David Bakken | Washington State University (original) (raw)

Papers by David Bakken

OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information), Jan 2, 2018

OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information), Feb 2, 2016

We would like to take this opportunity to welcome you all to the very first workshop on Software ... more We would like to take this opportunity to welcome you all to the very first workshop on Software Engineering for the Smart Grid (SE4SG 2012). The workshop focuses on understanding and identifying the unique challenges and opportunities for Software Engineering (SE) to contribute to and enhance the design and development of the smart grid. In smart grids, the geographical scale, requirements on realtime performance and reliability, and diversity of application functionality all combine to produce a unique, highly demanding problem domain for software engineers to address. The objective of this workshop is to bring together members of the software engineering community and the power engineering community to understand these requirements and determine the most appropriate software engineering tools, methods and techniques. We had a total of sixteen submissions, of which eleven were accepted. All papers, including those submitted by the organizing and program committee, were reviewed by three independent referees to ensure the papers were reporting novel and relevant work. We are very encouraged by this number of submissions, which indicates considerable interest in this area. The program that has been put together by the program committee touches on four main themes: use cases, architecture and design, modeling and quality of service and analysis and frameworks. All of these areas are fundamental to the future success of building the smart gird, and will allow the workshop to delve deeply into the fundamental challenges we all face in this software engineering domain. After the workshop, we will produce a workshop report that describes the discussions and maps out the future agenda for software engineering research for the smart grid.

IGI Global eBooks, May 26, 2010

In peer-to-peer (P2P) service-oriented environments, a peer may need to interact with unknown pee... more In peer-to-peer (P2P) service-oriented environments, a peer may need to interact with unknown peers for the services or products provided. Thus the trust evaluation prior to and posterior to interactions becomes a very important issue, which may be based on other peers’ recommendations/evaluations. This chapter presents a dynamic peer trust evaluation model, which aims to measure responding peers’ recommendation trust, and hence filter out low credibility recommendations and obtain more accurate and objective trust values. In our model, prior to any interaction with an unknown peer (target peer), the mean trust value results from the evaluations (recommendations) given by responding peers. Posterior to interactions with the target peer, the trust values are aggregated from both responding peers’ recommendations and the requesting peer’s experience. On aggregating trust values, the weight to the requesting peer’s evaluation becomes bigger and bigger. Meanwhile, during this process, the credibility (recommendation trust) of each responding peer’s recommendation can be measured round by round. This helps filter out low credibility peers and improve the trust evaluation accuracy.

The diversity of the kinds of interactions between principals in distributed computing systems ha... more The diversity of the kinds of interactions between principals in distributed computing systems has expanded rapidly in recent years. However, the state of the art in trust management is not yet sufficient to support this diversity of interactions. This dissertation presents a rationale and design for much richer trust management than it is possible today. To do so, it presents a set of requirements for more generalized trust management, an analysis of why they are needed, and how the state of the art in trust management to date does not meet them. It then presents the design of Hestia, our trust management framework. Hestia supports dynamic trust, which enables the specification and management of trust relationships which can be re-evaluated over the lifetime of a relationship. Hestia also supports the composition of trust relationships, which supports indirect interactions between principals as is the case with publish-subscribe systems. Finally, Hestia handles trust for both access control purposes and for reasoning about the quality of (possibly aggregated) data provided by a set of principals. This dissertation also presents formalisms for dynamic and composable trust.

IEEE Systems Journal, Jun 1, 2022

This white paper describes preliminary research on the use of progressive control strategies to i... more This white paper describes preliminary research on the use of progressive control strategies to improve the advanced electric power grid's resilience to major grid disturbances. The proposed approach calls to leverage real-time wide-area monitoring and control capabilities to provide globally coordinated distributed control actions under stressed conditions. To that end, the paper illustrates the proposed concept using case studies drawn from major North American blackouts, discusses design challenges, and proposes the design of a Grid Integrity Management System (GIMS) to manage the required communication and computation to meet these challenges.

Microgrids are seen as an effective way to achieve reliable, resilient, and efficient operation o... more Microgrids are seen as an effective way to achieve reliable, resilient, and efficient operation of the power distribution system. Core functions of the microgrid control system are defined by the IEEE standard 2030.7; however, the algorithms that realize these functions are not standardized, and are a topic of research. Furthermore, the corresponding controller hardware, operating system, and communication system to implement these functions vary significantly from one implementation to the next. In this paper, we introduce an open-source platform, Resilient Information Architecture Platform for the Smart Grid (RIAPS), ideally suited for implementing and deploying distributed microgrid control algorithms. RIAPS provides a design-time tool suite for development and deployment of distributed microgrid control algorithms. With support from a number of run-time platform services, developed algorithms can be easily implemented and deployed into real microgrids. To demonstrate the unique features of RIAPS, we propose and implement a distributed microgrid secondary control algorithm capable of synchronized and proportional compensation of voltage unbalance using distributed generators. Test results show the effectiveness of the proposed control and the salient features of the RIAPS platform.

In recent years much of the discussion involving "smart grids" has implicitly involved only the d... more In recent years much of the discussion involving "smart grids" has implicitly involved only the distribution side, notably advanced metering. However, today's electric grids have many challenges involving the rest of the gridthe bulk power system-that can be mitigated by making it more intelligent. An enabling technology for helping the bulk power system that has emerged in recent years is coherent, real-time data such as synchrophasors. In this paper we describe major challenges facing electrical generation and transmission today, including distributed generation (both microgrids and renewables), that availability of these measurements can help address. We overview applications utilizing coherent, real-time measurements that are in use today, or proposed by researchers. We then describe, normalize, and then quantitatively compare key factors for these power applications that influence how the delivery system should be planned, implemented, and managed. These include whether a person or computer is in the loop; and for both inputs and outputs: low latency, rate, criticality, quantity, and geographic scope. This represents a significant expansion of the NASPInet Service Class concept. From this, we derive the baseline communications requirements of a data delivery system supporting these applications and suggest implementation guidelines to achieve them. Next, we overview the state of the art in the supporting computer science areas of networking and distributed computing (including middleware), and analyze gaps in available network protocols, commercial middleware products, and utility standards in this area. We finally overview the emerging NASPInet as well as WSU's GridStat project, which since 1999 has been defining, designing, developing, and deploying middleware to meet these emerging needs of the bulk power system. 1 This paper is a significantly expanded version of an invited paper for Proceedings of the IEEE.

Remedial Action Schemes (RAS) are emergency protection schemes that are designed to act in case o... more Remedial Action Schemes (RAS) are emergency protection schemes that are designed to act in case of extreme contingency scenarios. RAS generally take strong control actions that may prevent major blackouts. No testing method has been implemented to test the operation of such an important scheme after RAS is commissioned in the field. Development of an in-field RAS testing method requires moving data between substation and test data facility within reasonable time as well as following set of standards. Erkios is a fault-tolerant middleware framework that provides a novel method to test RAS remotely after being commissioned in the field. This paper explains the development and integration of real time testbed with Erkios to facilitate cyber-physical simulation of end-to-end in-field testing of RAS. The standards and cyber physical requirements for developing such a testbed are analyzed and the simulation results are shown.

Pullman. They all made the stay so much more enjoyable. Finally, I would like to thank the differ... more Pullman. They all made the stay so much more enjoyable. Finally, I would like to thank the different organizations that have funded me throughout my studies. I have received teaching and research assistantship as well as a teaching fellowship

Systemic meta-data is crucial for creating adaptive distributed applications. But managing system... more Systemic meta-data is crucial for creating adaptive distributed applications. But managing systemic meta-data is extremely complex and currently is done either ad hoc or simply ignored. QoS savvy CORBA middleware is the appropriate place to manage systemic meta-data. In this position paper we outline the issues involved in this management.

Electric grids are increasingly relying on communication as grids get more stressed due to increa... more Electric grids are increasingly relying on communication as grids get more stressed due to increasing penetration of renewables, inadequate transmission growth, and other factors. The IEEE detailed power system models have been widely used in power research. But lack of communication topologies or requirements leads to difficulties for results comparison or guidelines for utilities. Further, power grid communication often meet latency requirement by application during the steady state since in such state light traffic are generated. However, identical requirements can be stringent in the bulk power system over hundreds of miles especially when bursty aperiodic event messages are generated during a power disturbance. To address these shortcomings, this paper presents a detailed model of realistic communication for IEEE-14 bus system. Simulation measurement shows significant effects of bursty traffic from GOOSE disturbance event message over Wide Area Network on the delays suffered by other periodic traffic such as synchrophasor data, SCADA polling data, and Sampled Value exchanged between substations. The results also reveals significant scalability issues of centralized control center architecture.

IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, May 1, 2017

Electric power systems are going through a major upgrade with the integration of advanced technol... more Electric power systems are going through a major upgrade with the integration of advanced technologies to enable the smarter electric grid (SEG). The SEG will use information and communications technology to have enhanced controllability and will become more interactive. This ongoing change also necessitates educating professionals and future generation of engineers to manage evolving complexity of the electric grid. This paper presents experiences in the design and teaching of a unique multidisciplinary team-taught course on smart grid cyber infrastructure to provide a new generation of engineers with a solid foundation of smart grid concepts and their associated challenges. This paper identifies the course topics covered, learning objectives, and assessment activities for the class as well as lessons learned based on course evaluations obtained from multiple offerings. All of the course material is available in public domain and can be easily adopted at another educational institution.

OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information), Jan 2, 2018

OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information), Feb 2, 2016

We would like to take this opportunity to welcome you all to the very first workshop on Software ... more We would like to take this opportunity to welcome you all to the very first workshop on Software Engineering for the Smart Grid (SE4SG 2012). The workshop focuses on understanding and identifying the unique challenges and opportunities for Software Engineering (SE) to contribute to and enhance the design and development of the smart grid. In smart grids, the geographical scale, requirements on realtime performance and reliability, and diversity of application functionality all combine to produce a unique, highly demanding problem domain for software engineers to address. The objective of this workshop is to bring together members of the software engineering community and the power engineering community to understand these requirements and determine the most appropriate software engineering tools, methods and techniques. We had a total of sixteen submissions, of which eleven were accepted. All papers, including those submitted by the organizing and program committee, were reviewed by three independent referees to ensure the papers were reporting novel and relevant work. We are very encouraged by this number of submissions, which indicates considerable interest in this area. The program that has been put together by the program committee touches on four main themes: use cases, architecture and design, modeling and quality of service and analysis and frameworks. All of these areas are fundamental to the future success of building the smart gird, and will allow the workshop to delve deeply into the fundamental challenges we all face in this software engineering domain. After the workshop, we will produce a workshop report that describes the discussions and maps out the future agenda for software engineering research for the smart grid.

IGI Global eBooks, May 26, 2010

In peer-to-peer (P2P) service-oriented environments, a peer may need to interact with unknown pee... more In peer-to-peer (P2P) service-oriented environments, a peer may need to interact with unknown peers for the services or products provided. Thus the trust evaluation prior to and posterior to interactions becomes a very important issue, which may be based on other peers’ recommendations/evaluations. This chapter presents a dynamic peer trust evaluation model, which aims to measure responding peers’ recommendation trust, and hence filter out low credibility recommendations and obtain more accurate and objective trust values. In our model, prior to any interaction with an unknown peer (target peer), the mean trust value results from the evaluations (recommendations) given by responding peers. Posterior to interactions with the target peer, the trust values are aggregated from both responding peers’ recommendations and the requesting peer’s experience. On aggregating trust values, the weight to the requesting peer’s evaluation becomes bigger and bigger. Meanwhile, during this process, the credibility (recommendation trust) of each responding peer’s recommendation can be measured round by round. This helps filter out low credibility peers and improve the trust evaluation accuracy.

The diversity of the kinds of interactions between principals in distributed computing systems ha... more The diversity of the kinds of interactions between principals in distributed computing systems has expanded rapidly in recent years. However, the state of the art in trust management is not yet sufficient to support this diversity of interactions. This dissertation presents a rationale and design for much richer trust management than it is possible today. To do so, it presents a set of requirements for more generalized trust management, an analysis of why they are needed, and how the state of the art in trust management to date does not meet them. It then presents the design of Hestia, our trust management framework. Hestia supports dynamic trust, which enables the specification and management of trust relationships which can be re-evaluated over the lifetime of a relationship. Hestia also supports the composition of trust relationships, which supports indirect interactions between principals as is the case with publish-subscribe systems. Finally, Hestia handles trust for both access control purposes and for reasoning about the quality of (possibly aggregated) data provided by a set of principals. This dissertation also presents formalisms for dynamic and composable trust.

IEEE Systems Journal, Jun 1, 2022

This white paper describes preliminary research on the use of progressive control strategies to i... more This white paper describes preliminary research on the use of progressive control strategies to improve the advanced electric power grid's resilience to major grid disturbances. The proposed approach calls to leverage real-time wide-area monitoring and control capabilities to provide globally coordinated distributed control actions under stressed conditions. To that end, the paper illustrates the proposed concept using case studies drawn from major North American blackouts, discusses design challenges, and proposes the design of a Grid Integrity Management System (GIMS) to manage the required communication and computation to meet these challenges.

Microgrids are seen as an effective way to achieve reliable, resilient, and efficient operation o... more Microgrids are seen as an effective way to achieve reliable, resilient, and efficient operation of the power distribution system. Core functions of the microgrid control system are defined by the IEEE standard 2030.7; however, the algorithms that realize these functions are not standardized, and are a topic of research. Furthermore, the corresponding controller hardware, operating system, and communication system to implement these functions vary significantly from one implementation to the next. In this paper, we introduce an open-source platform, Resilient Information Architecture Platform for the Smart Grid (RIAPS), ideally suited for implementing and deploying distributed microgrid control algorithms. RIAPS provides a design-time tool suite for development and deployment of distributed microgrid control algorithms. With support from a number of run-time platform services, developed algorithms can be easily implemented and deployed into real microgrids. To demonstrate the unique features of RIAPS, we propose and implement a distributed microgrid secondary control algorithm capable of synchronized and proportional compensation of voltage unbalance using distributed generators. Test results show the effectiveness of the proposed control and the salient features of the RIAPS platform.

In recent years much of the discussion involving "smart grids" has implicitly involved only the d... more In recent years much of the discussion involving "smart grids" has implicitly involved only the distribution side, notably advanced metering. However, today's electric grids have many challenges involving the rest of the gridthe bulk power system-that can be mitigated by making it more intelligent. An enabling technology for helping the bulk power system that has emerged in recent years is coherent, real-time data such as synchrophasors. In this paper we describe major challenges facing electrical generation and transmission today, including distributed generation (both microgrids and renewables), that availability of these measurements can help address. We overview applications utilizing coherent, real-time measurements that are in use today, or proposed by researchers. We then describe, normalize, and then quantitatively compare key factors for these power applications that influence how the delivery system should be planned, implemented, and managed. These include whether a person or computer is in the loop; and for both inputs and outputs: low latency, rate, criticality, quantity, and geographic scope. This represents a significant expansion of the NASPInet Service Class concept. From this, we derive the baseline communications requirements of a data delivery system supporting these applications and suggest implementation guidelines to achieve them. Next, we overview the state of the art in the supporting computer science areas of networking and distributed computing (including middleware), and analyze gaps in available network protocols, commercial middleware products, and utility standards in this area. We finally overview the emerging NASPInet as well as WSU's GridStat project, which since 1999 has been defining, designing, developing, and deploying middleware to meet these emerging needs of the bulk power system. 1 This paper is a significantly expanded version of an invited paper for Proceedings of the IEEE.

Remedial Action Schemes (RAS) are emergency protection schemes that are designed to act in case o... more Remedial Action Schemes (RAS) are emergency protection schemes that are designed to act in case of extreme contingency scenarios. RAS generally take strong control actions that may prevent major blackouts. No testing method has been implemented to test the operation of such an important scheme after RAS is commissioned in the field. Development of an in-field RAS testing method requires moving data between substation and test data facility within reasonable time as well as following set of standards. Erkios is a fault-tolerant middleware framework that provides a novel method to test RAS remotely after being commissioned in the field. This paper explains the development and integration of real time testbed with Erkios to facilitate cyber-physical simulation of end-to-end in-field testing of RAS. The standards and cyber physical requirements for developing such a testbed are analyzed and the simulation results are shown.

Pullman. They all made the stay so much more enjoyable. Finally, I would like to thank the differ... more Pullman. They all made the stay so much more enjoyable. Finally, I would like to thank the different organizations that have funded me throughout my studies. I have received teaching and research assistantship as well as a teaching fellowship

Systemic meta-data is crucial for creating adaptive distributed applications. But managing system... more Systemic meta-data is crucial for creating adaptive distributed applications. But managing systemic meta-data is extremely complex and currently is done either ad hoc or simply ignored. QoS savvy CORBA middleware is the appropriate place to manage systemic meta-data. In this position paper we outline the issues involved in this management.

Electric grids are increasingly relying on communication as grids get more stressed due to increa... more Electric grids are increasingly relying on communication as grids get more stressed due to increasing penetration of renewables, inadequate transmission growth, and other factors. The IEEE detailed power system models have been widely used in power research. But lack of communication topologies or requirements leads to difficulties for results comparison or guidelines for utilities. Further, power grid communication often meet latency requirement by application during the steady state since in such state light traffic are generated. However, identical requirements can be stringent in the bulk power system over hundreds of miles especially when bursty aperiodic event messages are generated during a power disturbance. To address these shortcomings, this paper presents a detailed model of realistic communication for IEEE-14 bus system. Simulation measurement shows significant effects of bursty traffic from GOOSE disturbance event message over Wide Area Network on the delays suffered by other periodic traffic such as synchrophasor data, SCADA polling data, and Sampled Value exchanged between substations. The results also reveals significant scalability issues of centralized control center architecture.

IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, May 1, 2017

Electric power systems are going through a major upgrade with the integration of advanced technol... more Electric power systems are going through a major upgrade with the integration of advanced technologies to enable the smarter electric grid (SEG). The SEG will use information and communications technology to have enhanced controllability and will become more interactive. This ongoing change also necessitates educating professionals and future generation of engineers to manage evolving complexity of the electric grid. This paper presents experiences in the design and teaching of a unique multidisciplinary team-taught course on smart grid cyber infrastructure to provide a new generation of engineers with a solid foundation of smart grid concepts and their associated challenges. This paper identifies the course topics covered, learning objectives, and assessment activities for the class as well as lessons learned based on course evaluations obtained from multiple offerings. All of the course material is available in public domain and can be easily adopted at another educational institution.