencjalne o globalnym zasięgu, wymagające implementacji nadzwyczajnych rozwiązań w celu jego likwidacji. Weryfikacji poddana została hipoteza, iż pandemia wirusa Sars-Cov-2 przeszła proces skutecznej sekurytyzacji, przede wszystkim na terenie Europy i Ameryki Północnej, ale został on zakończony przejściem w kolejne fazy, odwołujące się do logiki innych teorii związanych z poszerzaniem kategorii bezpieczeństwa. Analiza dokonana została przy użyciu trzech ram teoretycznych: Teorii Sekurytyzacji (Szkoła Kopenhaska), Teorii Sprawiedliwej Sekurytyzacji (R. Floyd) i Teorii Ryzyfikacji (O. Corry), metodą analizy i syntezy, drogą indukcji i dedukcji. Wymienione teorie zostały uznane za właściwe do zastosowania z uwagi na ich charakter. Klasyczna Teoria Sekurytyzacji formułuje podstawowe ramy i wymogi procesu włączania nowych problematyk do kategorii bezpieczeństwa. Krytyczna wobec niej Teoria Sprawiedliwej Sekurytyzacji doprecyzowuje zasadność stosowania sekurytyzacji w zależności od egzystencjalności zagrożenia. Teoria Ryzyfikacji odwołuje się zaś do procesu włączania ryzyk (potencjalnych zagrożeń) do kategorii bezpieczeństwa i stosowania wobec nich nadzwyczajnych środków. W wyniku podjętych działań badawczych ustalono, że udana sekurytyzacja zagrożenia pandemicznego nie zakończyła się desekurytyzacją, zgodnie z założeniami Teorii Sekurytyzacji, ale przeszła w proces ryzyfikacji, a więc transformację z reagowania nadzwyczajnymi środkami na istotne, obiektywne zagrożenie egzystencjalne do reagowania na ryzyko wystąpienia takiego zagrożenia, co niesie ze sobą istotne konsekwencje dla organizacji procesu zapewniania bezpieczeństwa zdrowotnego. Ustalenia te są istotne dla rozumienia procesów włączania do kategorii bezpieczeństwa nowych zagrożeń (oraz ryzyk) i sposobu zarządzania nimi przy pomocy nadzwyczajnych środków. Przedstawione wyniki badań mogą być

Polityka migracyjna w programach polskich partii politycznych po 1989 r. Wprowadzenie Przez wiele... more Polityka migracyjna w programach polskich partii politycznych po 1989 r. Wprowadzenie Przez wiele lat po 1989 r. polityka migracyjna nie tylko nie była szczególnie istotnym elementem polskiej polityki bezpieczeństwa, ale również skupiała się na innych niż współcześnie kwestiach. Po odzyskaniu niepodległości wyzwaniem w tym obszarze dla budującego nową tożsamość państwa była pomoc dla Polaków i ich potomków na Wschodzie, którzy w 1945 r. zostali poza granicami Polski, przede wszystkim na terenie byłego Związku Radzieckiego. Po wejściu do Unii Europejskiej w 2004 r. wyzwaniem stała się batalia o otwarcie rynków pracy krajów Unii dla obywateli RP, a następnie postawa wobec szybko rosnącej nowej polskiej emigracji (kryzys demogra czny w kraju oraz pozycja mniejszości polskiej w krajach UE). W II dekadzie XXI w. na czoło wysunęły się kwestie związane z przyjmowaniem uchodźców z terenów Bliskiego Wschodu i Afryki, w tym sporna kwestia ich relokacji z obozów w Grecji czy Włoszech do innych krajów UE. Rozpoczęła się również dyskusja o potrzebie wdrożenia krajowej polityki wobec stale rosnącej grupy migrantów z Ukrainy. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie zarysu problematyki polityki migracyjnej, ujętej w programach polskich partii politycznych po 1989 r. w wybranych przez Autorkę aspektach. Ogrom materiału, jaki został zebrany w wyniku wstępnej kwerendy danych, wymuszał konieczność zawężenia dalszej analizy do wybranych problemów. Ich lista zostanie zaprezentowana w dalszej części artykułu.

Historia i Polityka, Jul 7, 2018

Securitisation of Communication in Public Space During Covid 19 Pandemic

Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues, Dec 28, 2020

Securitisation is an intersubjective process of construing new categories or subcategories of sec... more Securitisation is an intersubjective process of construing new categories or subcategories of security by identifying existential threats, the alleviation of which requires extraordinary measures and social acceptance. During the COVID-19 pandemic, both during the near-total lockdown, as well as in the period where restrictions were loosened, the messages presented in public space, calling for specific behaviours, displayed certain signs of this process – the limitation of citizens’ rights without the introduction of a state of emergency, as provided for by law, was carried out on the grounds of an extraordinary threat (threat of infection, illness or even death) the eradication of which requires extraordinary measures (depriving citizens of the possibility of moving, working, learning, taking advantage of entertainment or pursuing their passions, as well as imposing an order to wear masks and maintaining social distance) to be applied, which ̃– on the one hand – were introduced under the pain of punishment, while on the other, they were supposed to be met with general acceptance as rational and just. The following paper presents the results of a study of communications appearing in the public space in the period from March to August 2020 in Poland, which were to support the process of securitisation of the pandemic threat.

Selected problems related to managing terrorist organisation

Forum Scientiae Oeconomia, 2014

The unique aims of the terrorist organisations fail to work as a protection against problems that... more The unique aims of the terrorist organisations fail to work as a protection against problems that are typical for other types of activity and those connected with managing the ongoing activity. As in financial organisations, leaders of the terrorist groups face the challenges of recruiting properly qualified members and motivating them, they seek efficient ways to control the actions of their subordinates or try to reduce internal bureaucracy. The article aims at pointing out some of the most typical of the aforesaid problems relating to organisation management.

Public recreation and landscape protection - with environment hand in hand?

Urban green areas, ensuring relaxation, contact with nature and social integration, play a key ro... more Urban green areas, ensuring relaxation, contact with nature and social integration, play a key role in the health and well-being of people aged 60+. Older adults are one of the target groups of the Warsaw Participatory Budget (WPB)-a program under which city residents submit and vote for projects that improve the functioning of urban spaces. The study covered projects from 8 editions implemented in the years 2015-2022 in the Śródmieście district inhabited by many people aged 60+. The aim was to determine how often the submitted projects are addressed to these people as a target group in the urban greenery category in relation to other categories, both in the case of projects qualified for voting and winning projects. The results show that out of all 284 projects addressed to older adults qualified for voting, more than half (150) were selected. Among these projects, the urban greenery category accounted for 29.58%, and as much as 71.43% of the winning projects. This indicates the real needs of voters, including a significant need to take action to increase the availability and attractiveness of urban green areas for older adults.

Bezpieczeństwo Narodowe, 2023

Migration, as a challenge to be considered at the level of the North Atlantic Alliance, appeared ... more Migration, as a challenge to be considered at the level of the
North Atlantic Alliance, appeared in the Strategic Concept of the Alliance
only in 2022. Nevertheless, in the 21st century, especially since 2015, the
problem was raised at all NATO summits and expressed in expectations
towards the Alliance, especially by southern and eastern member states
experiencing intense, though different, problems generated by internatio-
nal population movements caused by armed conflicts or socio-economic
and environmental factors occurring in the countries – sources of immi-
gration. On the one hand, NATO’s involvement in both the Mediterranean
basin and in supporting the protection of the border on the eastern flank
of the Alliance is, a response to the expectations of member states in terms
of ensuring their security, but on the other hand – in a broader sense – it is
proof of the evolving nature of the Alliance, reacting to the developments
in the area of security and confirmation of the will to be more involved
in the non-military field, even if such activity results in accusations of
securitization of migration.

Urban Planning, 2024

The National Map of Security Threats (NMST) implemented in Poland in 2016 is a GIS‐based tool for... more The National Map of Security Threats (NMST) implemented in Poland in 2016 is a GIS‐based tool for digital crime and threat mapping involving citizens in the processes of shaping local security by reporting hazards in their neighbourhood (volunteered geographic information). The map—open for external users—is a source of information about common threats to the safety of human life and health, property, and public order, taking into account their spatial distribution, in the opinion of its users. Among 26 reportable hazards, there are categories related to (1) Traffic, (2) Greenery, (3) Water, (4) Demoralisation and Vandalism, (5) Poverty, (6) Alcohol and Drugs, and (7) Animals. The study aims to investigate which threats reported by citizens are the most represented on the NMST. The study covered data collected based on public access to the map in the period from January–December 2022. The analysis of the results allowed us to conclude that the most common threats belong to the following categories: (1) Traffic, (2) Alcohol and Drugs, and (3) Greenery. While the first two categories are not a surprise for researchers, and their importance is confirmed by other studies, the category of Greenery—its condition, damage, etc.—becomes more and more important, which was not confirmed in previous studies. Recognizing this is crucial to support processes of planning and designing more secure public spaces.

Public recreation and landscape protection - with environment hand in hand!, 2023

Greenery as a matter of security for citizens involved in digital crime mapping by the use of GIS-based tool in Poland

Public recreation and landscape protection - with environment hand in hand…

Springer International Publishing eBooks, 2022

This chapter reflects on responsible science with an eye toward concrete research practice. To th... more This chapter reflects on responsible science with an eye toward concrete research practice. To this end, we briefly introduce the RRI paradigm (Responsible Research and Innovation) and then highlight seven EU research projects in the context of a transnational COST Action project. This COST Action will investigate how placemaking activities, like public art, civil urban design, and local knowledge production, reshape and reinvent public space, and improve citizens' involvement in urban planning and urban design, especially in the context of heritage sites. The chapter introduces heritage case studies that either contrast, differentiate, and add to existing knowledge and practices in placemaking through specific initiatives, or enable the establishment of common ground within a wider constellation of societal actors and both, as we see, contribute in different ways to responsible research. We analyze how the four criteria of RRI, namely anticipation, reflexivity, inclusion, and responsiveness are considered and implemented, and the extent to which digital tools are supportive. Obviously, coproduction of knowledge is not sufficient when we call for responsible science in the narrow sense, hence the development of common ground also appears necessary.

Politeja, Dec 21, 2022

More and more advanced crime mapping methods have been used for several dozen years for imaging, ... more More and more advanced crime mapping methods have been used for several dozen years for imaging, analyzing, and, consequently, preventing, and combating crime. Initially, they served only specialized task units in charge of the fight against crime. Subsequently, they became sources of public information on the level of security in particular locations. The crucial requirement for the development of these methods in the third decade of the 21 st century is related to the interaction with citizens, who turn from recipients of data into their co-creators by reporting threats occurring in their neighborhood. This article analyzes the National Map of Security Threats (Krajowa Mapa Zagrożeń Bezpieczeństwa, KMZB) implemented in Poland as a GIS-based tool to involve citizens in creating local security and a source of knowledge about the perception of personal safety by KMZB users.

Politeja, 2022

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

The perception of urban greenery is determined by many aspects, including the personal security o... more The perception of urban greenery is determined by many aspects, including the personal security of different groups of city dwellers. The objective of this study was to investigate if there are differences between the sense of security of older adults and other groups of urban park users, and which factors play an important role in the evaluation of personal security and thus determine the use (or not) of parks. A survey questionnaire was administrated to a sample of randomly selected park users in Poland (n = 394), including seniors (s = 69). The results show statistically significant differences in security perception between respondents under the age of 60 and those over the age of 60 in the case of all questioned factors. At the same time, all of them are important for a sense of security in older adults. This knowledge is crucial for designing more inclusive and age-friendly urban parks, which should meet the needs and expectations of older adults and encourage them to engage i...

Security Theory and Practice, 2022

As a process of broadening the security category, securitisation is used to draw attention to urg... more As a process of broadening the security category, securitisation is used to draw attention to urgent and existential threats that cannot be resolved through ordinary political deci- sions. It presupposes the authorisation of extraordinary measures as long as they are ac- cepted by the “audience” (the elite or society as a whole). Due to the growing importance of these processes, more and more objections and doubts have been formulated to- wards the theory of securitisation regarding, inter alia, the morality of these processes, in- cluding the intentions of securitising actors (just or unjust securitisation). This article pre- sents case studies on the Poland’s migration policy, in which securitisation movements reinforced social mobilisation by referring to the category of security. The methodolog- ical framework of the securitisation theory and the just securitisation theory have been implemented. The presented results indicate that in the process of extending the secu- rity category, it is important to study the intentions of securitising actors and the existen- tial dimension of the reported threats due to the power of influence and the effects of securitisation measures.

National Security Studies

Imigranci z Ukrainy w Polsce. Potrzeby i oczekiwania, reakcje społeczne, wzywania dla bezpieczeństwa

European Green Deal as a matter of security

IOP conference series, Nov 1, 2021

Studia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego, Mar 30, 2022

Historia i Polityka, Jul 7, 2018

Securitisation of Communication in Public Space During Covid 19 Pandemic

Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues, Dec 28, 2020

Selected problems related to managing terrorist organisation

Forum Scientiae Oeconomia, 2014

Public recreation and landscape protection - with environment hand in hand?

Bezpieczeństwo Narodowe, 2023

Urban Planning, 2024

Public recreation and landscape protection - with environment hand in hand!, 2023

Greenery as a matter of security for citizens involved in digital crime mapping by the use of GIS-based tool in Poland

Public recreation and landscape protection - with environment hand in hand…

Springer International Publishing eBooks, 2022

Politeja, Dec 21, 2022

Politeja, 2022

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Security Theory and Practice, 2022

National Security Studies

Imigranci z Ukrainy w Polsce. Potrzeby i oczekiwania, reakcje społeczne, wzywania dla bezpieczeństwa

Dynamics of Placemaking Volume 1 Placemaking in Practice – Experiences and Approaches from a Pan-European Perspective, 2024

Perceptions of personal security significantly affect human behaviour in geographical environment... more Perceptions of personal security significantly affect human behaviour in geographical environments. The way public places are perceived determines their utilization and their attractiveness among urban residents. Various methods have been applied to study perceptions of security and the environmental factors associated with it. Urban environments comprise a variety of places, including those with urban greenery. The main objective of this chapter is to explore and compare different participatory research methods focused on analysing the factors that influence perceptions of security in urban parks, and to explore their potential for placemaking processes. This overview is illustrated with three examples from the Czech Republic, Poland and the United Kingdom. The first case study explores perceptions of topophobia in places with greenery and parks in the town of Šternberk (Czech Republic). It employs cognitive mapping by a selection of local residents, and results are visualized on (by the help of) semantic maps. The second case study explores the extent to which park infrastructure and maintenance levels affect perceived security in urban parks in Warsaw (Poland). The third case study uses data recorded from the crowdsourcing Place Pulse project to analyse the spatial association between perceived security and the tree canopy (including trees in urban parks but also in the streets) in London (United Kingdom). The relation between greenery and perceived safety may be context-dependent and vary across areas. All three participatory research methods use residents’ knowledge based on primary data gathering and digitization and as such offer practical tools for placemaking.