Bernhard Krabina | Vienna University of Economics and Business (original) (raw)
Papers by Bernhard Krabina
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2018
Local governments have increasingly been applying an open and collaborative approach towards publ... more Local governments have increasingly been applying an open and collaborative approach towards public management during the last years. Accordingly, they aim at increasing accessibility by releasing public data and providing participative decision-making arenas. 'Open government' has also been implemented in Austrian municipalities. This paper takes stock of the current status of open government implementation in Austria by analyzing survey data from city managers. Findings indicate that Austrian municipalities choose releasing public data over involving citizens in decision-making. Although public managers seem to value the principles of an open government, a successful implementation of open government is hampered by resource constraints.
Public Administration Review
Journal of Web Semantics
While research on semantic wikis is declining, Semantic MediaWiki (SMW) can still play an importa... more While research on semantic wikis is declining, Semantic MediaWiki (SMW) can still play an important role in the emerging field of knowledge graph curation.
The Vienna History Wiki, a large knowledge base curated by the city government in collaboration with other institutions and the general public, provides an ideal use case for demonstrating strengths and weaknesses of SMW as well as discussing the challenges of co-curation in a cultural heritage setting. This paper describes processes like collaborative editing, interlinking unique identifiers on the web, sharing data with Wikidata, making use of Schema.org, and other ontologies. It presents insights
from a user survey, access statistics, and a knowledge graph analysis.
This work contributes to the scarce research in wiki usage outside of the Wikipedia ecosystem as well as to the field of community-based knowledge graph curation. The availability of a now significantly improved RDF representation indicates future directions for research and practice.
ISWC (Posters/Demos/Industry), 2021
This paper presents an ongoing research where we study the problem of embedding meta-data enriche... more This paper presents an ongoing research where we study the problem of embedding meta-data enriched graphs, with a focus on knowledge graphs in a vector space with transformer based deep neural networks. Experimentally, we compare ceteris paribus the performance of a transformer-based model with other non-transformer approaches. Due to their recent success in natural language processing we hypothesize that the former is superior in performance. We test this hypothesizes by comparing the performance of transformer embeddings with nontransformer embeddings on different downstream tasks. Our research might contribute to a better understanding of how random walks influence the learning of features, which might be useful in the design of deep learning architectures for graphs when the input is generated with random walks.
This entry has been realised in the framework of the H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018 project "LoGov - L... more This entry has been realised in the framework of the H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018 project "LoGov - Local Government and the Changing Urban-Rural Interplay". LoGov aims to provide solutions for local governments that address the fundamental challenges resulting from urbanisation. To address this complex issue, 18 partners from 17 countries and six continents share their expertise and knowledge in the realms of public law, political science, and public administration. LoGov identifies, evaluates, compares, and shares innovative practices that cope with the impact of changing urban-rural relations in five major local government areas: (1) local responsibilities and public services, (2) local financial arrangements, (3) structure of local government, (4) intergovernmental relations of local governments, and (5) people's participation in local decision-making. The present entry addresses people's participation in local decision-making in Austria. The entry forms part of the LoG...
This entry has been realised in the framework of the H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018 project "LoGov - L... more This entry has been realised in the framework of the H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018 project "LoGov - Local Government and the Changing Urban-Rural Interplay". LoGov aims to provide solutions for local governments that address the fundamental challenges resulting from urbanisation. To address this complex issue, 18 partners from 17 countries and six continents share their expertise and knowledge in the realms of public law, political science, and public administration. LoGov identifies, evaluates, compares, and shares innovative practices that cope with the impact of changing urban-rural relations in five major local government areas: (1) local responsibilities and public services, (2) local financial arrangements, (3) structure of local government, (4) intergovernmental relations of local governments, and (5) people's participation in local decision-making. The present entry addresses local financial arrangements in Austria. The entry forms part of the LoGov Report on Austria. T...
This presentation was presented at KGC 2021.
This paper presents an on-going research where we studythe problem of embedding meta-data enriche... more This paper presents an on-going research where we studythe problem of embedding meta-data enriched graphs, with a focus onknowledge graphs in a vector space with transformer based deep neuralnetworks. Experimentally, we compare ceteris paribus the performance ofa transformer-based model with other non-transformer approaches. Dueto their recent success in natural language processing we hypothesizethat the former is superior in performance. We test this hypothesizesby comparing the performance of transformer embeddings with non-transformer embeddings on different downstream tasks. Our researchmight contribute to a better understanding of how random walks in-fluence the learning of features, which might be useful in the design ofdeep learning architectures for graphs when the input is generated withrandom walks.
3 The paradigm shift from cash-based to accrual accounting in the public finances of Austrian mun... more 3 The paradigm shift from cash-based to accrual accounting in the public finances of Austrian municipalities as of 2020, together with the availability of uniform spending data from Austria provides an ideal environment to research the potential of Wikidata for improving awareness of public finance information. The importance of publicly available municipal finance information is of significant interest for citizens to ensure trust in public spending and governance at a local level. It is all the more surprising that such spending data is hardly available. The present paper is a first push towards integrating comparable municipal finance data into Wikidata. Our analysis reveals a lack of joint, standardized representation of common public spending data. Thus we have begun seeding Wikidata with a unified corpus of finance data from 379 Austrian municipalities by batch uploading, re-using already existing properties. Our approach is a first step towards the question whether and how Wi...
The FINA wiki is a Semantic MediaWiki (SMW) supporting numismatic research showing how digital cu... more The FINA wiki is a Semantic MediaWiki (SMW) supporting numismatic research showing how digital curation can be facilitated. It focuses on curation of non-published material such as letters or manuscript sources scattered over archives and libraries across the world and previously neglected by scholars. A vast number of knowledge visualisations like maps, timelines, charts, word clouds or flow charts provide researchers with better support for handling large amount of content. With a simple mechanism, SMW can query Wikidata and users adding content can decide to use the suggested Wikidata IDs as point of reference. By leveraging Semantic Web standards, SMW instances can ensure long-term viability of valuable digital content.
Local governments have increasingly been applying an open and collaborative approach towards publ... more Local governments have increasingly been applying an open and collaborative approach towards public management during the last years. Accordingly, they aim at increasing accessibility by releasing public data and providing participative decision-making arenas. ‘Open government’ has also been implemented in Austrian municipalities. This paper takes stock of the current status of open government implementation in Austria by analyzing survey data from city managers. Findings indicate that Austrian municipalities choose releasing public data over involving citizens in decision-making. Although public managers seem to value the principles of an open government, a successful implementation of open government is hampered by resource constraints.
Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Open Collaboration, 2015
The Vienna City Archive and the Vienna City Library have joined forces with several other institu... more The Vienna City Archive and the Vienna City Library have joined forces with several other institutions in Vienna, Austria to create the "Wien Geschichte Wiki" (Vienna History Wiki), a knowledge platform for the history of Vienna with more than 34,000 articles and 120,000 visits per month. The wiki is powered by Semantic MediaWiki and serves not only as an online encyclopedia, based on a digitized printed publication for everybody to use and contribute to, but also as a central knowledge base for several administrative departments of the city administration. In a peerreview process, wiki edits are checked before they become visible. The paper highlights the unique aspects of the Vienna History Wiki related to content creation, governance structures and technology choices. A usage log analysis and an online survey have been carried out to gain first insights after six months of operation.
Handbuch E-Government, 2019
Open Government als Modernisierungskonzept ist eine Weiterfuhrung von Good Governance und beantwo... more Open Government als Modernisierungskonzept ist eine Weiterfuhrung von Good Governance und beantwortet die Frage, wie Regierungs- und Verwaltungshandeln ausgestaltet sein soll. Aus einer Analyse des zeitlichen, wertebezogenen und territorialen Kontexts folgt die Erkenntnis, dass Open Data als das zentrale Innovationskonzept der letzten Jahre gesehen werden kann. Die Chancen und Herausforderungen werden entlang technischer, wirtschaftlicher, rechtlicher, politischer, gesellschaftlicher, organisatorischer und verwaltungsokonomischer Argumente diskutiert.
HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik, 2009
Semantic Wikis als Alternative zu "klassischen" Wiki-Systemen vereinen die Vorteile des kollabora... more Semantic Wikis als Alternative zu "klassischen" Wiki-Systemen vereinen die Vorteile des kollaborativen Ansatzes der Wissenserstellung und-bewertung von Social Software und der strukturierten Herangehensweise des Semantic Web beim Aufbau von Wissensbasen. Darüber hinaus bauen semantische Wikis auf Spezifikationen des Semantic Web auf, das eine immer wichtigere Rolle dabei spielt, eine globale Infrastruktur für semantisch interoperable Datenmodelle bereitzustellen, auf die anwendungsübergreifend interpretierbare Datenbestände bzw. Services aufsetzen können. Die öffentliche Verwaltung scheint offensichtlich ein ebenso geeignetes Segment zu sein, um die Idee eines "(Semantic) Web of Data" im großen Stil zu adaptieren, wie dies die Lebenswissenschaften in den letzten Jahren mit zählbaren Erfolgen bereits vorexerziert haben. Anhand des konkreten Fallbeispiels "Plattform Verwaltungskooperation", die im Kern als semantisches Wiki realisiert wurde, soll dieser Beitrag zeigen, welches Nutzenpotential für das E-Government in einem semantischen Web entstehen kann.
Verwaltung & Management, 2011
17. Jg. (2011), Heft 5, S. 239-241 239 Bernhard Krabina KDZ – Zentrum für Verwaltungsforschung, W... more 17. Jg. (2011), Heft 5, S. 239-241 239 Bernhard Krabina KDZ – Zentrum für Verwaltungsforschung, Wien Um auf die Veröffentlichung von Daten im Rahmen von OpenGovernment-Data-Initiativen vorbereitet zu sein, hat das KDZ einen Katalog von zehn Kriterien für ein internes Datenmonitoring veröffentlicht. Diese Kriterien helfen dabei, für die Veröffentlichung geeignete Daten zu identifizieren und zu priorisieren. Die Kriterien sind Geheimhaltung/rechtliche Hindernisse, Personenbezug, Unternehmensbezug, Urheberrecht, Nutzen, Kosten, Inhaltliche Datenqualität, Technische Verfügbarkeit, Synergie sowie Einhaltung der OGD-Prinzipien. Für jedes Kriterium sind eine Beschreibung sowie ein Bewertungsraster von 0-5 Punkten verfügbar. Internes Datenmonitoring für Open Government Data
»Wissensmanagement wird erwachsen« - so lautete der Titel des Keynote- Vortrags von Klaus North f... more »Wissensmanagement wird erwachsen« - so lautete der Titel des Keynote- Vortrags von Klaus North für die Kremser Wissensmanagement-Tage 2012. In der Tat kann diese Disziplin schon auf fast 20 Jahre Entwicklung zurückblicken, und sie ist nach einigen Adoleszenzkrisen gut gerüstet für die Herausforderungen der Zukunft, so der Tenor der Beiträge dieser Tagung. Im Zentrum der Konferenz stand angewandtes Wissensmanagement, wobei der Dialog zwischen Wissenschaft und Praxis nicht zu kurz kam. Der Schwerpunkt der Beiträge dieses Bandes betrifft die Konzeption und den Einsatz von Social Software-Lösungen, Wissenskommunikation und Wissensnetzwerke. Doch auch blinde Flecken und interdisziplinäre Themen werden aufgespürt, wie die Bedeutung von Creditionen und Neuroleadership für das Wissensmanagement. Die 1. Wissensmanagement-Tage Krems fanden vom 8. bis 9. Mai 2012 an der Donau-Universität Krems in Kooperation mit dem Magazin wissensmanagement statt.
Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development
This chapter presents a case study of back-end information system implementation geared towards e... more This chapter presents a case study of back-end information system implementation geared towards encouraging e-Government development in Botswana. The case is an in depth analysis of the implementation of the Electronic Document and Records Management System (EDRMS) at the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI). The focus of this chapter is two-fold: 1) it highlights the factors that influence the adoption and usage of EDRMS by Action Officers and Records Officers at MTI and correspondingly outline EDRMS' facilitatation of information access in the realm of e-Government; and 2) aims to understand the initiatives that have been implemented to facilitate robust e-Government development in the public sector of Botswana. This chapter culminates from a pilot that was done prior to an on-going study hinged on unison objectives. The indicative list of factors explaining the adoption of EDRMS might explain the global perception of ICTs in the public sector in Botswana. The limitation of th...
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2018
Local governments have increasingly been applying an open and collaborative approach towards publ... more Local governments have increasingly been applying an open and collaborative approach towards public management during the last years. Accordingly, they aim at increasing accessibility by releasing public data and providing participative decision-making arenas. 'Open government' has also been implemented in Austrian municipalities. This paper takes stock of the current status of open government implementation in Austria by analyzing survey data from city managers. Findings indicate that Austrian municipalities choose releasing public data over involving citizens in decision-making. Although public managers seem to value the principles of an open government, a successful implementation of open government is hampered by resource constraints.
Public Administration Review
Journal of Web Semantics
While research on semantic wikis is declining, Semantic MediaWiki (SMW) can still play an importa... more While research on semantic wikis is declining, Semantic MediaWiki (SMW) can still play an important role in the emerging field of knowledge graph curation.
The Vienna History Wiki, a large knowledge base curated by the city government in collaboration with other institutions and the general public, provides an ideal use case for demonstrating strengths and weaknesses of SMW as well as discussing the challenges of co-curation in a cultural heritage setting. This paper describes processes like collaborative editing, interlinking unique identifiers on the web, sharing data with Wikidata, making use of Schema.org, and other ontologies. It presents insights
from a user survey, access statistics, and a knowledge graph analysis.
This work contributes to the scarce research in wiki usage outside of the Wikipedia ecosystem as well as to the field of community-based knowledge graph curation. The availability of a now significantly improved RDF representation indicates future directions for research and practice.
ISWC (Posters/Demos/Industry), 2021
This paper presents an ongoing research where we study the problem of embedding meta-data enriche... more This paper presents an ongoing research where we study the problem of embedding meta-data enriched graphs, with a focus on knowledge graphs in a vector space with transformer based deep neural networks. Experimentally, we compare ceteris paribus the performance of a transformer-based model with other non-transformer approaches. Due to their recent success in natural language processing we hypothesize that the former is superior in performance. We test this hypothesizes by comparing the performance of transformer embeddings with nontransformer embeddings on different downstream tasks. Our research might contribute to a better understanding of how random walks influence the learning of features, which might be useful in the design of deep learning architectures for graphs when the input is generated with random walks.
This entry has been realised in the framework of the H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018 project "LoGov - L... more This entry has been realised in the framework of the H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018 project "LoGov - Local Government and the Changing Urban-Rural Interplay". LoGov aims to provide solutions for local governments that address the fundamental challenges resulting from urbanisation. To address this complex issue, 18 partners from 17 countries and six continents share their expertise and knowledge in the realms of public law, political science, and public administration. LoGov identifies, evaluates, compares, and shares innovative practices that cope with the impact of changing urban-rural relations in five major local government areas: (1) local responsibilities and public services, (2) local financial arrangements, (3) structure of local government, (4) intergovernmental relations of local governments, and (5) people's participation in local decision-making. The present entry addresses people's participation in local decision-making in Austria. The entry forms part of the LoG...
This entry has been realised in the framework of the H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018 project "LoGov - L... more This entry has been realised in the framework of the H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018 project "LoGov - Local Government and the Changing Urban-Rural Interplay". LoGov aims to provide solutions for local governments that address the fundamental challenges resulting from urbanisation. To address this complex issue, 18 partners from 17 countries and six continents share their expertise and knowledge in the realms of public law, political science, and public administration. LoGov identifies, evaluates, compares, and shares innovative practices that cope with the impact of changing urban-rural relations in five major local government areas: (1) local responsibilities and public services, (2) local financial arrangements, (3) structure of local government, (4) intergovernmental relations of local governments, and (5) people's participation in local decision-making. The present entry addresses local financial arrangements in Austria. The entry forms part of the LoGov Report on Austria. T...
This presentation was presented at KGC 2021.
This paper presents an on-going research where we studythe problem of embedding meta-data enriche... more This paper presents an on-going research where we studythe problem of embedding meta-data enriched graphs, with a focus onknowledge graphs in a vector space with transformer based deep neuralnetworks. Experimentally, we compare ceteris paribus the performance ofa transformer-based model with other non-transformer approaches. Dueto their recent success in natural language processing we hypothesizethat the former is superior in performance. We test this hypothesizesby comparing the performance of transformer embeddings with non-transformer embeddings on different downstream tasks. Our researchmight contribute to a better understanding of how random walks in-fluence the learning of features, which might be useful in the design ofdeep learning architectures for graphs when the input is generated withrandom walks.
3 The paradigm shift from cash-based to accrual accounting in the public finances of Austrian mun... more 3 The paradigm shift from cash-based to accrual accounting in the public finances of Austrian municipalities as of 2020, together with the availability of uniform spending data from Austria provides an ideal environment to research the potential of Wikidata for improving awareness of public finance information. The importance of publicly available municipal finance information is of significant interest for citizens to ensure trust in public spending and governance at a local level. It is all the more surprising that such spending data is hardly available. The present paper is a first push towards integrating comparable municipal finance data into Wikidata. Our analysis reveals a lack of joint, standardized representation of common public spending data. Thus we have begun seeding Wikidata with a unified corpus of finance data from 379 Austrian municipalities by batch uploading, re-using already existing properties. Our approach is a first step towards the question whether and how Wi...
The FINA wiki is a Semantic MediaWiki (SMW) supporting numismatic research showing how digital cu... more The FINA wiki is a Semantic MediaWiki (SMW) supporting numismatic research showing how digital curation can be facilitated. It focuses on curation of non-published material such as letters or manuscript sources scattered over archives and libraries across the world and previously neglected by scholars. A vast number of knowledge visualisations like maps, timelines, charts, word clouds or flow charts provide researchers with better support for handling large amount of content. With a simple mechanism, SMW can query Wikidata and users adding content can decide to use the suggested Wikidata IDs as point of reference. By leveraging Semantic Web standards, SMW instances can ensure long-term viability of valuable digital content.
Local governments have increasingly been applying an open and collaborative approach towards publ... more Local governments have increasingly been applying an open and collaborative approach towards public management during the last years. Accordingly, they aim at increasing accessibility by releasing public data and providing participative decision-making arenas. ‘Open government’ has also been implemented in Austrian municipalities. This paper takes stock of the current status of open government implementation in Austria by analyzing survey data from city managers. Findings indicate that Austrian municipalities choose releasing public data over involving citizens in decision-making. Although public managers seem to value the principles of an open government, a successful implementation of open government is hampered by resource constraints.
Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Open Collaboration, 2015
The Vienna City Archive and the Vienna City Library have joined forces with several other institu... more The Vienna City Archive and the Vienna City Library have joined forces with several other institutions in Vienna, Austria to create the "Wien Geschichte Wiki" (Vienna History Wiki), a knowledge platform for the history of Vienna with more than 34,000 articles and 120,000 visits per month. The wiki is powered by Semantic MediaWiki and serves not only as an online encyclopedia, based on a digitized printed publication for everybody to use and contribute to, but also as a central knowledge base for several administrative departments of the city administration. In a peerreview process, wiki edits are checked before they become visible. The paper highlights the unique aspects of the Vienna History Wiki related to content creation, governance structures and technology choices. A usage log analysis and an online survey have been carried out to gain first insights after six months of operation.
Handbuch E-Government, 2019
Open Government als Modernisierungskonzept ist eine Weiterfuhrung von Good Governance und beantwo... more Open Government als Modernisierungskonzept ist eine Weiterfuhrung von Good Governance und beantwortet die Frage, wie Regierungs- und Verwaltungshandeln ausgestaltet sein soll. Aus einer Analyse des zeitlichen, wertebezogenen und territorialen Kontexts folgt die Erkenntnis, dass Open Data als das zentrale Innovationskonzept der letzten Jahre gesehen werden kann. Die Chancen und Herausforderungen werden entlang technischer, wirtschaftlicher, rechtlicher, politischer, gesellschaftlicher, organisatorischer und verwaltungsokonomischer Argumente diskutiert.
HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik, 2009
Semantic Wikis als Alternative zu "klassischen" Wiki-Systemen vereinen die Vorteile des kollabora... more Semantic Wikis als Alternative zu "klassischen" Wiki-Systemen vereinen die Vorteile des kollaborativen Ansatzes der Wissenserstellung und-bewertung von Social Software und der strukturierten Herangehensweise des Semantic Web beim Aufbau von Wissensbasen. Darüber hinaus bauen semantische Wikis auf Spezifikationen des Semantic Web auf, das eine immer wichtigere Rolle dabei spielt, eine globale Infrastruktur für semantisch interoperable Datenmodelle bereitzustellen, auf die anwendungsübergreifend interpretierbare Datenbestände bzw. Services aufsetzen können. Die öffentliche Verwaltung scheint offensichtlich ein ebenso geeignetes Segment zu sein, um die Idee eines "(Semantic) Web of Data" im großen Stil zu adaptieren, wie dies die Lebenswissenschaften in den letzten Jahren mit zählbaren Erfolgen bereits vorexerziert haben. Anhand des konkreten Fallbeispiels "Plattform Verwaltungskooperation", die im Kern als semantisches Wiki realisiert wurde, soll dieser Beitrag zeigen, welches Nutzenpotential für das E-Government in einem semantischen Web entstehen kann.
Verwaltung & Management, 2011
17. Jg. (2011), Heft 5, S. 239-241 239 Bernhard Krabina KDZ – Zentrum für Verwaltungsforschung, W... more 17. Jg. (2011), Heft 5, S. 239-241 239 Bernhard Krabina KDZ – Zentrum für Verwaltungsforschung, Wien Um auf die Veröffentlichung von Daten im Rahmen von OpenGovernment-Data-Initiativen vorbereitet zu sein, hat das KDZ einen Katalog von zehn Kriterien für ein internes Datenmonitoring veröffentlicht. Diese Kriterien helfen dabei, für die Veröffentlichung geeignete Daten zu identifizieren und zu priorisieren. Die Kriterien sind Geheimhaltung/rechtliche Hindernisse, Personenbezug, Unternehmensbezug, Urheberrecht, Nutzen, Kosten, Inhaltliche Datenqualität, Technische Verfügbarkeit, Synergie sowie Einhaltung der OGD-Prinzipien. Für jedes Kriterium sind eine Beschreibung sowie ein Bewertungsraster von 0-5 Punkten verfügbar. Internes Datenmonitoring für Open Government Data
»Wissensmanagement wird erwachsen« - so lautete der Titel des Keynote- Vortrags von Klaus North f... more »Wissensmanagement wird erwachsen« - so lautete der Titel des Keynote- Vortrags von Klaus North für die Kremser Wissensmanagement-Tage 2012. In der Tat kann diese Disziplin schon auf fast 20 Jahre Entwicklung zurückblicken, und sie ist nach einigen Adoleszenzkrisen gut gerüstet für die Herausforderungen der Zukunft, so der Tenor der Beiträge dieser Tagung. Im Zentrum der Konferenz stand angewandtes Wissensmanagement, wobei der Dialog zwischen Wissenschaft und Praxis nicht zu kurz kam. Der Schwerpunkt der Beiträge dieses Bandes betrifft die Konzeption und den Einsatz von Social Software-Lösungen, Wissenskommunikation und Wissensnetzwerke. Doch auch blinde Flecken und interdisziplinäre Themen werden aufgespürt, wie die Bedeutung von Creditionen und Neuroleadership für das Wissensmanagement. Die 1. Wissensmanagement-Tage Krems fanden vom 8. bis 9. Mai 2012 an der Donau-Universität Krems in Kooperation mit dem Magazin wissensmanagement statt.
Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development
This chapter presents a case study of back-end information system implementation geared towards e... more This chapter presents a case study of back-end information system implementation geared towards encouraging e-Government development in Botswana. The case is an in depth analysis of the implementation of the Electronic Document and Records Management System (EDRMS) at the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI). The focus of this chapter is two-fold: 1) it highlights the factors that influence the adoption and usage of EDRMS by Action Officers and Records Officers at MTI and correspondingly outline EDRMS' facilitatation of information access in the realm of e-Government; and 2) aims to understand the initiatives that have been implemented to facilitate robust e-Government development in the public sector of Botswana. This chapter culminates from a pilot that was done prior to an on-going study hinged on unison objectives. The indicative list of factors explaining the adoption of EDRMS might explain the global perception of ICTs in the public sector in Botswana. The limitation of th...