Epidemiological profile of spinal cord injury in Brazil (original) (raw)
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Labour market outcomes for people with a spinal cord injury
Economics & Human Biology, 2010
In this paper we examine the labour market outcomes (participation, employment and earnings) of people with spinal cord injuries (SCIs), concentrating on the role of public and private forms of assistance ("Lifestyle Support Packages") with activities of dialing living. We designed and administered the Spinal Injuries Survey Instrument to 250 individuals with SCIs in Queensland. Using a matched sampling approach and written, web-and telephone responses, as well as financial incentives, we achieved a response rate of 72 per cent. In anticipation of the substantive econometric issues associated with studies of this kind, we included items to measure otherwiseunobserved sources of heterogeneity, including measures of "attributional style" from field of psychology. Our sampling strategy also involved the collection of data that might serve as suitable instruments for our econometric work. The empirical results reported in this paper include bivariate and univariate probit model results, treatment effect and linear (OLS) regression and Heckman sample selection models. Econometric testing suggests that our sampling approach absorbed much of the heterogeneity in the sample that would typically be unobserved by researchers, but may be observed by others (e.g., employers). Our results uniformly suggest that the most important determinants of post-SCI employment outcomes are years of education and post-injury training and education, which exert a positive influence. We find a weak negative correlation, ceteris paribus, of public support packages on participation and employment outcomes.
Labour market participation after spinal cord injury. A register-based cohort study
Spinal Cord
Study design A register based cohort study. Objectives To investigate labour market participation following spinal cord injury (SCI) and to describe the impact of personal and SCI characteristics. Setting Norway. Methods Persons registered with SCI in the Norwegian SCI registry 2011–2017, and matched reference individuals without SCI from the general population (named controls) were followed for up to six years after injury using national registry data on employment, education, income, and social security benefits. Main measures of labour market participation were: (1) Receiving any amount of pay for work, and (2) Receiving sickness and disability benefits. Results Among the 451 persons with SCI (aged 16–66 years and working before injury), the estimated percentages receiving pay for work and sickness and disability benefits in the sixth years after injury were 63% (95% CI 57–69) and 67% (95% CI 61–72). Corresponding percentages for the controls (n = 1791) were 91% (95% CI 90–93) fo...
Spinal Cord, 2012
Study design: Cross-sectional survey. Objectives: To establish labour market participation figures of persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) living in Switzerland and to investigate determinants and consequences of having paid work. Setting: Community. Methods: A survey among members of the Swiss Paraplegic Association was performed in 2008. Inclusion criteria were: SCI of traumatic or non-traumatic origin, minimum age of 18 years, and living in the community for at least 1 year. A total of 559 persons with SCI returned the questionnaire (response rate 27%), of which 495 (24%) fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were performed based on theoretical considerations and relevant determinants found in the literature. Results: Of the respondents of working age, 63.8% were involved in gainful employment. No significant difference between persons with para-and tetraplegia was observed. Logistic regression showed that employment was associated with age, time since onset of SCI, having worked at 2 years after initial rehabilitation, having received vocational counselling, having less pain, more years of education and more perceived importance of work. Working persons achieved a significantly higher total income. The most important reasons to work were not financial, but rather of social nature. Barriers to work were primarily health-related. Conclusions: We found a relatively high employment rate among the studied persons with SCI living in Switzerland. However, because of the low response, it is difficult to generalise this finding.
Spinal Cord, 2011
Study design: Cross-sectional survey. Objective: To identify barriers and facilitators to employment after spinal cord injury (SCI) and their relationship with labor force participation. Methods: Participants were initially identified through specialty hospitals in the Midwest and Southeastern United States of America. 781 adults with traumatic SCI, at least 1 year post-injury, and between the ages of 18-64, participated. A 30-item instrument on barriers and facilitators to employment was administered. Analyses included exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and comparisons of scores as a function of employment status. Results: EFA indicated six primary themes (root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) ¼ 0.040), including: (a) resources, (b) health status, (c) disability considerations, (d) lack of importance, (e) disincentives and (f) motivation. CFA indicated an acceptable fit (RMSEA ¼ 0.078). Univariate analyses indicated each item and factor was significantly different as a function of labor force participation. After controlling for biographical and injury factors, multinomial logistic regression indicated three factors significantly differentiated those never employed, those currently unemployed but had worked since injury and those currently employed. Those employed reported higher scores for resources and motivation and lower scores for lack of importance. Conclusions: Barriers and facilitators were consistently related to labor force participation, with facilitators more highly related to labor force participation than barriers. Although loss of financial and medical benefits (disincentives) as well as health status have been reported as barriers to employment, they were not as highly correlated with labor force participation as were other factors.
BACKGROUND: People with spinal cord injuries (SCI) are underrepresented in the labour force. OBJECTIVE: To examine the meaning of employment, as it is understood in the context of participation and integration in society, among persons with SCI in six European countries. We ask how SCI relates to employment, for the functions of employment, alternatives to employment, and its obstacles. METHOD: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 74 persons and qualitatively analysed using a grounded theory approach. RESULTS: Employment was ranked as very important independent of the participants current employment status. We identified three main functions of employment: 1) employment contributes to the creation of personal and collective identity and social recognition; 2) employment enables structuring of time and distracts from impairment and pain; 3) employment is as an important social arena that facilitates interaction with other people. Voluntary work and domestic work did not fully replace the social functions of employment, nor correspond to the design of the disability compensation systems. CONCLUSION: This study illustrates the high value of employment and a need to pay more attention to a broader range of productive work. It also reveals the interdependencies between employment status and income mediated by the disability compensation schemes.
Research Square (Research Square), 2021
Background Unemployment among persons with spinal cord injury (PWSCI) is high and often leads to poverty (including their families). Modi able and unmodi able factors that in uence employment among PWSCI are known and are addressed throughout the rehabilitation process. The overall aim of rehabilitation of PWSCI is quality of life and community integration (including employment). Interventions that seek to improve employment outcomes among PWSCI are well documented. However, no integrated reviews clearly describe the resources utilised, interventions utilised, duration of interventions and the outcomes (and tools used) to improve employment outcomes among PWSCI. Policymakers and rehabilitation professionals require this information to develop models or strategies to improve employment outcomes for PWSCI. This review aims to map evidence on interventions and approaches that aim to enhance the employment of PWSCI. Methodology This review will map evidence on interventions that improve employment outcomes among PWSCI, using the Arksey and O'Malley framework and the Donabedian model as the guiding lens. The rst stage includes the development of the research question and will be reviewed throughout the review process. The PCC framework will be utilised to determine the inclusion and exclusion criteria and develop the search terms. Peer-reviewed primary studies will be identi ed using the Boolean search terms on PubMed, MEDLINE, Ebscohost, Google Scholar, CINAHL, Cochrane databases. Two independent reviewers will identify primary studies and charting data, and one reviewer will act as a supervisor and arbitrator. Data
Employment after spinal cord injury: the impact of government policies in Canada
Work (Reading, Mass.), 2007
The British Columbia Paraplegic Association (BCPA) sought a research partnership to evaluate where its activities should be focused. A survey of members with disabilities of the BCPA included questions on employment and identified three priorities related to employment. These were the need for assistance in finding appropriate work, the impact of policies of government and insurance agencies, and attitudes of employers. This paper examines the social and political environment related to employment following spinal cord injury in British Columbia, Canada. There is no coherent set of goals underlying government employment and income programs in Canada. Incremental development of particular employment and income programs during the 20th century led to a patchwork of policies and programs, which deal with people differently according to the cause of their disability. Federal and provincial governments have attempted to educate employers and reduce barriers to employment of those with di...
PloS one, 2016
We aimed to describe labor market participation (LMP) of persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) in Switzerland, to examine potential determinants of LMP, and to compare LMP between SCI and the general population. We analyzed data from 1458 participants of employable age from the cross-sectional community survey of the Swiss Spinal Cord Injury Cohort Study. Data on LMP of the Swiss general population were obtained from the Swiss Federal Statistical Office. Factors associated with employment status as well as the amount of work performed in terms of full-time equivalent (FTE) were examined with regression techniques. 53.4% of the participants were employed at the time of the study. Adjusted odds of being employed were increased for males (OR = 1.73, 95% CI 1.33-2.25) and participants with paraplegia (OR = 1.78, 95% CI 1.40-2.27). The likelihood of being employed showed a significant concave relationship with age, peaking at age 40. The relation of LMP with education was s-shaped, while...