International Technology Diffusion and Productivity Change in the Turkish Manufacturing Sector* (original) (raw)
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Bu tezde, Türkiye imalat alt-sektör düzeyinde uluslararası ticaretin (ihracat ve ithalat), doğrudan yabancı yatırımların, teknolojik gelişmelerin (teknoloji difüzyonu ve Ar-Ge çalışmaları) ve beşeri sermayenin verimlilik değişimine etkisi incelenmiştir. ABSTRACT In this thesis, the effects of international trade (exports and imports), foreign direct investments, technological developments (technology diffusion and R&D studies) and human capital on change in productivity are examined in the manufacturing sub-sectors in Turkey
The importance of technology and research and development (R&D) on economic development through international trade has been discussed in many studies. However, the empirical studies focusing on the role of high technology exports has been limited. The study aims at filling this gap by evaluating the relationship between high technology exports and GDP per capita levels with structural unit root tests and cointegration methodologies for Turkey and South Korea for the 1989-2014 period. The following hypothesis is evaluated: by increasing high technology manufactured goods’ exports, countries could increase their GDP per capita which also requires increased R&D that translates itself as high technology manufactured exports. The empirical methodology is as follows: both GDP per capita and high-tech exports variables are tested with traditional ADF, PP unit root and KPSS stationarity tests. The series are further evaluated with Zivot-Andrews single break and Lee-Strazicich two break unit root tests. The structural break tests are necessary; it is well-known that structural breaks lead to biased results in the traditional unit root and additionally in the cointegration tests. Lastly, both variables are tested for cointegration with Engle-Granger and Johansen tests by incorporating the break dates as exogenous dummy variables. The estimated models are further checked for parameter instability with CUSUM type tests. The results obtained for Turkey and South Korea are slightly different: i. both variables are cointegrated for both countries; ii. For South Korea, the positive impact of high-tech exports on GDP cannot be rejected in the long and short run; ii. This conclusion cannot be obtained for Turkey, iii. the parameter estimates for Turkey hint a limited positive effect of high tech exports in the short-run only. The results suggest that, in the future, Turkey should increase the investments in human capital and R&D directed to high tech exports to which could accelerate the economic growth.
Uluslararası Avrasya ekonomileri konferansı, 2016
The importance of technology and research and development (R&D) on economic development through international trade has been discussed in many studies. However, the empirical studies focusing on the role of high technology exports has been limited. The study aims at filling this gap by evaluating the relationship between high technology exports and GDP per capita levels with structural unit root tests and cointegration methodologies for Turkey and South Korea for the 1989-2014 period. The following hypothesis is evaluated: by increasing high technology manufactured goods' exports, countries could increase their GDP per capita which also requires increased R&D that translates itself as high technology manufactured exports. The empirical methodology is as follows: both GDP per capita and high-tech exports variables are tested with traditional ADF, PP unit root and KPSS stationarity tests. The series are further evaluated with Zivot-Andrews single break and Lee-Strazicich two break unit root tests. The structural break tests are necessary; it is well-known that structural breaks lead to biased results in the traditional unit root and additionally in the cointegration tests. Lastly, both variables are tested for cointegration with Engle-Granger and Johansen tests by incorporating the break dates as exogenous dummy variables. The estimated models are further checked for parameter instability with CUSUM type tests. The results obtained for Turkey and South Korea are slightly different: i. both variables are cointegrated for both countries; ii. For South Korea, the positive impact of high-tech exports on GDP cannot be rejected in the long and short run; ii. This conclusion cannot be obtained for Turkey, iii. the parameter estimates for Turkey hint a limited positive effect of high tech exports in the short-run only. The results suggest that, in the future, Turkey should increase the investments in human capital and R&D directed to high tech exports to which could accelerate the economic growth.
Journal of Economic Cooperation and Development, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 71-88 (January 2006)
This paper analyses the impact of structural changes in Turkish manufacturing employment on manufacturing productivity by decomposing aggregate manufacturing productivity growth for the period 1970-2000 into the contributions of individual industries and of labour reallocation among industries. The analysis is conducted for 19 manufacturing industries. The results show that before 1980, the government could effectively realise gains in aggregate productivity to some extent through the reallocations of manufacturing labour across industries in an import-substitution industrialisation policy. The export-oriented strategy (after 1980) which was accompanied by structural adjustment reforms that included a large-scale liberalisation first of the trade regime and later of the capital flows did not bring about the desired shifts of labour towards industries with higher labor productivity growth rates. The impact of the induced shifts of labour on aggregate labour productivity in the post-1980 period is negative.