Effects of the fish-oil supplementation on the immune and inflammatory responses in elite swimmers (original) (raw)
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Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids (PLEFA), 2015
Background: Physical exercise can induce imbalance of different cytokines by leading them towards an inflammatory and immunosuppressive milieu. Fish-oil (FO) supplementation may modulate the mentioned skewed balance following intense exercise. Therefore, we decided to investigate the effect of intense physical exercise and FO supplementation on cytokine production and helper T (Th) cell phenotype in male elite paddlers. Subjects and methods: Male elite paddlers consumed 6 g/day of either FO capsules (n ¼11) containing 3.6 g long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (1.2 g docosahexaenoic acid and 2.4 g eicosapentaenoic acid) or placebo capsules (n ¼ 11) for 4 weeks. The paddlers simultaneously undertook a program of increasing exercise. Blood samples were taken from all the subjects 48 h before and after the 4 weeks of supplementation. Results: Our results show that while FO supplementation decreases the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β in the elite paddlers, it increases the production of IL-6. On the other hand, while there was no change in IL-4 secretion, the production of interferon (IFN)-γ was significantly decreased after 4 weeks FO consumption. We also showed that the production of IL-10 was significantly higher in the FO group compared to the placebo. Finally, we found that fish-oil consumption shifts the balance between Th cells towards Th2 phenotype during intensive exercise. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids during intense exercise can induce the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokine networks that are associated with a reduced Th1/Th2 ratio in elite paddlers.
Effect of chronic supplementation with shark liver oil on immune responses of exercise-trained rats
European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2009
Previous studies have reported that chronic supplementation with shark liver oil (SLO) improves immune response of lymphocyte, macrophage and neutrophil in animal models and humans. In a similar manner, exercise training also stimulates the immune system. However, we are not aware of any study about the association of exercise and SLO supplementation on immune response. Thus, our main goal was to investigate the effect of chronic supplementation with SLO on immune responses of exercise-trained rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: sedentary with no supplementation (SED, n = 20), sedentary with SLO supplementation (SEDslo, n = 20), exercised (EX, n = 17) and exercised supplemented with SLO (EXslo, n = 19). Rats swam for 6 weeks, 1.5 h/day, in water at 32 ± 1°C, with a load of 6.0% body weight attached to the thorax of rat. Animals were killed 48 h after the last exercise session. SLO supplementation did not change phagocytosis, lysosomal volume, superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide production by peritoneal macrophages and blood neutrophils. Thymus and spleen lymphocyte proliferation were significantly higher in SEDslo, EX, and EXslo groups compared with SED group (P \ 0.05). Gut-associated lymphocyte proliferation, on the other hand, was similar between the four experimental groups. Our findings show that SLO and EX indeed are able to increase lymphocyte proliferation, but their association did not induce further stimulation in the adaptive immune response and also did not modify innate immunity.
Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in healthy volunteers fed various doses of fish oil for 1 year
European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 1997
Dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids from fish oil alleviates inflammation in various chronic inflammatory disease states. Reductions in the produc tion of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1 ¡3 (IL-1/3), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), and inter leukin 6 (IL-6) have been seen in humans after short-term /?.-3 fatty acid supplementation. We investigated long term effects of dietary n-3 fatty acids on circulating cytokine concentrations and on ex vivo stimulated whole-blood production of IL-1/3, TNF-a and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-IRa), the naturally occurring antagonist of IL-1. A total of 58 monks with a mean age of 56 years were randomized into four groups and their diets were supplemented with 0, 3, 6, or 9 g of fish oil, providing 0, 1*06, 2-13 or 3-19g of n-3 fatty acids per day. Subjects received equal amounts of saturated fatty acids, vitamin E and cholesterol. Compliance was excel lent and erythrocyte fatty acid profiles closely reflected the amounts of n-3 fatty acids ingested. In the group receiving 9 g of fish oil per day, no influence of n-3 fatty acids on circulating cytokine concentrations was observed relative to placebo. Endotoxin-stimulated whole-blood cytokine production was measured at 26 and 52 weeks after the start and at 4, 8 and 26 weeks after cessation of supplementation. In all groups, the production of IL-ljS and IL-IRa was higher during supplementation than afterwards. However, no differences in cytokine production were noted between the placebo group and the various treatment groups at any point in time. Our results suggest that long-term supplementation of fish oil does not affect ex vivo cytokine production in man.
Effect of aerobic exercise and fish oil supplements on plasma levels of inflammatory indexes in mice
Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2014
Exercise has positive and negative effects on immune system. Herein, we would like to investigate the effects of incremental aerobic training and fish oil supplementation on the plasma levels of CRP, CPK and IL-17 in trained mice. One of the major roles of immune system is to produce soluble or cellular components that provide the immunity against inflammatory agent. The purpose of this study is to investigate distinct and combine effects of incremental aerobic training and fish oil supplement on plasma levels of IL-17, CPK and CRP in trained male mice. Totally, 54 healthy male mice (2 months old, weight= 34±1 grams) were selected. At first 10 mice were killed to determine base line values, the rest of them were randomly divided into four groups, control group (C, n=11), supplement group (S, n=11), training group (T, n=11) and supplement-training group (ST, n=11).The supplement and supplement-training groups were fed with 0.2cc/day fish oil for 8 weeks. Training and supplement-train...
British Journal of Nutrition, 2015
Immune function changes with ageing and is influenced by physical activity (strength training, ST) and diet (fish oil, FO). The present study investigated the effect of FO and ST on the immune system of elderly women. Forty-five women (64 (sd1·4) years) were assigned to ST for 90 d (ST;n15), ST plus 2 g/d FO for 90 d (ST90;n15) or 2 g/d FO for 60 d followed by ST plus FO for 90 d (ST150;n15). Training was performed three times per week, for 12 weeks. A number of innate (zymosan phagocytosis, lysosomal volume, superoxide anion, peroxide of hydrogen) and adaptive (cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4), CD8, TNF-α, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10 produced by lymphocytes) immune parameters were assessed before supplementation (base), before (pre-) and after (post-) training. ST induced no immune changes. FO supplementation caused increased phagocytosis (48 %), lysosomal volume (100 %) and the production of superoxide anion (32 %) and H2O2(70 %) in the ST90. Additional FO supplem...
Fish oil, polyphenols, and physical performance
Sporto mokslas / Sport Science, 2015
Due to dietary changes since 1900, including reduced intakes of oily fish and the commoditisation of plant oils, Omega 6/3 ratios rose consistently from around 1-2:1 and now the average is 15:1 in the United Kingdom and 25:1 in the United States of America. These abnormally high ratios create an increased tendency towards chronic inflammation and provide a significant cause of chronic degenerative diseases. As chronic inflammation involving skeletal muscle and articular tissues hampers sporting and athletic performance, we identified a Norwegian professional team of football players, which had a significant absenteeism rate due to infection and injury, as a candidate for a pharmaconutritional program designed to reduce the 6:3 ratio. We hypothesised that such a change would reduce players' burden of chronic inflammation and contribute to various types of performance enhancement. Initially, we tested the blood of all players in Lillestrøm Sports Club (LSK) and found that their average Omega 6:3 ratio was 12.5:1. Then we implemented a dietary program, which included an Omega-3 / lipophile polyphenol blend and which was continued over a 6-month period. This duration was necessary as it was already known that changes in cell membrane lipid populations would take at least 3 months to achieve, due to the slow rate of turnover of the phosphatidyl phospholipid components in cell membranes. By the end of the intervention period, we were able to reduce their average Omega 6/3 ratios from 12.5 to 3.5. Rates of absenteeism, due to infection and injury, were reduced by 85 and 57% respectively, contributing to improved performance, morale, and position in the league. The Omega 3 / lipophile polyphenol pharmaconutritional intervention provided an extremely cost-effective way of optimising individual and particularly team performance leading to expressions of interest from many other clubs both in Norway and abroad and from the representatives of many other team sports. This initial study has inherent limitations as it was an open design without a control group and as such was vulnerable to the placebo and Hawthorne effects. It may be argued that the duration of the study is long enough to minimise such effects but, from a purist perspective, those potential confounders cannot be excluded. Accordingly, we are planning to follow up this initial study with more rigorously designed trial utilising placebo control and longer duration, possibly, as long as 12 months. We hope to be able to report on this trial in Q1 2017.
Impact of Varying Dosages of Fish Oil on Recovery and Soreness Following Eccentric Exercise
Nutrients, 2020
Fish oils (FOs) are rich in omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, which have been purported to enhance recovery of muscular performance and reduce soreness post-exercise. However, the most effective FO dose for optimizing recovery remains unclear. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effect of FO supplementation dosing on the recovery of measures of muscular performance, perceived soreness, and markers of muscle damage following a rigorous bout of eccentric exercise. Thirty-two college-aged resistance-trained males (~23.6 years, 71.6 kg, 172.1 cm) were supplemented with 2, 4, 6 g/day (G) FO or placebo (PL) for ~7.5 weeks. Following 7 weeks of supplementation, pre-exercise (PRE) performance assessments of vertical jump (VJ), knee extensor strength, 40-yard sprint, T-test agility, and perceived soreness were completed prior to a bout of muscle-damaging exercise and were repeated immediately post (IP), 1-, 2-, 4-, 24-, 48-, and 72-h (H) post-exercise. Repeated...
Protective Effect of Fish Oil Supplementation on Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction in Asthma
Chest, 2006
Previous research has demonstrated that fish oil supplementation has a protective effect on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) in elite athletes, which may be attributed to its antiinflammatory properties. Since EIB in asthma involves proinflammatory mediator release, it is feasible that fish oil supplementation may reduce the severity of EIB in asthmatic subjects. To determine the efficacy of fish oil supplementation on severity of EIB in subjects with asthma. Randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Lung function and exercise testing in a university research laboratory. Sixteen asthmatic patients with documented EIB entered the study on their normal diet and then received either fish oil capsules containing 3.2 g of eicosapentaenoic acid and 2.0 g of docohexaenoic acid (fish oil diet, n = 8) or placebo capsules (placebo diet, n = 8) daily for 3 weeks. At the beginning of the study (normal diet) and at the end of each treatment phase, the following pre-exercise and postexercise measures were assessed: (1) pulmonary function; (2) induced sputum differential cell count percentage and proinflammatory eicosanoid metabolite (leukotriene C4 [LTC4]-leukotriene E4 [LTE4] and prostaglandin D2 [PGD2]) and cytokine (interleukin [IL]-1beta and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha) concentrations; and (3) eicosanoid metabolites leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and leukotriene B5 (LTB(5)) generation from activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs). On the normal and placebo diet, subjects exhibited EIB. However, the fish oil diet improved pulmonary function to below the diagnostic EIB threshold, with a concurrent reduction in bronchodilator use. Induced sputum differential cell count percentage and concentrations of LTC4-LTE4, PGD2, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha were significantly reduced before and following exercise on the fish oil diet compared to the normal and placebo diets. There was a significant reduction in LTB4 and a significant increase in LTB5 generation from activated PMNLs on the fish oil diet compared to the normal and placebo diets. Our data suggest that fish oil supplementation may represent a potentially beneficial nonpharmacologic intervention for asthmatic subjects with EIB.
Effects of Animal Oil Supplementation within the Sport Performance
IJIRMPS, 2020
Fish oils originate from the tissues of oily fish. Sharks, swordfish, tilefish, and albacore tuna contain high levels of omega-3 fatty acid (EPA) and omega-3 fatty acid (DHA), both sorts of omega-3 fatty acids. Some individuals take animal oil supplements to assist attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and disorders associated with the brain. Fish consumption and animal oil supplementation are dubbed brain food due to the connection between these omega-3 fatty acids and improvement in cognitive function. Animal oil supplementation has been shown to decrease blood triglyceride levels in both athletes and no athletes. Although animal oil and consumption of fish are linked to the prevention of a variety of disorders and diseases, it's important to read the scientific literature to determine what benefits are found and what benefits are anecdotal. Animal oil supplementation has recently been proposed as an ergogenic aid for athletes. This claim is especially supported the mechanistic evidence that animal oil then omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids exerts anti-inflammatory properties and acts to vary the functional capacity of the muscle fibre by changing the fluidity of the protein and lipid membrane within the cell wall. This overview summarized the scientific data associated with the effectiveness of animal oil supplementation to enhance athlete performance within the context of muscle adaptation, energy metabolism, muscle recovery and injury prevention, is summarized. Supported the available information, just some scientific evidence proves that supplementation with animal oil can have a positive effect on sports performance; therefore, at the present, it's impossible to conclude that the mixing of animal oil is usually effective and ergogenic.