Model Based Simulation for Type I Diabetic Patients (original) (raw)
Related papers
Evaluation of PD/PID controller for insulin control on blood glucose regulation in a Type-I diabetes
2017
This project introduces a simulation of Proportional-Derivative (PD) and Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller based on a virtual Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) patient: Hovorka diabetic model using MATLAB-Simulink software. The results of these simulations are based on three tuning responses for each controller which are fast, slow and oscillation responses. The main purpose of this simulation is to achieve an acceptable stability and fastness response towards the regulation of glucose concentration using PD and PID controller response with insulin infusion rate. Therefore, in order to analyze and compare the responses of both controller performances, one-day simulations of the insulin-glucose dynamic have been conducted using a typical day meal plan that contains five meals of different bolus size. It is found that the PID closed-loop control with a short rise time is required to retrieve a satisfactory glucose regulation.
Amelioration of Digital PID Controller Performance for Blood Glucose Level of Diabetic Patient
SSRG International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 2022
The background of this paper discusses the design of a digital PID (Proportional-integral derivative) controller for controlling the blood glucose level of a diabetic patient. The objective is to design a digital PID controller for external insulin injection, which can inject insulin to the patient accurately to sustain the blood glucose level of a diabetic patient. The patient's blood sugar level is considered as input variable & injected insulin level is considered as output variable, which is to be controlled. A dynamic model is constructed & a transfer function is defined for this system. The Proportional, Integral & Derivatives coefficients are found using various tuning rules. The conventional Ziegler Nicholas method produces a very high overshoot that can endanger a patient's life. Therefore, other efficient tuning techniques like Chien-Hrones-Reswick (set-point regulation) and Chien-Hrones-Reswick (distribution regulation) methods are used to find the Proportional, Integral & Derivative coefficient. The tuning responses are studied & parameters are compared. The best response given by the PID is converted into Digital PID. Different transformation methods are studied to convert the conventional PID into the digital PID controller.
Modeling of Patient of Type 1 Diabetes for Blood Glucose Control
The recent development in the insulin delivery system is the automatic one .The blood glucose levels are controlled by the feedback loop. The initial success with the simple models in normalizing blood glucose level led to the improvement of the devices including variety of control system. The insulin delivery system to diabetic is a tedious job and doesn't ensure proper performance and leads to various complications if the delivery of insulin is not proper. The system which is a portable one used to control the blood glucose concentration. In this paper theoretical analysis has been performed to regulate blood glucose insulin concentration on the basis of some mathematical models. The closed-loop insulin delivery system is composed of three essential components: a stable glucose sensor for measuring the glucose concentration, a control system regulating external insulin infusion based on the glucose-insulin system and a safe and stable insulin pump. The goal is to control and analyze two controllers which were designed to control the plant which is diabetic patient for this paper and the controllers analyzed are proportional integral derivative (PID), and fuzzy logic controllers (FLC). Mathematical modeling of a patient is shown in this paper. Simulation would be performed in MATLAB software.
The Fractional Order PID Controller Design for BG Control in Type-I Diabetes Patient
Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 2020
As per the World Health Organization report, one among the widespread diseases is diabetes mellitus and is resulted due to the malfunctioning of the pancreas. This reduces insulin sensitivity affecting the normoglycaemic range of BG concentration (70-120 mg/dl) in a healthy human being. At present, numerous research projects are undertaken by several researchers to get rid of this problem by devising advanced medical equipment like automated MID. Till date, BG concentration is manually controlled to adopt the open-loop control strategy. The hypoglycemic or hyperglycemic conditions may evolve due to the difficulties in handling the internal system changes and external disturbances by implementing the control loop technique. The development of implanted artificial pancreases (AP) enabling the adequate dose of insulin delivery proportionate to the sensor measurement in the patient's body may provide the means to incorporate the closed loop control strategy. Figure 1 describes a closed loop patient model with an AP. The AP consists of glucose sensor, MID, and controller. The sensor measures the BG concentration of the human body continuously and sends signal to the controller for generating the desired control actions. The control signal generated by this controller also depicts the association of the additional model uncertainties and disturbances. Thereafter, according to the control signal u(t), the optimal insulin dose is infused into the patient's venous blood by MID to achieve the normoglycaemic range of BG concentration [1, 2]. To determine an optimal solution for the AP like building an appropriate model of the complex BG regulatory system, a number of obstacles and challenges such as the effects of non-linear behavior, time-dependent dynamics, presence of several sources of disturbance, uncertainty, and lack of glucose sensing are to be faced. Additionally, the challenges and constraints related to control, specifically for BG regulation controller design are considerable glucose measurement delay, insulin absorption delay after being injected, irreversible action of insulin, meal detection and estimation, model parameter variation, asymmetric risk of extreme BG concentration variations and timebased control needs, etc. [1]. Despite of technical progress and considerable development on aforesaid issues, substantial improvement is still required in the control algorithm. Assessment of the glucose excursions following the insulin dose adjustment needs a controller for BG regulation in AP and many authors suggested the PID controller as a viable solution [3, 4]. However, due to glucose sensing time delay,
Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 2017
Objectives: To design digital PID controller by using CHR-I and CHR-II tuning techniques, as it helps in finding out the tuning parameters of controllers for a specific system. Transformation of analog to digital PID controller using various transformation techniques like first order hold method, impulse-invariant mapping, Tustin approximation and zero-pole mapping equivalents and also the mathematical modeling of blood glucose level, such that a system injects the exact amount of insulin into the body of diabetic patient to maintain his/her glucose level to the normal range. Method/Statistical Analysis: The differential equation of the blood glucose level is formulated and then it is converted to three-dimensional Laplace equation using forward Laplace transform. Using the Laplace transform the differential equation of the blood glucose is converted into a s-domain equation. Then, using the s-domain equation as the equation of the system and the Tuning techniques, CHR-I and CHR-II, the tuning parameters (Kp, Ki and Kd) are acquired. Then, it is converted into digital, i.e. in z-domain, by applying disparate transformation techniques. Findings: On analyzing the acquired equation, it is depicted that on tuning the controller with CHR-I tuning technique the system exhibits zero overshoot which is most reliable and efficient for diabetic patient. Also, a considerable settling time of 6.3362 seconds is also achieved. Application/Improvement: Therefore, a system that can inject the exact amount of insulin into the patient’s blood and bring the blood glucose level to the normal range, by automatically calculating the amount of insulin required, from the available status of blood glucose level, is being achieved.
Simulation Study on Type I Diabetic Patient
IETE Journal of Research, 2009
Maintaining glucose concentration in normoglycemic range in Type I diabetic patients is challenging. In this study H` control is applied for insulin delivery to prevent hyperglycemic levels in a type I diabetic patient. From a control theory point of view, the blood glucose regulation problem is reformulated as a tracking one. A glucose tolerance curve (GTC) validated from several patients is used as a reference model. Intra-and inter-patient variability poses a challenging task to control blood glucose concentration in diabetic patients. A data based robust controller is developed to control blood glucose concentration in type I diabetic patients in the presence of meal disturbances under patient-model mismatch. Simulation studies are performed on the diabetic patient model under feedback control which revealed that the proposed control strategy is able to control blood glucose concentration well within the acceptable limits and also compensate for slow parametric drifts.
SSRG International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 2022
The main objective of this paper is to design the digital PID controller for injecting insulin externally to the diabetic patient for maintaining a healthy blood glucose level. We have designed PID controllers using various tuning rules for examining the best performance in terms of different time response parameters like Overshoot, settling time & rise time, etc. Various tuning methods used for designing PID in this paper are the Ziegler Nichols method and the IPDT method. We have also made approximate mathematical modelling of blood glucose levels. Finally, we convert the conventional PID controller into a digital PID controller.
Simulation Study on Closed Loop Control Algorithm of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
IETE Journal of Research, 2009
It is challenging to maintain normoglycemic range of glucose concentration in type I diabetic patients. In this study H` control is applied for insulin delivery to prevent the hyperglycemic levels in a type I diabetic patient. From a control theory point of view, the blood glucose regulation problem is reformulated as a tracking one. A glucose tolerance curve (GTC) validated from several patients is used as reference model. Intra-and inter-patient variability poses a challenging task to control blood glucose concentration in diabetic patients. We develop a data based robust controller to control blood glucose concentration in type I diabetic (TIDM) patients in the presence of meal disturbances under patient-model mismatch. Simulation studies are performed on the diabetic patient model under feedback control. It is seen that the proposed control strategy is able to control blood glucose concentration well within the acceptable limits and also compensate for slow parametric drifts.
Comparison of PID based Control Algorithms for Daily Blood Glucose Control
World Congress on Electrical Engineering and Computer Systems and Science, 2016
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is a worldwide disease. Although a complete cure has not been found yet, an artificial pancreas (AP), also known as a closed-loop insulin therapy, is becoming more important for the treatment of this disease. Controller part of the AP can compute insulin infusion rate that will keep blood glucose concentration (BGC) in normoglycemic ranges for patients with T1DM. In this paper, three different control algorithms are proposed as a controller part of the AP. These control algorithms include genetic algorithm based proportional-integral-derivative (GA-PID) control, artificial bee colony algorithm based PID (ABC-PID) control, and particle swarm optimization algorithm based PID (PSO-PID) control. In silico control studies are implemented through a virtual diabetic patient based on the Stolwijk-Hardy's glucose-insulin regulation model. Simulations are performed to assess control function in terms of tracking BGC profile of a healthy person against to a daily food intake of three meals. In order to demonstrate robustness, sensor noise test is implemented. Simulation results are promising in terms of regulating the daily BGC.
Improvising Tuning Techniques of Digital PID Controller for Blood Glucose Level of Diabetic Patient
IEEE International conference on emerging trends in electrical, electronics and sustainable energy systems (ICETEESES-2016), 2016
– In this paper the digital PID (Proportional-integral derivative) controller is designed based on controlling the blood glucose level of diabetic patient. The main objective is to design a digital PID controller for blood glucose level of diabetic patient which can inject external insulin to the patient in a accurate controlled way. The blood sugar level of the patient is considered as input variable & injected insulin level is considered as output variable which is to be manipulated. A dynamic model is constructed & transfer function is defined for this system. Using various tuning rules like Cohen-Coon method, Astrom-Hagglund or AMIGO method and Chien-Hrones-Reswick (CHR) method the Proportional, Integral & Derivative coefficient. The tuning responses are studied & parameters are compared. Best response given by the PID is converted into Digital PID. In this paper we also studied different transformation method to convert the conventional PID into the digital PID controller.