Gender and age influence the effects of slow-wave sleep on respiration in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (original) (raw)
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CHEST Journal, 2011
O bstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a major public health problem with a prevalence estimated at approximately 4% of adults in both Western and Asian countries. 1,2 Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy for OSAS has been the most effective and widely used treatment. However, approximately 25% to 50% of patients with OSA will either refuse to try or will not tolerate CPAP therapy. 6 Furthermore, some patients do not respond to CPAP treatment, either without symptom improvements or without reductions in overall respiratory events. Finally, central apneas can emerge with initiation of CPAP therapy, a condition that has been called "complex sleep apnea." 7 Taken together, these facts indicate signifi cant variability of the OSAS phenotype.
CHEST Journal, 2009
Background-The mechanisms contributing to worsening of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep have been minimally studied. Reduced upper-airway muscle tone may be an important contributor. Because respiratory events and the associated blood gas changes can influence genioglossus (GG) activity, we compared GG activity between OSA patients and control subjects during REM sleep using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) to minimize the influences of upper-airway resistance (RUA) and blood gas disturbances on GG activity.
Jornal brasileiro de pneumologia : publicaça̋o oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisilogia, 2016
To determine whether there are significant differences between rapid-eye-movement (REM)-related obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and non-REM (NREM)-related OSA, in terms of the demographic, anthropometric, and polysomnographic characteristics of the subjects. This was a retrospective study of 110 patients (75 males) with either REM-related OSA (n = 58) or NREM-related OSA (n = 52). To define REM-related and NREM-related OSA, we used a previously established criterion, based on the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI): AHI-REM/AHI-NREM ratio > 2 and ≤ 2, respectively. The mean age of the patients with REM-related OSA was 49.5 ± 11.9 years, whereas that of the patients with NREM-related OSA was 49.2 ± 12.6 years. The overall mean AHI (all sleep stages combined) was significantly higher in the NREM-related OSA group than in the REM-related OSA group (38.6 ± 28.2 vs. 14.8 ± 9.2; p < 0.05). The mean AHI in the supine position (s-AHI) was also significantly higher in the NREM-related OSA group t...
Characteristics and Consequences of Non-apneic Respiratory Events During Sleep
Rationale: Current scoring criteria of non-apneic events (ie, hypopnea) require the presence of oxyhemoglobin desaturation and/or arousal. However, other sleep study parameters may help to identify abnormal respiratory events (REs) and assist in making more accurate diagnosis. Objectives: To investigate whether non-apneic REs without desaturation or cortical arousal are associated with respiratory and cardiac consequences. Methods: Thirteen participants with sleep disturbances (snoring and/or excessive day time sleepiness), were screened using attended in laboratory pol-ysomnography (PSG) while monitoring pressure and airflow via a nasal mask with an attached pneumotach. To separate the contribution of the upper airway resistance (R UA) and total pulmonary resistance (R L), supraglottic and esophageal pressures were measured using Millar pressure catheters. R L and R UA were calculated during baseline and hypopneas. R L was defined as the resistive pressure divided by the maximal flow during inspiration and expiration. Hypopnea was defined 30% decrease in flow with 3% desaturation and/or cortical arousal. REs was defined as 30% decrease in the flow without desaturation and/or cortical arousal. In eight subjects continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) was titrated to optimal pressure. R-R interval (RRI) was defined as consecutive beat-to-beat intervals on single lead electrocardiograph (ECG) during baseline, RE/hypopnea and on optimal CPAP. Results: REs associated with increased expiratory R UA (14.6 ± 11.3 vs. 7.5 ± 4.5 cmH 2 O L −1 s −1 ; p < .05), and increased expiratory R L relative to baseline (29.2 ± 14.6 vs. 20.9 ± 11.0 and 23.7 ± 12.1 vs. 14.3 ± 5.6 cmH 2 O L −1 s −1 during inspiration and expiration, respectively; p < .05). RRI decreased significantly following RE and hypopnea relative to baseline (804.8 ± 33.1 vs. 806.4 ± 36.3 vs. 934.3 ± 45.8 ms; p < .05). Optimal CPAP decreased expiratory R UA (4.0 ± 2.5 vs. 7.5 ± 4.5 cmH 2 O L −1 s −1 ; p < .05), decreased inspiratory R L (12.6 ± 14.1 vs. 7.5 ± 4.5 cmH 2 O L −1 s −1 ; p < .05), and allowed RRI to return to baseline (p < .05). RRI dips index was an independent predictor of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) when non-apneic REs were accounted for in symptomatic patients (p < .05). Conclusions: Non-apneic REs without cortical arousal or desaturation are associated with significant respiratory and heart rate changes. Optimal CPAP and the reduction of resistive load are associated with the normalization of heart rate indicating potential clinical benefit.
Sleep, 1992
Some patients with excessive daytime sleepiness who do not present the features of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) present a sleep fragmentation due to transient alpha EEG arousals lasting between three and 14 seconds. These transient EEG arousals are related to an abnormal amount of breathing effort, indicated by peak inspiratory esophageal pressure (Pes) nadir. In the studied population, these increased efforts were associated with snoring. Usage of nasal CPAP, titrated on Pes nadir values, for several weeks eliminated subjective daytime sleepiness and improved Multiple Sleep Latency Test scores from baseline evaluations. Patients suspected of CNS hypersomnia should be asked about continuous snoring, and their clinical evaluation should include a good review of maxillo-mandibular and upper airway anatomy.
Dynamic upper airway changes during sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2009
Conclusion: The narrowing pattern of the upper airway in obstructive sleep apnea patients may be different in sleep as compared with awake. Three different types of obstruction were observed in these subjects during drug-induced sleep. The different obstruction pattern during drug-induced sleep suggests that different strategies should be selected in upper airway management. Objectives: To identify the sites of narrowing and evaluate dynamic upper airway movement in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) while awake and asleep. Patients and methods: This study included 10 patients treated for OSAS between August 2003 and June 2004. Overnight polysomnography was performed on all patients. Parameters including gender, age, neck circumference, and body mass index were recorded. Ultra-fast MRI during awake and drug-induced sleep was arranged to evaluate the dynamic motion of the upper airway. Results: The narrowing pattern of the upper airway during awake differed from the narrowing pattern during drug-induced sleep in 3 of 10 subjects. Three different types, palatal obstruction, combined upper and lower pharyngeal obstruction, and circumferential obstruction of the upper airway, were observed in these patients during drug-induced sleep.
Journal of Applied Physiology, 2015
Arousability from sleep is increasingly recognized as an important determinant of the clinical spectrum of sleep disordered breathing (SDB). Patients with SDB display a wide range of arousability. The reason for these differences is not known. We hypothesized that differences in the speed with which sleep deepens following arousals/awakenings (postarousal sleep dynamics) is a major determinant of these differences in arousability in patients with SDB. We analyzed 40 preexisting clinical polysomnography records from patients with a range of SDB severity (apnea-hypopnea index 5-135/h). Sleep depth was determined every 3 s using the odds ratio product (ORP) method, a continuous index of sleep depth (0 = deep sleep, 2.5 = full wakefulness) that correlates strongly ( r = 0.98) with arousability (Younes M, Ostrowski M, Soiferman M, Younes H, Younes M, Raneri J, and Hanly P. Sleep 38: 641–654, 2015). Time course of ORP was determined from end of arousal until the next arousal. All arousals...