Inflammatory and degenerative changes in the endometrium of mares of the Crioulo breed (original) (raw)
Related papers
Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 2015
The equine oviduct is considered as a reproductive organ with essential functions for early reproductive events. There is extensive literature on the pathology of the equine endometrium relating to reduced fertility, but in only few studies, the influence of alterations of the equine oviduct has been examined. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of inflammatory lesions in the oviduct and its association with endometrial inflammation and ovarian activity in mares. One hundred fifty Criollo mares were selected from a population of horses sent to slaughter at an abattoir. Internal reproductive tracts were recovered within 10 minutes after slaughter, and uterine and oviducts samples were collected, processed, stained with hematoxylin-eosin, and analyzed. From the total mares examined, 69.3% were considered cyclic, 18.7% in anestrus, and 12% in the transitional phase. No significant (P > .05) correlations coefficients were observed among the degree of inflammatory cells in oviduct and in endometrium from cyclic and noncyclic mares. Most studied mares had some degree of lymphocytic infiltration in the oviduct mucosa (64%). The incidence of neutrophilic and eosinophilic infiltration in oviducts occurred in 8% and 4% of the mares studied, respectively. Cyclicity did not influence the neutrophilic and eosinophilic infiltration (P > .05). The incidence of oviduct inflammation in Criollo mares is more frequent than previously reported in other breeds; however, the neutrophilic and eosinophilic infiltration is rare. Endometrial infiltration is not an oviduct infiltration cause and is possible to observe oviduct inflammation without endometrial inflammation.
Post-breeding inflammation and endometrial cytology in mares
Theriogenology, 2005
Endometritis has been reported to be the third most common medical condition of horses. Timely diagnosis and treatment of endometritis in mares increases the chance of pregnancy. Exfoliative endometrial cytology is often used as a clinical tool to evaluate endometrial inflammation through detection of neutrophils. There is a lack of information on the time frame for changes in endometrial cytologic parameters following breeding. The main objectives of this article are to use current information to describe systematic analysis of endometrial cytology using standardized methods for sample collection and interpretation, and discuss how these parameters change in relationship to postbreeding interval and mare susceptibility.
Post breeding inflamation and endometrial cytology in mares
Endometritis has been reported to be the third most common medical condition of horses. Timely diagnosis and treatment of endometritis in mares increases the chance of pregnancy. Exfoliative endometrial cytology is often used as a clinical tool to evaluate endometrial inflammation through detection of neutrophils. There is a lack of information on the time frame for changes in endometrial cytologic parameters following breeding. The main objectives of this article are to use current information to describe systematic analysis of endometrial cytology using standardized methods for sample collection and interpretation, and discuss how these parameters change in relationship to postbreeding interval and mare susceptibility. #
Endometritis and Infertility in the Mare – The Challenge in Equine Breeding Industry–A Review
Genital Infections and Infertility, 2016
Most major infertility problems are complex and several factors can cause failure to produce offspring. In the last few years, much of the efforts of practitioners and researchers working in equine breeding industry have been directed to individuate the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying poor reproductive performances in mares. Endometritis is on the talk in much of the recent research as the most frequent cause of subfertility in mares that cycle normally but do not conceive and in mares that cycle normally and conceive but then suffer early embryonic death. Post-breeding persistent endometritis, bacterial and other infective endometritis and poor uterine clearance have all been discussed in an attempt to define risk factors and a diagnostic algorithm. The aim of this chapter is to perform a thorough review of recent literature about endometritis. The diagnostic algorithms are carefully examined, highlighting pros as well as pitfalls of each diagnostic aid. Suggested therapeutic protocols are examined in the effort to detect what is actually recommended and what would better benefit from further corroboration. The idea that a better etiopathogenetical understanding of the endometritis remains the key to access to a correct diagnostic protocol and to a successful therapeutic plan will inspire this chapter.
Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal, 2022
Mares, which make up 90% of animals requiring reproductive assistance in commercial equine production systems, are subjected to strong breeding and reproductive efficiency pressure throughout their lives, but the effects of aging on overall and reproductive systems in particular; it often means that we are forcing the natural homeostasis mechanisms under pressure over time. The objective of this brief communication is to summarize some concepts related to the role and importance of equine endometrium, particularly in old mares, the most challenged category to achieve productive and efficiency goals established by humans. Endometritis is one of the most frequent and recurrent pathologies in equine gynecology and is responsible for enormous economic losses in the industry. Alterations of the microbiota, molecular signals and uterine endocrine microenvironment can lead to infertility, but degenerative phenomena associated with age and parity can lead to endometriosis altering maternal recognition of pregnancy and pregnancy maintenance. Maintaining horses in an adequate nutrition status and environment is essential to achieve pregnancy but also to obtain healthy offspring.
Veterinarski glasnik, 2004
Endoscopyc examinations were performed on 37 mares of different breeds. All examined mares had reproductive problems. During the examination, the following pathological changes were found: inflammation of endometrium in 19 cases (64.9%), uterus adhesions in 4 cases (10.8%), exudate in uterus lumen in 13 cases (32.4%), thin fibrin exudate in 8 cases (21.6%) and lymphatic cysts in 12 cases (32.4%). In one case adhesions in the cervical wall were found, and in one case there was hair encapsulated in the cervical mucus as a consequence of fetotomy. These changes were found in 2.7% of cases.
Theriogenology, 2011
The aim of the present study was to characterize the morpho-functional features of endometrosis in barren and foaling mares, using both conventional histopathological and immunohistochemical methods. Endometrial biopsy samples were collected during the physiological breeding season from 159 estrous, clinically healthy mares (mean age 12 years), and the quality and degree of endometrosis was histomorphologically defined. The mares were bred and those that foaled were put in the foaling group whereas those that did not foal were placed in the barren group. Foaling mares were then compared with barren mares. Sixty-four percent (101/159) of uterine samples showed varying degrees of endometrosis and were used for this study. The sample population consisted of 51 barren and 50 foaling mares suffering from endometrosis. Expression of steroid hormone receptors (estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor) and endometrial protein secretion patterns (uteroglobin [UG], uterocalin [UC], calbindin D9k [CAL], uteroferrin [UF]) was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (barren mares N ϭ 51, foaling mares N ϭ 31). In comparison with unaffected glands, fibrotic glands generally showed a cycle-asynchronous, partially patchy protein expression pattern which is interpreted as a sign of endometrial maldifferentiation within fibrotic areas. In barren mares (N ϭ 51) more than half of biopsy samples (27/51) showed a destructive mostly moderate (20/27) type of endometrosis. In affected glands, staining for UG (17/21) was decreased (P Ͻ 0.001). Foaling mares (N ϭ 50) frequently showed a mild, nondestructive endometrosis (35/50). Compared with barren mares, foaling mares had statistically (P Ͻ 0.05) more often a cycle-synchronous or increased UG expression pattern within fibrotic glands. Obvious deviations of either UG or UC rarely occurred. Within fibrotic foci, UF often demonstrated a cycle-synchronous or more intense expression pattern in both foaling (28/31) and barren mares (41/51), compared with healthy glands. Mares of both groups showed a cycle-asynchronous staining for estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor in the stromal cells in areas of periglandular fibrosis and the glandular epithelia. These findings indicate that affected areas become independent of the uterine control mechanisms and exhibit specific differentiation dynamics. Immunohistochemical investigations showed that the secretory patterns differ between barren and foaling mares. The findings in this study should be considered as a useful addition to the "classical" Kenney categorization.
Diagnostic methods to detect uterus illnesses in mares
Theriogenology, 2018
Uterine illnesses are the major problem in horse reproductive programs. The diagnosis of these pathologies is often neglected or does not provide enough information about the cause. The aim of this study was to evaluate different diagnoses to provide more accurate information about endometritis and the real endometrial profile at the beginning of a breeding season. Fifty-one mares with reproductive failure were evaluated. Two different uterine cytology diagnoses, culture of uterine flush material and biopsy assay, were performed. The data were analyzed by the Chi-squared test to compare different diagnostic methods for the same sample from each mare, and sensitivity and specificity tests were performed. Most of evaluations showed no association between cytology and other diagnostic methods, except with bacterial culture. The most common bacterium found was Escherichia colli, but it was not associated with neutrophil presence in cytology. The presence of β-hemolitic streptococcus was...
2006
Detection of venereal disease and acute or chronic endometritis can be achieved by cytological examination. The presence of significant numbers of neutrophils in the uterine smear is the best indication for equine endometritis. Uterine function may be evaluated by examining clitoral or vaginal smears. In this study, 20 nonpregnant mares were selected and their reproductive functions were evaluated by rectal palpation. The levels of progesterone were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Cytological smears were prepared from clitoris, vagina, and uterus. A wet swab was applied to the clitoral fossa and the collected material transferred to a microscope slide. Vaginal samples were collected using 30 cm wet swabs. Uterine samples were collected from uterine lavage fluid. There was no significant difference (P≥0.05) between cell densities in the estrus phase (p4<1 ng/ml) compared with the interval between estrus phases (p4>1 ng/ml). Significant differences (P<0.05) were noted in epithelial cell, lymphocyte, and neutrophil densities between diestrus phase (p4≥3.5 ng/ml) and other phases (p4<3.5 ng/ml). Epithelial, neutrophil, and lymphocyte densities were significantly different between clitoral, vaginal and uterine smears (P<0.05). There were significant differences in epithelial cells and neutrophils of vaginal and uterine smears in mares affected by metritis compared with repeat breeder and normal mares. We concluded that the clitoral cytology of mares could not predict uterine physiology but evaluation of vaginal cytology showed more appropriate potential. However, further study is needed to assess vaginal cytology in comparison with other methods for evaluating uterine reproductive physiology.