Time and gender measurement invariance in the modified Calderon depression scale (original) (raw)
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Depression and economic status: evidence for non-linear patterns in women from Mexico
Journal of Mental Health, 2018
Background. While a social determinants of health perspective might lead to the hypothesis that higher economic achievements should be associated with better mental health, the evidence for adults is mixed and inconclusive. Aims. We test the role of wealth as a predictor of depressive symptoms controlling for a number of socio-demographic covariates, with a specific interest in gender-specific patterns. Methods. Using a nationally representative survey from Mexico (N=44,618), we carry out multivariate regression analysis where we jointly model linear and quadratic measures of wealth to detect non-linear relations between depression and wealth. Results. The paper reports clear evidence of an inverted-U relationship between depressive symptoms and wealth for females, whereas the relationship for males tends to be linear and decreasing with wealth as expected (though weak and significant only in the upper part of the wealth distribution). Our findings are robust to alternative empirical strategies and we discuss potential explanations for this novel finding. Conclusions. The paper confirms that the association between standards of living and depression is complex, due to the mediating role of socio-demographic characteristics and the existence of non-linearities not fully explored in the literature.
Depression, gender, and the treatment gap in Mexico
Journal of Affective Disorders, 2012
Background: Gender is associated to lifetime risk of mood disorders, women having the highest lifetime and 12-month prevalence. In Mexico one out of five individuals with any mood disorder receives treatment during the first year. We evaluate the ages at which women and men are more vulnerable for the first onset of a major depressive episode, the longest duration and greatest number of episodes, the areas of daily functioning most affected, and which variables predict whether or not a person receives any kind of treatment. Methods: The Mexican National Comorbidity Survey, as part of the World Mental Health Surveys Initiative, is based on a stratified, multistage area probability Mexican urban household sample aged 18 to 65 (n = 5782). Wald X 2 tests were performed to evaluate gender and cohort differences; logistic regression models were performed to evaluate gender and cohort as treatment predictors. Results: The most vulnerable group is the cohort of 45-54 year-old women. Once a first episode occurs, there are no sex differences in terms of number or length of episodes. There is a gap in service use, especially among 18-29 year-old women; the oldest women are the most impaired. Limitations: Individuals from rural communities are not represented and there may have been recall bias due to the retrospective design. Conclusions: Efforts should focus on factors related to the first onset episode and on early treatment programs to reduce the risk of subsequent episodes. Research and health resources should attend to the most vulnerable group, and the youngest women, who are in the reproductive age and have the largest treatment gap.
Journal of Psychology Research, 2013
The literature on depression reports great differences between women and men, presenting women higher rates of depression, few researchers have questioned if the instruments used to evaluate depression can affect these gender differences. This study aimed at the determination of the DIF (differential item functioning) of the CES-D-R (Center of Epidemiological Scale Depression Revisited), taking into account the gender variable. A sample of 1,636 adolescents whose mean was 13.3 years, standard deviation 1.0 participated in this research. The analysis was calculated using DIF MH (Mantel-Haenszel) method and detected 13 items with DIF of the total of 35 items with significant presence of DIF. Six items were identified with DIF in high execution, five of those favor women. These results suggest a revision of the CES-D-R in terms of gender.
International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 2012
Although much is known about the higher prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders among adolescent females, less is known about the differential item endorsement due to gender in items of commonly scales used to measure anxiety and depression. We conducted a study to examine if adolescent males and females from Chile differed on how they endorsed the items of the Youth Self-Report (YSR) anxious/depressed problem scale. We used data from a cross-sectional sample consisting of 925 participants (Mean age = 14, SD=1.3, 49% females) of low to lower-middle socioeconomic status. A two-parameter logistic (2PL) IRT DIF model was fit. Results revealed differential item endorsement (DIF) by gender for six of the 13 items with adolescent females being more likely to endorse a depression item while males were found more likely to endorse anxiety items. Findings suggest that items found in commonly utilized measures of anxiety and depression symptoms may not equally capture true levels of these behavioral problems among adolescent males and females. Given the high levels of mental disorders in Chile and surrounding countries, further attention should be focused on increasing the number of empirical studies examining potential gender differences in the assessment of mental health problems among Latin American populations to better aid our understanding of the phenomenology and determinants of these problems in the region.
Gender differences in depressive symptoms among mexican adolescents
2003
Existing research on gender differences in depressive symptoms among Mexican adolescents is limited to studies conducted in Mexico City. The purpose of this study was to continue the investigation of gender and depression among male and female adolescents living in Mexico. The results of the scores of two groups of adolescents that participated in the study indicated no significant gender differences on depression as measured by the Spanish version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). These findings contradicted all but one previous study of gender differences in adolescent depression -research which studied adolescents living in “developed” versus “developing” countries. Several alternative explanations, including how the effect of living in a rapidly developing country, such as Mexico, might be impacting gender and depression in Mexican adolescents, were explored. In addition, stress, acculturation, sex-typed personality characteristics, and suicidal...
Social Science …, 2010
Cross-national comparisons of the prevalence of depression in general populations are hampered by the absence of comparable data. Using information on the frequency and severity of depressive symptoms from the third wave of the European Social Survey (ESS-3), we are able to fill this gap. In the ESS-3, depression is measured with an eight-item version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D 8) scale. Using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis, we assess configural, metric, and scalar measurement invariance of the CES-D 8. Next, best-fitting factor models are used for latent mean comparisons of women and men in the 25 participating European countries. The present study is the first to present highly comparable data on the prevalence of depression in women and men in Europe. Results show that, after eliminating measurement bias, the gender difference in depression stays significant and regional clustering can be noted.
Gender differences in depressive symptom among Mexican adolescents
Anales De Psicologia, 2003
Existing research on gender differences in depressive symptoms among Mexican adolescents is limited to studies conducted in Mexico City. The purpose of this study was to continue the investigation of gender and depression among male and female adolescents living in Mexico. The results of the scores of two groups of adolescents that participated in the study indicated no significant gender differences on depression as measured by the Spanish version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). These findings contradicted all but one previous study of gender differences in adolescent depression-research which studied adolescents living in "developed" versus "developing" countries. Several alternative explanations, including how the effect of living in a rapidly developing country, such as Mexico, might be impacting gender and depression in Mexican adolescents, were explored. In addition, stress, acculturation, sex-typed personality characteristics, and suicidal ideation were discussed. Additional research into the relationship between gender and depression among adolescents living in Mexico was recommended.
Gender and Age-Related Differences in Depressive Symptoms and Health Behaviors among Mexican Youth
Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 2013
Gender-and age-related differences in, and behavioral health correlates of, depressive symptoms were examined in 5152 Mexican university applicants aged 16-21 (55% female). Participants self-reported depressive symptoms (CESD-10) and health behaviors (smoking, alcohol use, physical activity). Overall, and from ages 17 to 20, significantly more female than male respondents met the cut-off for depression (CESD-10 scores ≥10). Logistic regressions controlling for age and parental education indicated that depressed young women were 82% more likely to smoke and 20% less likely to exercise than their non-depressed peers; depressed young men were 30% more likely to drink than non-depressed males. Findings extend knowledge on the developmental course and health consequences of depression by examining these processes in an international setting.
Psychiatry Research, 1993
Confirmatory factor-analytic models are used to examine gender biases of individual items of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale. In samples containing 708 cancer patients and 504 caregivers of the chronically ill elderly, two CES-D items are identified as producing biased responses in comparisons of male and female respondents. Three additional CES-D items are excluded on the basis of other psychometric problems, yielding a subset of 15 CES-D items that capture almost all the information of the original 20-item CES-D scale but are free of any gender bias. Gender differences in mean levels of depressive symptomatology are significantly reduced, but not eliminated, when the 15-item scale is used.
Psychological Thought, 2024
The Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) is a widely used instrument to measure symptoms of depression and anxiety in general, but not much is known about its cross-cultural utility in Latin America. The present study evaluated the measurement invariance of the PHQ-4 in adult samples (N = 5441) from 12 Latin American countries (Paraguay, El Salvador, Chile, Ecuador, Colombia, Uruguay, Peru, Mexico, Cuba, Guatemala, Argentina, and Bolivia). The two-factor structure presented a superior fit to the one-factor structure. This provides evidence to support a two-dimensional model of anxious and depressive symptomatology of the PHQ-4, with a good estimate of reliability. The configural, metric, scalar and strict invariance of the PHQ-4 was supported, suggesting that participants from all countries attribute the same meaning to the latent constructs anxiety and depression and their scores can be compared. Additionally, support was provided for the hypothesis that the presence of depressive symptoms significantly predicts subjective well-being. However, the presence of anxiety symptoms fails to significantly predict participants well-being. It is concluded that the PHQ-4 provides a largely comparable measure of anxiety and depression symptoms in a large sample of Latin American countries.