Vertical transmission of HIV (original) (raw)
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Bali Medical Journal, 2022
Background: Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), syphilis, and Hepatitis B can cause a health burden and lead to morbidity and mortality in children. An attempt to eliminate the transmission has been made worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the triple elimination of MTCT for HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B in a tertiary hospital in Indonesia. Methods: We evaluated 690 medical records of new pregnant women seeking antenatal care (ANC) in a tertiary hospital in the east part of Indonesia from January to December 2018. Results: HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B testing were performed on 97 patients (14.1%). HIV and hepatitis B, HIV and syphilis, and syphilis and hepatitis B testing were performed on 149 (21.6%), 6 (0.9%), and 6 (0.9%) patients, respectively. The prevalence of HIV, syphilis and hepatitis B was 4.2%, 0.4%, and 3.8%, respectively. HIV treatment by administering antiretroviral therapy (ART) was done in 86.2% of patients. Injection of benzathine penicillin G as the treatment of syphilis was done in 66.7% of syphilis patients. HBV DNA examination followed by tenofovir administration was done in 3.8% of hepatitis B patients. Conclusion: The testing rate of HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B in pregnant women in a tertiary hospital in the east part of Indonesia in 2018 (14.1%) was below the target set by World Health Organization (≥ 95%). Increasing access to antenatal screening as early detection is the key to preventing mother-to-child transmission (MTCT).
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2018
Introduction: Malaria and HIV are vertically transmitted to infants. In an era where specific interventions are available to reduce the burden of malaria in pregnancy and vertical transmission of HIV, we examined the transmission and cotransmission of HIV and malaria to infants of mothers coinfected with malaria and HIV. Methods: A cross-sectional analytic study performed on 101 HIV/ malaria-coinfected mothers and their infants for whom DNA polymerase chain reaction results were available. Blood film for malaria parasites was performed on cord blood and peripheral blood on days 1, 3, and 7 in the newborns. Maternal peripheral blood film for malaria parasite was performed at delivery, and placental tissue was obtained for confirmation of placental malaria by histology. All infants received DNA polymerase chain reaction testing for HIV at 6-8 weeks of life. Results: Cotransmission of malaria and HIV occurred in 2 (1.98%) infants. Vertical transmission of HIV occurred in 7 (7%) babies, whereas congenital malaria was present in 32 (31.7%) babies. The transmission of HIV and presence of congenital malaria were not significantly associated with each other P = 1.000. Of the 88 babies of mothers who commenced highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) before pregnancy, 5 (5.7^) had HIV, which was significantly less than 2 (40%) of 5 babies of mothers who commenced HAART during pregnancy P = 0.04. Conclusions: Among mothers coinfected with malaria and HIV, vertical transmission of malaria and HIV was not associated with each other. HAART reduces vertical transmission of HIV especially if started before pregnancy.
Malaria Journal, 2015
Background: Arrival of inmigrants from malaria endemic areas has led to a emergence of cases of this parasitic disease in Spain. The objective of this study was to analyse the high incidence rate of imported malaria in Fuenlabrada, a city in the south of Madrid, together with the frequent the lack of chemoprophylaxis, for the period between 2004 and 2014. Both pregnant women and HIV risk groups have been considered. Methods: Retrospective descriptive study of laboratory-confirmed malaria at the Fuenlabrada University Hospital, in Madrid, during a 10-year period (2004-2014). These data were obtained reviewing medical histories of the cases. Relevant epidemiological, clinical and laboratory results were analysed, with focus on the following risk groups: pregnant women and individuals with HIV. Results: A total of 185 cases were diagnosed (90.3 % Plasmodium falciparum). The annual incidence rate was 11.9/100,000 inhabitants/year. The average age was 30.8 years (SD: 14.3). Infections originating in sub-Saharan Africa comprised the 97.6 % of the cases. A total of 85.9 % were Visiting Friends and Relatives. Only a 4.3 % completed adequate prophylaxis. A total of 14.28 % of the fertile women were pregnant, and 8 cases (4.3 %) had HIV. None of them in these special groups completed prophylaxis. Conclusions: The incidence rate in Fuenlabrada is higher than in the rest of Spain, due to the large number of immigrants from endemic areas living in the municipality. However, the results are not representative of all the country. It seems to be reasonable to implement prevention and pre-travel assessment programs to increase chemoprophylaxis. Pregnancy tests and HIV serology should be completed for all patients to improve prophylactic methods.
The Biosocial Burden of HIV and Malaria Co-infection Among Pregnant Mothers
International Journal of Biomedical Materials Research
Malaria and HIV/AIDS; exacerbated by poverty affects the poorest segments of the population by making them more vulnerable to infections due to lack of access to basic socioeconomic needs. This study aimed at investigating the relationship between biosocial indices in relation to co-infection of HIV and malaria among participants. One hundred and forty-nine respondents were interviewed and administered with well-structured questionnaires. After informed consent, their venipunture blood samples were subjected to HIV and Malaria parasite screening by using standard protocols. All data obtained were transcribed and subjected to appropriate statistical analysis. Of the (149) mothers recruited, 32.9% (49/149) were primigravidae while 27.5% (41/149) had more than one previous pregnancy (secungravidae). Respondents with Primary education were 53(35%), 9(19.5%) Secondary while 3(26.2%) had no formal education. Fractions of 12.8% were government employees, 29.5% were self-employed, 2% were unemployed while 49.0% were of other categories. The household size of the respondents ranged from 78.2% with less than 5 members and 21.3% with more than 5 household members. Majority were of no salaried income status whereas the lowest percentage of 2.9% belongs to high income status. There was no statistically significant relationship between socioeconomic indices and prevalence of both HIV and malaria in pregnancy.
Vaccine, 2015
Conducting clinical trials to prevent and treat infectious diseases in pregnancy is essential to saving maternal and newborn lives, though it is fraught with challenges. We have been conducting research in malaria treatment and prevention in children and pregnant women in Blantyre, Malawi for over a decade. Here, we review some of the unique challenges that we have faced in leading research studies that with rigor and integrity and maintaining the highest ethical standard. We conclude with concrete strategies to overcome some of the apparent obstacles that frequently focus on building trust through bidirectional communication with local health workers and communities. We also highlight the key role of local and international investigators to advocate for the health of the communities in which they work.