Biomimetic materials for tissue engineering (original) (raw)
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Emerging Fabrication Techniques for Engineering Extracellular Matrix Biomimetic Materials
There is need to address the challenges of organ shortage, through development of tissues and organs with alternatives to those of the allograft-kind. This illustrates the quest behind novel biofabrication strategies such as 3D bio-printing, which is necessary to create artificial multicellular tissues/organs. Several findings have been reported in this review. First, the role of ECM components in tissue regenerative medicine is presented. Different ECM components such as collagen, gelatin, elastin, fibronectin, laminins and glycosaminoglycans are concisely examined for their tissue regenerative medicine applications. Next, current state of research on extrusionbased 3D bio-printing techniques and their limitations are reviewed. For example, we show that cell viability is still a challenge with extrusion, while the use of natural polymers such as collagen in improving composites' mechanical properties is limited. Lastly, we examine unresolved research questions necessary to advance the present state of research in the field.
Tissue Engineering: A Boon to Tissue Regeneration
Inventi Rapid: Pharm Biotech & Microbio, 2018
The artificial generation of tissues, organs or even more complex living organisms was throughout the history of mankind a matter of myth and dream. During the last decades this vision became feasible and has been recently introduced in clinical medicine. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are terms in biomedical field that deal with the transformations. Tissue Engineering (TE) is a scientific field mainly focused on the development of tissue and organ substitutes by controlling biological, biophysical and/or biomechanical parameters in the laboratory. This results in elaboration of threedimensional cellular constructs with properties more similar to natural tissues than classical monolayer cultures. These systems enable the in-vitro study of human physiology and physiopathology more accurately, while providing a set of biomedical tools with potential applicability in toxicology, medical devices, tissue replacement, repair and regeneration. To succeed in these purposes, TE uses nature as an inspiration source for the generation of extracellular matrix analogues (scaffolds), either from natural or synthetic origin as well as bioreactors and bio-devices to mimic natural physiological conditions of particular tissues. These scaffolds embed cells in a three dimensional milieu that display signals critical for the determination of cellular fate, in terms of proliferation, differentiation and migration, among others. The aim of this review is to analyze the state of the art of TE and some of its application fields.
Biomaterials, 2009
Synthetic polymers or naturally-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins have been used to create tissue engineering scaffolds; however, the need for surface modification in order to achieve polymer biocompatibility and the lack of biomechanical strength of constructs built using proteins alone remain major limitations. To overcome these obstacles, we developed novel hybrid constructs composed of both strong biosynthetic materials and natural human ECM proteins. Taking advantage of the ability of cells to produce their own ECM, human foreskin fibroblasts were grown on silicon-based nanostructures exhibiting various surface topographies that significantly enhanced ECM protein production. After 4 weeks, cell-derived sheets were harvested and histology, immunochemistry, biochemistry and multiphoton imaging revealed the presence of collagens, tropoelastin, fibronectin and glycosaminoglycans. Following decellularization, purified sheet-derived ECM proteins were mixed with poly(3-caprolactone) to create fibrous scaffolds using electrospinning. These hybrid scaffolds exhibited excellent biomechanical properties with fiber and pore sizes that allowed attachment and migration of adipose tissuederived stem cells. Our study represents an innovative approach to generate strong, non-cytotoxic scaffolds that could have broad applications in tissue regeneration strategies.
A multi-functional scaffold for tissue regeneration: The need to engineer a tissue analogue
Biomaterials, 2007
In designing scaffolds for tissue regeneration, the principal objective is to recapitulate extracellular matrix (ECM) function in a temporally coordinated and spatially organised structure. A key issue is to encode required biological signals within the scaffold so that all aspects of cell response-adhesion and migration, proliferation and phenotype choice-can be controlled. In achieving this objective nanotechnology, bottom-up design approach and solid free-form fabrication (SFF) will play key roles, along with self-assembly processes. For scaffold materials, there must be the correct balance between architectural features notably, porosity and chemical, physical and biological properties. This paper reviews the main achievements in biomaterials design and the future challenges. r
Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering
Advanced Engineering Materials, 2007
Biomaterials for the permanent replacement of lost tissue have offered a number of solutions for compelling clinical problems of the muscoskeletal system. But the limitations of the artificial replacement of a living tissue by a non living material are numerous, e.g. stress-shielding, allergic reactions, wear particles and chronic inflammatory reactions. No permanent device can substitute the full function of a lost tissue. The next step towards a reconstruction of a lost tissue function is the regeneration of the lost tissue in vitro with a subsequent implantation or, even better, the in vivo processed regeneration without any in vitro step. Both methods: tissue engineering (in vitro) or tissue regeneration (in vivo) need a biomaterial as a framework for single cells to build a vital and well functioning tissue. The challenge for the tissue engineering process is to find the best combination of cells, growth factors, culture conditions and biomaterials for a precise clinical problem. Many biomaterials used for tissue engineering purposes imitate in their composition and/or structure the native and physiological conditions for the tissue specific cells. These aspects are called biomimetic and they are enabled by means of nano(bio)technological methods. Biomaterials for tissue engineering applications are used in the form of carriers, hydrogels, vlies or scaffolds. Carrier materials enable adherent tissue constituents (e.g. cells or chondrons) the production of an extracellular matrix that embeds the tissue components in a as native tissue without any potentially marring framework substance. Hydrogels are water swell able highly negatively loaded polymers with a well defined pore size that allows diffusion of gas and nutrition to support and sustain the embedded cells (that reconstruct the tissue). Scaffolds are porous analogues of the extracelluar matrix of the tissue that has to be regenerated. These material forms serve as a delivery vehicle for the cells that reconstruct the lost tissue in the body. All of these materials and constructs serve as cell environment that has to establish optimal conditions for the proliferation and-as the more difficult step-the redifferentiation of the desired tissue cells. This paper will provide a survey about common characteristics of biomaterials that are used for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications. An overview over the current research prospects and the most promising future trends in the optimization of biomaterials for tissue engineering applications is given.
Biological and synthetic scaffold: an extra cellular matrix for constructive tissue engineering
International Journal of Medical Research and Review, 2016
Worldwide many people suffering from tissue dysfunctions or damages need rapid transplantation. Tissue engineering has attracted attention as therapeutic modality aiming at repairing lost or damaged tissues. Critical step in tissue engineering is fabrication of three dimensional scaffolds which mimic the extracellular matrix of tissues and promote tissue regeneration process. Extensive research has been carried out to develop a compatible scaffold which mimic the anatomical site of injury and as well as accessing the stem cells and growth factors to home on the injured site. The present article provides an overview on different scaffold approaches and materials used to fabricate scaffolds, with their properties and associated advantages and disadvantages. In particular, the therapeutic potential of amniotic membrane and collagen scaffold has been extensively reviewed in here.
Recent Advances in Tissue Engineering Scaffolds and Commercial Applications
YMER, 2022
Scaffolds for tissue engineering are support structures that help cells grow and multiply after being implanted into a patient. To allow cellular adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, the optimal scaffolds should have the right surface chemistry and microstructures. Furthermore, the scaffolds must have sufficient mechanical strength and a low rate of biodegradation with no unwanted by-products. Regenerative medicine efforts currently rely on the transplantation of cells in combination with supporting scaffolds and macromolecules to restore pathologically damaged tissue architectures. Biologically active scaffolds, which are based on analogues of the extracellular matrix that have spurred tissue and organ creation, have attracted a lot of attention in recent years. A scaffold is required to restore function or regenerate tissue, as it will serve as a temporary matrix for cell proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition, with further ingrowth until the tissues are completely restored or regenerated. Different technologies have been employed for fabrication of scaffolds for regeneration of different organs and tissues like skin, cartilage, bone, heart, lungs, liver and kidney. This review focuses on the different strategies used to construct the scaffold for the above-mentioned tissues and organs along with their commercial applications.
Biomaterials for Organ and Tissue Regeneration
2020
The ultimate goal of tissue engineering (TE) studies is to construct fully functional three-dimensional (3D) artificial tissues and organs by using a combination of cells, biomaterials, and signaling factors [1,2]. These signaling factors include biochemical ones, such as serum proteins, growth factors, and cytokines; physicochemical ones such as O 2 tension, pH, and CO 2 concentration; as well as physical ones such as mechanical cues, electromagnetic environment, and temperature. The main challenge that has kept tissue-engineered constructs (TECs) from being widely adopted to clinics is poor cell survival due to lack of proper vascularization and resulting poor integration in vivo for clinically relevant, thick constructs [3,4]. In static culture, mass transport of oxygen and nutrients, as well as removal of waste and metabolites, depends solely on passive diffusion. Depending on the cell type and the diffusivity properties of the scaffold, the diffusion for cell survival is limited to 100À200 μm distance [5], which is approximately the same size of the in vivo vascular network mesh that ensures the viability of our tissues [6]. Therefore maintenance of 3D, clinically relevant sizes of TECs, requires dynamic culture that introduces convection and perfusion, in addition to diffusion into the culture system. TE bioreactors are the keys to translate lab-grown constructs to clinically relevant, large scale, viable, and financially plausible tissues and organs by providing proper mass transport, as well as a strictly controlled culture environment for several important variables such as culture media contents, temperature, oxygen tension, and pH. A more recent, and possibly shorter term attainable role attributed to TE is the production of in vitro disease models that can serve to further improve our understanding of the cellular mechanisms of several diseases, as well as the effects of certain parameters (such as stress factors or environmental variables) on disease progression [7À9]. These models are extremely useful for developing novel therapeutic approaches, performing high-throughput preclinical drug screening, as well as personalizing treatment options by precision medicine approach [10,11]. These in vitro disease models also serve the purpose of reducing animal testing in consideration of the three Rs (reduction, refinement, and replacement) [12,13]. Biomaterials for Organ and Tissue Regeneration.
Multifunctional Scaffolds and Synergistic Strategies in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
Pharmaceutics, 2021
The increasing demand for organ replacements in a growing world with an aging population as well as the loss of tissues and organs due to congenital defects, trauma and diseases has resulted in rapidly evolving new approaches for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM). The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a crucial component in tissues and organs that surrounds and acts as a physical environment for cells. Thus, ECM has become a model guide for the design and fabrication of scaffolds and biomaterials in TERM. However, the fabrication of a tissue/organ replacement or its regeneration is a very complex process and often requires the combination of several strategies such as the development of scaffolds with multiple functionalities and the simultaneous delivery of growth factors, biochemical signals, cells, genes, immunomodulatory agents, and external stimuli. Although the development of multifunctional scaffolds and biomaterials is one of the most studied approaches for TER...