Cascading Crypthecodinium cohnii Biorefinery: Global Warming Potential and Techno-Economic Assessment (original) (raw)
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The increasing demand for biofuels has encouraged the researchers and policy makers worldwide to find sustainable biofuel production systems in accordance with the regional conditions and needs. The sustainability of a biofuel production system includes energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) saving along with environmental and social acceptability. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is an internationally recognized tool for determining the sustainability of biofuels. LCA includes goal and scope, life cycle inventory, life cycle impact assessment, and interpretation as major steps. LCA results vary significantly, if there are any variations in performing these steps. For instance, biofuel producing feedstocks have different environmental values that lead to different GHG emission savings and energy balances. Similarly, land-use and land-use changes may overestimate biofuel sustainability. This study aims to examine various biofuel production systems for their GHG savings and energy balances, relative to conventional fossil fuels with an ambition to address the challenges and to offer future directions for LCA based biofuel studies. Environmental and social acceptability of biofuel production is the key factor in developing biofuel support policies. Higher GHG emission saving and energy balance of biofuel can be achieved, if biomass yield is high, and ecologically sustainable biomass or non-food biomass is converted into biofuel and used efficiently.
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Implementation of bioeconomy has become an important topic on the national and global scale. Bioeconomy and its development is considered to be affected by many factors, for example, climate change, production, technology, waste and so on. Even more, there are linkages between these factors which, when discovered, could help to achieve one of the bioeconomy’s goals – sustainable use of bioresources. This paper analysis the interlinkage between two bioeconomy affecting factors – climate change and production. It was discovered that between two chosen factors there are seven common indicators: greenhouse gas emissions, investments in energy efficiency, energy consumption, waste generated, resource productivity, created wastewater, and use of freshwater. Regression method was used to conduct the strongest links between these common indicators. Results showed that the strongest links are between the indicators: resource productivity and GHG emissions, energy consumption and waste genera...
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The life cycle assessment (LCA) is a well-established tool that has been used to provide data-driven analysis of environmental performances. LCA offers insights via selecting appropriate feedstocks, suitable technology, energy and environmental trade-off to be considered during the policy designing phase. In the present review, LCA analysis of each biomass based biorefinery and its impact assessment has been elaborated. The LCA literature clearly shows that transportation and manufacturing contributes majorly (up to 92.19%) to energy consumption. Further, the major global warming potential (GWP) was contributed by the electricity (86%) consumed in biorefinery industry. Thus, utilizing greener energy sources such as hydroelectricity or bioelectricity for energy and transportation needs can help in minimizing the environmental impacts. Further, development of integrated biorefineries can significantly decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 83% as compared to petroleum fuels and can fulfill the requirements for renewable fuel standards (RFS). The generation of multiple products at a single unit can help in adjusting the potential trade-offs and promoting environmentally beneficial processes during the designing phase for future refinery and energy systems. LCA is also a rational tool towards designing process blueprint for bioresources management through multi-products integrated biorefineries. It can be expanded further to cover the techno-economic, social, and health impacts in addition to environmental impacts (integrated sustainability assessment) for future integrated biorefineries and policy decisions.