Oral cancer and precancerous lesions (original) (raw)
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Oral Cancer and Precancer: A Narrative Review on the Relevance of Early Diagnosis
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Oral cancer (OC) is an uncommon malignancy in Western countries, being one of the most common cancers in some high-risk areas of the world. It is a largely preventable cancer, since most of the different risk factors identified, such as tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and betel nut chewing, are behaviors that increase the likelihood of the disease. Given its high mortality, early diagnosis is of utmost importance. Prevention and the anticipation of diagnosis begin with identification of potentially malignant lesions of the oral mucosa and with local conditions promoting chronic inflammation. Therefore, every lesion must be recognized promptly and treated adequately. The clinical recognition and evaluation of oral mucosal lesions can detect up to 99% of oral cancers/premalignancies. As stated by the World Health Organization, any suspicious lesion that does not subside within two weeks from detection and removal of local causes of irritation must be biopsied. Surgical biopsy remain...
Oral cancer: etiology, precancerous lesions and treatment: A literature review
World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2020
Introduction: Oral cancer is one of the most common malign neoplasia around the world. However, despite current diagnosis tools, a high morbidity and mortality rate is present due to a late diagnosis and a lack of population consciousness about tobacco, alcohol, and other substances consumption. Objective: The current review aims to provide updated information about precancerous lesions, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of oral cancer. Methodology: A bibliographic research on peer review articles were done in five digital repositories considering publications from 2015 up to date. Conclusion: Oral cancer is a frequent pathology with severe consequences for its affected patients. A wide knowledge on pre-malign lesions, risk factors, and early diagnosis is key to prevent the presence and development of this pathology.
An Update on Precancerous Lesions of Oral Cavity
International Journal of Medical and Dental Sciences
Oral cancer is the most common head and neck cancer, found in 270,000 patients annually worldwide. Some cancers develop from precancerous lesions; however, there is no definitive clinico pathological factor or biomarker that reliably enables malignant transformation to be predicted in an individual patient. Early detection and early treatment of oral cancer are important for improving the survival rate of patients; prevention of oral cancer will clearly contribute most to decreasing its death rate. So correct diagnosis and timely treatment of premalignant lesions with high risk of malignant transformation may help to prevent malignant transformation.
Early Detection and Multidisciplinary Approach to Oral Cancer Patients
Oral Cancer [Working Title]
"Oral cancer" is a term usually describing oral cavity and oropharyngeal malign tumors. The most histologic type of carcinoma is squamous cell carcinoma, seen in oral and oropharyngeal region with the incidence of 90%. Prevention or early diagnosis of premalignant and oral cancer requires increased public awareness and educating practitioners to be skillful in identifying oropharyngeal region pathology. To prevent oral cancers, the etiological factors should be known, and measures must be taken according to those factors. Premalignant lesions are leukoplakia, lichen planus in oral and cutaneous form, erythroplakia, stomatitis nicotina, and submucous fibrosis. Premalignant lesions should be treated, if possible, or followed up on carefully. To date, there are many clinical, histopathological, radiological, and optical techniques to diagnose or capture precancerous and oral cancer lesions early. The routine management of oral cancers is firstly surgical resection with or without postoperative adjuncts and other therapies such as the use of postoperative chemoradiation and radiation. Successful treatment of oral cancer patients is a complex issue that requires a multidisciplinary approach, including oral and maxillofacial surgeons, oral and maxillofacial radiologists, ENT specialists, medical and radiological oncologists, prosthodontists, dentists, speech therapists, supportive care experts, and also pathologists or, if possible, oral and maxillofacial pathologists.
Oral Cancer & Early Detection: A Review
2015
Oral cancer is one of the major global threats to public health. The development of oral cancer is a tobacco-related multistep and multifocal process involving field cancerization and carcinogenesis. In spite of numerous advances in the treatment of oral cancer, 5-year survival rate remains only 50%. This poor prognosis is due to several factors. However, single most effective route to improving the long-term outcome of oral cancer is early diagnosis. Oral cancer is among the 10 most common cancers worldwide, and is especially seen in disadvantaged elderly males. Early detection and prompt treatment offer the best chance for cure. As patient awareness regarding the danger of oral cancer increases, the demand for “screening” is expected to increase. It is critical to detect the oral cancer at a very early stage to prevent mortality and morbidity and achieve optimum results of the treatment.
The pathology of oral cancer and precancer
Current Diagnostic Pathology, 1996
Oral cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and represents about 5.5% of all malignancies. In the Western world it is less common, but the incidence is increasing and the mortality rate has not improved for decades. Although most oral cancers probably arise in clinically normal mucosa some are preceded by a precancerous lesion which indicates an increased risk of cancer development at a particular site. The histopathologist's role is to recognize pathological features which indicate high risk and to provide prognostic information from examination of excised tumours. The most common precancerous lesion is a white patch on the oral mucosa referred to as a leukoplakia. These show variable clinical features ranging from relatively innocuous fiat white plaques to verruciform or red and white speckled lesions.
Oral Cancer, 2012
Neoplasms of diverse cellular origin arise in the oral cavity and among these oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) arising from the mucosa of the oral cavity constitutes to over 90% 1, 2. Oral cancer encompasses all the malignancies originating in the oral tissues, including cancers of the lip, tongue, gingiva, floor of the mouth, buccal mucosa, palate and the retromolar trigone. It is the 6 th most common cancer worldwide 3. Oral squamous cell carcinoma is described as an invasive epithelial neoplasm with varying degrees of squamous differentiation and a propensity to early and extensive lymph node metastases, occurring predominantly in alcohol and tobacco using adults generally in the 5 th and 6 th decades of life. Globally about 5, 00,000 new cases of oral and oropharyngeal cancers are diagnosed and three quarters of these are from the developing world 7, 8, 9. Approximately 3, 89,650 cases occurred in the year 2000 out of which 2, 66,672 were in the oral cavity (ICD-9 140-5) and 1, 22,978 for the cancer of oropharynx (ICD-9 146, 8-9). This represented about 5% of all cancers for men and 2% for women 10. Oral and oropharyngeal cancers remain one of the more common cancers in the South and South East Asian countries, as opposed to Western society, where it accounts for only about 1-4% of the of reported cancers incidence 4. For example, the incidence of oral cancer in India is high, constituting about 12% of all cancer in men and 8% in women 5 ; mortality rate is equally high in this population, ranking number one in men and number three in women 6. Oral and oropharyngeal cancers therefore qualify as major public health problem, not only in India, but also globally. Worldwide, oral cancer incidence rates appear to have been stabilizing over the last decade 12 , but the greater frequency of oral cancer in certain regions and among specific populations is a cause for concern since their overall 5-year survival rate is 53% and it has not changed in the last two decades 13. With this heightened awareness, research to further investigate the detection, diagnosis and prevention or oral cancer has recently been included as one of the targeted priorities supported by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDR) in the United States 14. The overall 5-year survival rate for patients without clinically evident cervical lymph node metastases is 85%. However, patients with microscopic lymph node metastases have a survival rate of 54%. It has been estimated that 20-50% of patients without clinically evident cervical lymph node metastases do in fact have microscopic metastases and therefore poorer www.intechopen.com Oral Cancer 48 prognosis 87. Among the Indian population, the overall 5-year observed and relative survival rates were 30.5% and 39.7%, respectively. Survival steadily declined with advancing age and advanced clinical stages. 5-year observed survival was 59.1% for localized cancer, 15.7% for cancers with regional extension and 1.6% for those with distant metastasis. Those with tongue, buccal mucosa and retromolar trigone cancers had poor survival rates 11 .
Early diagnosis of oral cavity carcinomas: The best prognostic factor
International Arab Journal of Dentistry, 2017
Oral mucosa neoplasms are most often pre-malignant lesions that evolved in squamous cell carcinoma (90% of cancers of the oral cavity). Tobacco and alcohol are the two most incriminated etiological factors. Other etiologies have also been mentioned, in particular the oncogenicity of certain viruses like the human papillomavirus (HPV). However, other types of cancer may occur mainly in young adults whose starting point is generally a salivary gland (10% of cancers of the oral cavity). From two clinical cases, squamous cell carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma, we describe the etiopathogenesis and the clinical characteristics as well as the histopathological particularities, diagnosis and prognosis of each of these entities. We also developped the interest of an early detection of the lesions that will provide the patient a better prognosis even though the therapeutic strategy is established in the best conditions. Resume Les cancers de la muqueuse buccale sont le plus souvent des l...