The Gaia-ESO Public Spectroscopic Survey: Motivation, implementation, GIRAFFE data processing, analysis, and final data products (original) (raw)

A&A 666, A120 (2022)

1, S. Randich2, C. C. Worley1, A. Hourihane1, A. Gonneau1, G. G. Sacco2, J. R. Lewis1,†, L. Magrini2, P. François3, R. D. Jeffries4, S. E. Koposov5,1, A. Bragaglia6, E. J. Alfaro7, C. Allende Prieto8,9, R. Blomme10, A. J. Korn11, A. C. Lanzafame12, E. Pancino2,13, A. Recio-Blanco14, R. Smiljanic15, S. Van Eck16, T. Zwitter17, T. Bensby18, E. Flaccomio19, M. J. Irwin1, E. Franciosini2, L. Morbidelli2, F. Damiani19, R. Bonito19, E. D. Friel20, J. S. Vink21, L. Prisinzano19, U. Abbas22, D. Hatzidimitriou23,24, E. V. Held25, C. Jordi26, E. Paunzen27, A. Spagna22, R. J. Jackson4, J. Maíz Apellániz28, M. Asplund29, P. Bonifacio30, S. Feltzing18, J. Binney31, J. Drew32, A. M. N. Ferguson33, G. Micela19, I. Negueruela34, T. Prusti35, H.-W. Rix36, A. Vallenari25, M. Bergemann36,37, A. R. Casey38, P. de Laverny14, A. Frasca39, V. Hill14, K. Lind40, L. Sbordone41, S. G. Sousa42, V. Adibekyan42, E. Caffau30, S. Daflon43, D. K. Feuillet18,36, M. Gebran44, J. I. Gonzalez Hernandez8, G. Guiglion45, A. Herrero8,9, A. Lobel10, T. Merle16, Š. Mikolaitis46, D. Montes47, T. Morel48, G. Ruchti18,†, C. Soubiran49, H. M. Tabernero50, G. Tautvaišienė46, G. Traven17, M. Valentini45, M. Van der Swaelmen2, S. Villanova51, C. Viscasillas Vázquez46, A. Bayo52,53, K. Biazzo54, G. Carraro55, B. Edvardsson56, U. Heiter11, P. Jofré57, G. Marconi41, C. Martayan41, T. Masseron8,9, L. Monaco58, N. A. Walton1, S. Zaggia25, V. Aguirre Børsen-Koch59, J. Alves60, L. Balaguer-Nunez26, P. S. Barklem56, D. Barrado61, M. Bellazzini6, S. R. Berlanas34, A. S. Binks62,4, A. Bressan63, R. Capuzzo-Dolcetta64, L. Casagrande65, L. Casamiquela49, R. S. Collins5, V. D'Orazi25, M. L. L. Dantas15, V. P. Debattista66, E. Delgado-Mena42, P. Di Marcantonio67, A. Drazdauskas46, N. W. Evans1, B. Famaey68, M. Franchini67, Y. Frémat10, X. Fu69, D. Geisler51,70,71, O. Gerhard72, E. A. González Solares1, E. K. Grebel73, M. L. Gutiérrez Albarrán47, F. Jiménez-Esteban28, H. Jönsson74, T. Khachaturyants66, G. Kordopatis14, J. Kos17, N. Lagarde49,75, H.-G. Ludwig76, L. Mahy10, M. Mapelli25, E. Marfil28, S. L. Martell77, S. Messina39, A. Miglio78,6, I. Minchev45, A. Moitinho79, J. Montalban78, M. J. P. F. G. Monteiro42,80, C. Morossi67, N. Mowlavi81, A. Mucciarelli78,6, D. N. A. Murphy1, N. Nardetto14, S. Ortolani55, F. Paletou82, J. Palouš83, J. C. Pickering84, A. Quirrenbach76, P. Re Fiorentin22, J. I. Read85, D. Romano6, N. Ryde18, N. Sanna2, W. Santos43, G. M. Seabroke86, L. Spina87, M. Steinmetz45, E. Stonkuté88, E. Sutorius5, F. Thévenin14, M. Tosi6, M. Tsantaki2, N. Wright4, R. F. G. Wyse89, M. Zoccali90, J. Zorec91 and D. B. Zucker92

1Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
e-mail: gil@ast.cam.ac.uk
2 INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi, 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
3GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 61 avenue de l’Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
4Astrophysics Group, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
5Institute for Astronomy, Royal Observatory, University of Edinburgh, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
6 INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio, via P. Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy
7Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada 18008, Spain
8 Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, vía Láctea s/n, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
9Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
10 ROB – Royal Observatory of Belgium, Ringlaan 3, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
11Observational Astrophysics, Division of Astronomy and Space Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
12Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Sezione Astrofisica, Universitá di Catania, via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
13 Space Science Data Center – Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, via del Politecnico, s.n.c., 00133 Roma, Italy
14Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France
15Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland
16Institut d’Astronomie et d’Astrophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 226, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
17Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
18Lund Observatory, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Box 43, 22100 Lund, Sweden
19 INAF – Osservatorio Asronomico di Palermo, Piazza del Parlamento, 1 90134 Palermo, Italy
20Astronomy Department, Indiana University, 727 East 3rd St, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
21 Armagh Observatory and Planetarium, College Hill, Armagh BT61 9DG, UK
22 INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, Italy
23Section of Astrophysics, Astronomy and Mechanics, Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
24IAASARS, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Penteli, Greece
25 INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
26Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
27Department of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
28Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Departamento de Astrofísica, campus ESAC. Camino bajo del castillo s/n, 28 692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
29 Australian Academy of Science, Box 783, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
30GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France
31Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
32Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
33Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ UK
34Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
35European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
36 Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
37Niels Bohr International Academy, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
38School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton 3800 Victoria, Australia
39 INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
40Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
41 ESO – European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere, Alonso de Córdova 3107, Vitacura, 19001 Casilla, Santiago de Chile, Chile
42Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal
43 Observatório Nacional – MCTI (ON), Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, São Cristóvão, 20921-400 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
44Department of Chemistry and Physics, Saint Mary’s College, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
45 Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), An der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam, Germany
46Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy, Vilnius University, Sauletekio av. 3, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
47Departamento de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica and IPARCOSUCM (Instituto de Física de Partículas y del Cosmos de la UCM), Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
48Space Sciences, Technologies, and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège, Quartier Agora, Bât B5c, Allée du 6 août, 19c, 4000 Liège, Belgium
49Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, B18N, allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac, France
50 Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
51 Departamento de Astronomía, Casilla 160-C, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
52Instituto de Física y Astronomía, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile
53Núcleo Milenio Formación Planetaria – NPF, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile
54 INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via Frascati 33, 00040 Monte Porzio Catone (Roma), Italy
55Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, v. dell’Osservatorio 2, 35122 Padova, Italy
56Theoretical Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
57Núcleo de Astronomía, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Diego Portales, Av. Ejército 441, Santiago, Chile
58Departamento de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Fernandez Concha 700, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
59Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
60University of Vienna, Dept. Astrophysics, Türkenschanzstrasse 17, 1180 Vienna, Austria
61 Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
62Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
63 SISSA, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
64Dep. of Physics, Sapienza, University of Roma, Roma, Italy
65Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University, ACT 2611, Australia
66Jeremiah Horrocks Institute, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
67 INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via G.B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy
68Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg, France
69 The Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics at Peking University, 100871 Beijing, PR China
70Instituto de Investigación Multidisciplinario en Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad de La Serena, Avenida Raúl Bitrán s/n, La Serena, Chile
71Departamento de Astronomía, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Serena, Av. Juan Cisternas 1200, La Serena, Chile
72Max-Planck-Institute for Ex. Physics, Giessenbachstr.1, 85748 Garching, Germany
73Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Mönchhofstr. 12–14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
74Materials Science and Applied Mathematics, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
75Institut UTINAM, CNRS UMR6213, Univ. Bourgogne Franche- Comté, OSU THETA Franche-Comté-Bourgogne, Observatoire de Besançon, BP 1615, 25010 Besançon Cedex, France
76Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Landessternwarte, Königstuhl 12, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
77School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
78Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Bologna, via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
79CENTRA, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
80Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciéncias da Universidade do Porto, Portugal
81Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, 51 chemin Pegasi, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
82Université de Toulouse, Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS, IRAP, 14 av. E. Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
83Astronomical Institute, CAS, Boční II 1401, 141 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic
84Physics Department, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BZ, UK
85University of Surrey, Physics Department, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
86Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
87 INAF – Astronomical Observatory of Padua, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio, 5, 35122 Padua PD, Italy
88Astronomical Observatory, Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy, Vilnius University, Sauletekio av. 3, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
89Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
90Institute of Astrophysics, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile
91Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UPMC, UMR7095 Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Bd. Arago, 75014 Paris, France
92Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney NSW 2109, Australia

Received: 13 January 2022
Accepted: 10 July 2022

Abstract

Context. The Gaia-ESO Public Spectroscopic Survey is an ambitious project designed to obtain astrophysical parameters and elemental abundances for 100 000 stars, including large representative samples of the stellar populations in the Galaxy, and a well-defined sample of 60 (plus 20 archive) open clusters. We provide internally consistent results calibrated on benchmark stars and star clusters, extending across a very wide range of abundances and ages. This provides a legacy data set of intrinsic value, and equally a large wide-ranging dataset that is of value for the homogenisation of other and future stellar surveys and Gaia's astrophysical parameters.

Aims. This article provides an overview of the survey methodology, the scientific aims, and the implementation, including a description of the data processing for the GIRAFFE spectra. A companion paper introduces the survey results.

Methods. Gaia-ESO aspires to quantify both random and systematic contributions to measurement uncertainties. Thus, all available spectroscopic analysis techniques are utilised, each spectrum being analysed by up to several different analysis pipelines, with considerable effort being made to homogenise and calibrate the resulting parameters. We describe here the sequence of activities up to delivery of processed data products to the ESO Science Archive Facility for open use.

Results. The Gaia-ESO Survey obtained 202 000 spectra of 115 000 stars using 340 allocated VLT nights between December 2011 and January 2018 from GIRAFFE and UVES.

Conclusions. The full consistently reduced final data set of spectra was released through the ESO Science Archive Facility in late 2020, with the full astrophysical parameters sets following in 2022. A companion article reviews the survey implementation, scientific highlights, the open cluster survey, and data products.

Key words: Galaxy: stellar content / Galaxy: kinematics and dynamics / stars: abundances / methods: observational / techniques: spectroscopic / surveys

★

Based on observations collected at the ESO telescopes under programme 188.B3002, 193.B-0936, and 197.B-1074, the _Gaia-_ESO Public Spectroscopic Survey.