Molluscicidal Activity Of Chrysanthemum Cinerariaefolium Extracts Against Biomphalaria Pfeifferi Snails (original) (raw)
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A New Method to Test Molluscicides against the Philippine Schistosomiasis Snail Vectors
Journal of Parasitology Research
To expedite the discovery of novel molluscicides in the laboratory, this study aimed to evaluate the performance of a new molluscicidal assay. This assay is based on Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi snails and is called miniaturized plate test or mpt. To perform this assay, a 12-well plate, 3 snails per well, and 24-h exposure period were used. The performance of mpt was evaluated using niclosamide and Ardisia plant extract (tagpo extract) as test substances while WHO’s guidelines for a conventional plate test (cpt) served as standard. One cpt and four mpt independent trials were performed for niclosamide and tagpo extract. Probit analysis of dose–response data was run in R to generate lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90), while lethal ratio test was performed to detect significant difference between paired LC50s (or LC90s). Using niclosamide, the calculated LC50 values were 0.104, 0.127, 0.136, 0.139, and 0.140 g/m2 for cpt, mpt 1, mpt 2, mpt 3, and mpt 4, respectively, while the LC9...
The study evaluated the molluscicidal effects of ethanolic leaf extracts of two Nigerian indigenous medicinal plants; Terminalia catappa and Carica papaya. Different concentrations 2500, 630, 160, 40 and 10 ppm were prepared from the stock solution of the extracts. Adult Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Bulinus globosus were exposed to these different graded concentrations. Mortalities were observed at intervals of time. There were strong positive correlations between mortalities observed in snails and extracts' concentrations; R2 = 0.997 and 0.952 in T. catappa exposed B. pfeifferi and B. globosus respectively and R2 = 0.925and 0.937 in C. papaya exposed B. pfeifferi and B. globosus respectively. The lethal concentration for T. catappa and C. papaya ethanol extracts respectively. The corresponding LC90 values were (1222.8, 1874.9 ppm) and (4515.9, 1180.7 ppm) for T. catappa and C. papaya ethanol extracts respectively. The results from the lethal concentration values showed that B. pfeifferi is more susceptible to T. catappa while B. globosus is more susceptible to C. papaya ethanolic leaf extracts.
Many chemicals are applied for disinfecting purposes. Although chlorination is the most common procedure, it has many drawbacks. So there becomes an urgent need for new chemicals which are both effective and less harmful to other water fauna. The present work aims at investigating the comparative effects of chlorine and Huwa-san as a new disinfectant on Biomphalaria alexandrina snails which act as bioindicators of toxicity, besides evaluating their miracicidal and cercaricidal activities. The results showed that Huwa-san was more toxic on tested snails than chlorine, where the LC 50 values were 21 and 1368.9 ppm, respectively after 24 h. Also, it was found that the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in snails' tissues were either induced or inhibited according to the tested disinfectant. Regarding reduced glutathione (GSH) content, it was increased as chlorine concentrations increased, while it reached its minimum content at the highest Huwa-san concentration. Such fluctuations were supported by histopathological examination of digestive and hermaphrodite glands, as prolonged exposure to chlorine led to more detrimental effects than Huwa-san concentrations. Moreover, Huwa-san was more effective on Schistosoma mansoni miracidia than on its cercariae, while the reverse was observed with chlorine. In conclusion, Huwa-san as a newly applied disinfectant can also be used as miracicidal and cercaricidal agent at small concentrations. Despite being more toxic to B. alexandrina snails, the chronic effect of its sublethal concentrations is less harmful than chlorine.
Freshwater snails of the genus Biomphalaria play a major role as intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni, the etiologic agent of schistosomiasis. While Biomphalaria spp. control by molluscicides is one of the main strategies to reduce the snail population in infected areas, there are few effective molluscicides commercially available. Natural products may be considered as potentially useful and safe molluscicides. We have evaluated the molluscicidal activity of 12 extracts from ten marine organisms on adult and embryonic stages of Biomphalaria glabrata. Only extracts of the red algae Liagora farinosa and of the sponge Amphimedon viridis presented molluscicidal activity. Lethal concentration (LC)50 values obtained were 120 μg/mL for L. farinosa CH2Cl2 extract (apolar fraction) and 20 μg/mL for A. viridis extract and halitoxin. The polar alga fraction and halitoxin had no effect on B. glabrata embryos. The algae apolar fraction was active on B. glabrata in all embryonic development ...
An assessment of the molluscicidal potential of Cucurbita maxima seed extracts on Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Bulinus globosus snails, 2021
Reports of snails' resistance to niclosamide appeared recently and finding new molluscicides becomes necessary. We investigated the molluscicidal effects of Cucurbita maxima seed extracts on Biomphalaria pfeifferi, and Bulinus globosus snails under laboratory conditions. For B. pfeifferi, we tested seed extracts on juvenile and adult snails while only adult B. globosus were available for testing. Snails were exposed to water and crude ethanol extracts for 72 h and significant concentrationdependent mortality rates were observed. The number of B. pfeifferi juveniles collected was not enough for a comprehensive investigation against both solvents. We, therefore, tested them against water extracts only. A lethal concentration of 0.02 mg/mL killed 50% of the snails (LC50) for both water and ethanol extracts on adult B. pfeifferi snails. Our results suggest that pumpkin seed extracts have a significant molluscicidal effect on B. pfeifferi and B. globosus snails. The LC50 values for all the extracts in B. pfeifferi and B. globosus snails are within the threshold set for potential molluscicides by the World Health Organisation. We propose that C.maxima seed extracts be considered as potential molluscicidal agents in Schistosomiasis transmission control.
Phytochemical Molluscicides and Schistosomiasis: What We Know and What We Still Need to Learn
Veterinary Sciences
Worldwide schistosomiasis remains a serious public health problem with approximately 67 million people infected and 200 million at risk of infection from inhabiting or transiting endemically active regions. Africa, South America, the Caribbean, and the Middle East are the main transmission regions of Schistosoma mansoni. The fight against transmission through the use of molluscicides is not recent and has been advocated as the only activity with the possibility of interruption of transmission in small, epidemiologically active outbreaks. Euphorbia milii var. hislopii (syn. splendens) (Des Moulins, 1826) is the most promising for use in official schistosomiasis control programs according to the WHO. In this review, we show that an understanding of some how E. milii latex affects the snail vector and their parasites from a molecular level to field conditions is lacking. On the other hand, this type of treatment could also provide a rationale for the control of schistosomiasis and othe...
Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 2004
The molluscicidal effect of nicotinanilide was evaluated and compared with niclosamide (2',5-dichloro-4'nitrosalicylanilide, ethanolamide salt) against different stages of the freshwater snail Lymnaea luteola i.e., eggs, immature, young mature, and adults. Calculated values of lethal concentrations (LC 50 and LC 90) showed that both nicotinanilide and niclosamide as toxic against eggs, immature, and adults. The young mature stage of the snails was comparatively more tolerant to both molluscicides than the other stages. The toxicity of the intermediate compounds of nicotinanilide against the young mature stage of the snails showed them as ineffective. The mortality pattern of the snails exposed to LC 90 concentration of these molluscicides showed niclosamide to kill faster (within 8 to 9 h) than nicotinanilide (26 to 28 h). In view of the above studies it may be concluded that both molluscicides are toxic against all the stages of the L. luteola snails.
2020
Background: Schistosomiasis is a public health problem of social and economic importance in the developing world. Schistosomiasis haematobium is still endemic in many foci along the Nile valley, especially in El Fayoum and Beni-Suef governorates. Chemotherapy and snail eradication are the most important control measures with few studies that dealt with its snail intermediate host, Bulinus truncatus. Because of drug resistance and recurrence of exposure to infection, snail control becomes a better method for control, keeping in mind that chemical molluscicides may have toxic effects on non-target organisms. Objectives: The aim of the study is to search for biologically derived molluscicides such as plant extracts, that are less expensive, available, biodegradable, non-toxic and easily applicable than synthetic ones. Material and Methods: The effect of oil extracts of three natural plants; Nigella sativa, Pelargonium graveolens and Azadirachta indica were investigated as molluscicidal...