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Papers by Jakob Wallinga
Grondboor & hamer, Dec 1, 2020
Journal of Archaeological Science, 2015
The red-bed site of Kokkinopilos is an emblematic and yet also most enigmatic open-air Palaeolith... more The red-bed site of Kokkinopilos is an emblematic and yet also most enigmatic open-air Palaeolithic site in Greece, stimulating controversy ever since its discovery in 1962. While early research raised claims for stratigraphically in situ artifacts, later scholars considered the material reworked and of low archaeological value, a theory that was soon to be challenged again by the discovery of in situ lithics, including handaxes. Here we present results of a latest and long-term research that includes geoarchaeological assessments, geomorphological mapping and luminescence dating. We show that the site preserves an overall undisturbed sedimentary sequence related to an ephemeral lake, marked by palaeosols and stratigraphic units with Palaeolithic material that is geologically in situ and hence datable. Our study resolves the issues that have been the source of controversy: the depositional environment, stratigraphic integrity, chronological placement and archaeological potential of the site. Moreover, the minimum ages obtained through luminescence dating demonstrate that the lithic component with bifacial specimens considerably pre-dates the last interglacial and therefore comprises the earliest stratigraphically defined and radiometrically-assessed archaeological material in Greece. Kokkinopilos has served as a reference site for the interpretation of all other red-bed sites in northwest Greece, therefore our results have significantly wider implications: by analogy to Kokkinopilos, the open-air sites of Epirus should not anymore be considered 'by default' as inscrutable palimpsests with limited archaeological potential; rather, these sites can be excavated and chronologically constrained. This realization opens up new prospects for future research in Epirus, an area that is the most prolific in Palaeolithic remains in Greece.
EGU General Assembly 2009, held 19-24 April, 2009 in Vienna, Austria http://meetings. copernicus. org/egu2009, p. 12567, Apr 1, 2009
Abrupt climatic changes during Oxygen Isotope Stage 3 (OIS-3 or Weichselian Middle Pleniglacial) ... more Abrupt climatic changes during Oxygen Isotope Stage 3 (OIS-3 or Weichselian Middle Pleniglacial) are revealed in the oxygen isotope records of the Greenland ice cores and in the North Atlantic marine cores. In the Greenland ice cores, these so-called D/O cycles start with a rapid warming of 5-10˚ C within a few decades, followed by a phase of gradual cooling over several hundred to more than a thousand years and often end with a final reduction in temperature back to cold, stadial conditions. On the adjacent European ...
Westaway and Bridgland (2010) present a palaeoflow estimation for the Channel River, partly based... more Westaway and Bridgland (2010) present a palaeoflow estimation for the Channel River, partly based on calculations using input from the Busschers et al.(2007) Rhine–Meuse dataset. There are flaws in these calculations. Westaway and Bridgland calculate high-magnitude 'bankfull'palaeoflows (Qbf) for presumed critical periods within Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2 and MIS 6.
Geomorphology, 2008
Interest in the Holocene development of small to medium-sized river catchments in Western and Cen... more Interest in the Holocene development of small to medium-sized river catchments in Western and Central Europe in relation to changes in land use and climate has increased over the past years. In this study we reconstruct the Holocene landscape development and fluvial dynamics of the Geul River (The Netherlands) and the main forcing mechanisms of environmental change. Field studies were carried out and we used OSL and 14 C dating methods to reconstruct the Holocene valley development. Our study shows that 2 periods of deforestation (during the Roman Period and the High Middle Ages) led to severe soil erosion and increased floodplain sedimentation in the catchment of the Geul River, possibly combined with periods of increased wetness during the High Middle Ages. Alluvial fans have been active since the Roman deforestation phase. Our results show that the Geul catchment is highly sensitive to changes in land use.
Geochronometria
Previous studies have indicated that the OSL signal from coarser grain-size fractions might be mo... more Previous studies have indicated that the OSL signal from coarser grain-size fractions might be more completely reset during fluvial transport. In this study we investigate whether this feature is real, or rather an artefact of thermal transfer effects that might affect finer grains more due to smaller thermal lag during heat treatment. Our experimental results obtained on three grain-size fractions (90-125, 180-212 and 425-500 µm) clearly show that better bleaching of coarser grains is not caused by differences in thermal transfer. On the basis of our results we advise selecting a coarse grain size for analysis when dating young fluvial deposits.
Reconstruction of overbank sedimentation rates over the past decades to centuries can give insigh... more Reconstruction of overbank sedimentation rates over the past decades to centuries can give insight into future floodplain dynamics, and provide a basis for efficient and sustainable floodplain management. We compared the results of four independent reconstruction methods, and investigated their optimal temporal and spatial range of application. These ranges differ by method, but show significant overlap. Results from a crosssection at Neerijnen show that dating results are generally in agreement, although some discrepancies deserve further attention.
Reconstruction of overbank sedimentation rates over the past decades to centuries can give insigh... more Reconstruction of overbank sedimentation rates over the past decades to centuries can give insight into future floodplain dynamics, and provide a basis for efficient and sustainable floodplain management. We compared the results of four independent reconstruction methods, and investigated their optimal temporal and spatial range of application. These ranges differ by method, but show significant overlap. Results from a crosssection at Neerijnen show that dating results are generally in agreement, although some discrepancies deserve further attention.
Reconstruction of overbank sedimentation rates over the past decades to centuries can give insigh... more Reconstruction of overbank sedimentation rates over the past decades to centuries can give insight into future floodplain dynamics, and provide a basis for efficient and sustainable floodplain management. We compared the results of four independent reconstruction methods, and investigated their optimal temporal and spatial range of application. These ranges differ by method, but show significant overlap. Results from a crosssection at Neerijnen show that dating results are generally in agreement, although some discrepancies deserve further attention.
Grondboor & hamer, Dec 1, 2020
Journal of Archaeological Science, 2015
The red-bed site of Kokkinopilos is an emblematic and yet also most enigmatic open-air Palaeolith... more The red-bed site of Kokkinopilos is an emblematic and yet also most enigmatic open-air Palaeolithic site in Greece, stimulating controversy ever since its discovery in 1962. While early research raised claims for stratigraphically in situ artifacts, later scholars considered the material reworked and of low archaeological value, a theory that was soon to be challenged again by the discovery of in situ lithics, including handaxes. Here we present results of a latest and long-term research that includes geoarchaeological assessments, geomorphological mapping and luminescence dating. We show that the site preserves an overall undisturbed sedimentary sequence related to an ephemeral lake, marked by palaeosols and stratigraphic units with Palaeolithic material that is geologically in situ and hence datable. Our study resolves the issues that have been the source of controversy: the depositional environment, stratigraphic integrity, chronological placement and archaeological potential of the site. Moreover, the minimum ages obtained through luminescence dating demonstrate that the lithic component with bifacial specimens considerably pre-dates the last interglacial and therefore comprises the earliest stratigraphically defined and radiometrically-assessed archaeological material in Greece. Kokkinopilos has served as a reference site for the interpretation of all other red-bed sites in northwest Greece, therefore our results have significantly wider implications: by analogy to Kokkinopilos, the open-air sites of Epirus should not anymore be considered 'by default' as inscrutable palimpsests with limited archaeological potential; rather, these sites can be excavated and chronologically constrained. This realization opens up new prospects for future research in Epirus, an area that is the most prolific in Palaeolithic remains in Greece.
EGU General Assembly 2009, held 19-24 April, 2009 in Vienna, Austria http://meetings. copernicus. org/egu2009, p. 12567, Apr 1, 2009
Abrupt climatic changes during Oxygen Isotope Stage 3 (OIS-3 or Weichselian Middle Pleniglacial) ... more Abrupt climatic changes during Oxygen Isotope Stage 3 (OIS-3 or Weichselian Middle Pleniglacial) are revealed in the oxygen isotope records of the Greenland ice cores and in the North Atlantic marine cores. In the Greenland ice cores, these so-called D/O cycles start with a rapid warming of 5-10˚ C within a few decades, followed by a phase of gradual cooling over several hundred to more than a thousand years and often end with a final reduction in temperature back to cold, stadial conditions. On the adjacent European ...
Westaway and Bridgland (2010) present a palaeoflow estimation for the Channel River, partly based... more Westaway and Bridgland (2010) present a palaeoflow estimation for the Channel River, partly based on calculations using input from the Busschers et al.(2007) Rhine–Meuse dataset. There are flaws in these calculations. Westaway and Bridgland calculate high-magnitude 'bankfull'palaeoflows (Qbf) for presumed critical periods within Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2 and MIS 6.
Geomorphology, 2008
Interest in the Holocene development of small to medium-sized river catchments in Western and Cen... more Interest in the Holocene development of small to medium-sized river catchments in Western and Central Europe in relation to changes in land use and climate has increased over the past years. In this study we reconstruct the Holocene landscape development and fluvial dynamics of the Geul River (The Netherlands) and the main forcing mechanisms of environmental change. Field studies were carried out and we used OSL and 14 C dating methods to reconstruct the Holocene valley development. Our study shows that 2 periods of deforestation (during the Roman Period and the High Middle Ages) led to severe soil erosion and increased floodplain sedimentation in the catchment of the Geul River, possibly combined with periods of increased wetness during the High Middle Ages. Alluvial fans have been active since the Roman deforestation phase. Our results show that the Geul catchment is highly sensitive to changes in land use.
Geochronometria
Previous studies have indicated that the OSL signal from coarser grain-size fractions might be mo... more Previous studies have indicated that the OSL signal from coarser grain-size fractions might be more completely reset during fluvial transport. In this study we investigate whether this feature is real, or rather an artefact of thermal transfer effects that might affect finer grains more due to smaller thermal lag during heat treatment. Our experimental results obtained on three grain-size fractions (90-125, 180-212 and 425-500 µm) clearly show that better bleaching of coarser grains is not caused by differences in thermal transfer. On the basis of our results we advise selecting a coarse grain size for analysis when dating young fluvial deposits.
Reconstruction of overbank sedimentation rates over the past decades to centuries can give insigh... more Reconstruction of overbank sedimentation rates over the past decades to centuries can give insight into future floodplain dynamics, and provide a basis for efficient and sustainable floodplain management. We compared the results of four independent reconstruction methods, and investigated their optimal temporal and spatial range of application. These ranges differ by method, but show significant overlap. Results from a crosssection at Neerijnen show that dating results are generally in agreement, although some discrepancies deserve further attention.
Reconstruction of overbank sedimentation rates over the past decades to centuries can give insigh... more Reconstruction of overbank sedimentation rates over the past decades to centuries can give insight into future floodplain dynamics, and provide a basis for efficient and sustainable floodplain management. We compared the results of four independent reconstruction methods, and investigated their optimal temporal and spatial range of application. These ranges differ by method, but show significant overlap. Results from a crosssection at Neerijnen show that dating results are generally in agreement, although some discrepancies deserve further attention.
Reconstruction of overbank sedimentation rates over the past decades to centuries can give insigh... more Reconstruction of overbank sedimentation rates over the past decades to centuries can give insight into future floodplain dynamics, and provide a basis for efficient and sustainable floodplain management. We compared the results of four independent reconstruction methods, and investigated their optimal temporal and spatial range of application. These ranges differ by method, but show significant overlap. Results from a crosssection at Neerijnen show that dating results are generally in agreement, although some discrepancies deserve further attention.
Multidisciplinary analysis including paleomagnetic, sedimentologic, sea-level change, luminescenc... more Multidisciplinary analysis including paleomagnetic, sedimentologic, sea-level change, luminescence dating and palynologic research was performed on a 25 m long orientated core taken at Rutten, close to Eemian key localities in the Netherlands. The main goal of our research was to test a possible delayed onset of temperate conditions in this region compared to Southern Europe, occurring within the Last Interglacial. The sediments revealed the presence of the paleomagnetic Blake Event in ca. 10 meters of lower-deltaic floodbasin sediments that contain a pollen record covering the Eemian. The position of the Blake Event in relation to the pollen stratigraphy concurs with the earlier studied Neumark Nord 2 site. Paleomagnetic correlation to core MD95-2042 off SW Iberia indicates ca. 5 kyr diachroneity between the pollen-based onset of temperate interglacial conditions between northern and southern Europe. The onset of the Eemian in north-western and central Europe (ca. 121.0 ka) post-dates the Marine Isotope Stage 6/5e transition by ca. 10 kyr. In addition, the Rutten data provide evidence for a relatively long duration of the Blake Event of at least 8 kyr. The late onset of the temperate conditions that define the base of the Eemian, imply that NW Europe with the Eemian type area is not the most suited region to define the beginning of the Last Interglacial and Late Pleistocene for global chronostratigraphic use.