Improving the Mechanical Properties of AISI 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel by Cryogenic Treatment Process (original) (raw)
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Deep Cryogenic Treatment applied to AISI 420 Stainless Steel, with subsequent Tempering or Aging: Evaluation of Hardness, Impact Toughness and Microstructure, 2023
The deep cryogenic treatment DCT (-196°C) was applied, with a subsequent tempering and separately a similar treatment with aging in order to observe the differences in hardness, impact toughness and microstructure of AISI 420 stainless steels. A group of test specimens were austenitized at: 1020-1030-1040-1050 (°C) / 1h; then quenching in oil. After that, they were subjected to cryogenic treatment DCT/4h; and then They were subsequently tempered at: 480-500-510-520-530-540 (°C)/ 2h. A second group of samples, after the DCT treatment, were subjected to aging at 150°C, with times: 2.5-5-10-20-50-100 (h). Hardness was measured on rockwell "C" scale; and the Impact Resistance in a Charpy machine, according to ASTM E 23-93ª standard; whose measures were taken in Joules (J). The microscopy was taken at optical level. It was found: In the aging range, the samples austenitized at 1050°C have greater hardness than those austenitized at 1040°C. The aged samples exceed the hardness of the tempered samples. In the Treatment: DCT + subsequent aging, the maximum hardness value (58.7 HRC) is combined with an impact toughness value (54J) obtained with an aging time of 30h, which is considered an optimal condition.
International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal, 2021
In this study, the effect of shallow cryogenic treatment on the friction coefficient of AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel was investigated. The friction coefficient experiments were carried out in a ball-on-disc wear tester under 5 N load at 400 rpm. As a result of the tests, the study examined the surface topography of the wear traces, the abrasion profile, microscopic images of the wear traces, and the hardness change of the wear traces. After applying shallow cryogenic treatment, the friction coefficient of the samples was increased by 7.5%. The micro hardness value around the wear traces of the cryogenic (Cryo) samples was 28.4% higher than the value for the commercial samples. The width of the wear trace of the Cryo samples was reduced by 44%. The average roughness value of the wear trace was 33.3% improved in the Cryo sample compared to the commercial sample.
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2021
The effects of deep rolling parameters; particularly, work speed and cooling conditions (dry and cryogenic) on the surface integrity of AISI 304L machined samples and their further impact on uniform and localized corrosion behavior in chloride environment were experimentally investigated in this work. The electrochemical behavior of machined and deep rolled samples was assessed using cyclic potentiodynamic polarization tests in synthetic seawater. Findings of this study exhibit that grain refinement generated in the surface layers leads to improved corrosion behavior of deep rolled specimens with regard to machining state. In addition, machined samples deep rolled at a speed of 25 m/min, without cooling, showed better corrosion resistance than those processed under cryogenic cooling. However, the application of cryogenic deep rolling at speeds of 75 m/min and 120 m/min significantly enhanced the electrochemical behavior of mechanically treated specimens. It was found that the corrosion behavior of AISI 304L deep rolled components is related to combined factors (surface roughness, strain-induced martensite, microhardness, residual stress). Despite of high amounts of strain-induced martensite that can deteriorate the electrochemical behavior, it was shown that deep rolled specimens under cryogenic cooling with low surface roughness depict better uniform and localized corrosion resistances.
Proceedings of International Conference on Leading Edge Manufacturing in 21st century : LEM21
Because oftheir harmfu1 effects on the enyironment, the avoidanee of the application of oi1 based grinding fluids is, nowadays, strongly recommended, In this paper, thq grouncl surface improvements, ofthe austenitic stainless steel AISI 304, resulting from the application of the cryogenic cooling are presented, Grinding experiments were conducted with a constant value of the stock removal rate uncler dry, soluble oi[ and cryogenic cooling modes, Results related to grindability haye shown that, while the cryogenic cooling generates the lowest grinding temperature, no significant diffbrences on the levels of the specifie grinding force components were observed. Concerning the ground surface integrity, it was found that using the cryogenic cooling, reduces the surface roughness, increases the level of the work hardening and lowers the tensi]e residual stresses. The realized improvements are thought to be essentially caused by the reduction of the grinding temperature, which lowers the tensile residual stress, and by the cryo-temperature, which favors the material remoyat by shearing and limits the ground surface damages.
Wear Performance of Aisi 304L Stainless Steel Under Various Ambient Temperatures
Latin American Applied Research - An international journal
AISI 304L steel is widely preferred in many fields such as pipe sector, biomedical and nuclear industry due to its wear behavior and good machinability. In this experimental study, temperature-dependent wear properties and worn surface structures of AISI 304L steel were investigated. All tests were conducted by using pin-on-disc test equipment under unlubricated conditions. As ambient temperatures, 25°C, 50°C, 100°C, 150°C, and 200°C were selected. The results indicated that the main friction properties, wear mechanisms, and wear rate of the worn steel samples were significantly affected by altering the test temperatures. It was observed that the friction coefficient oscillated at lower temperatures, but this case was quite different at higher temperatures. Micro observations showed that mixed deformation characteristic dominated by adhesive wear was observed between 25°C and 150°C while abrasive wear became more effective between 150°C and 200°C. Moreover, wear rate and sp...
Ground surface improvement of the austenitic stainless steel AISI 304 using cryogenic cooling
Surface and Coatings Technology, 2006
Grinding fluid selection is becoming increasingly constrained by environmental considerations, thus requiring the substitution of the conventionally used oil-based coolants. The work presented in this paper aims at evaluating the ground surface quality improvements of the austenitic stainless steel AISI 304 resulting from the application of cryogenic cooling. The evaluation is based on criteria related to grindability, surface integrity and corrosion resistance characterisation. Grinding experiments at an almost constant stock removal rate were conducted under three different environments: dry, soluble oil and cryogenic cooling. The grindability results have shown that while the cryogenic cooling generates the lowest grinding temperature, no significant differences over the specific grinding force components were observed. As for the ground surface integrity, however, substantial improvements were realized. Indeed, by using the cryogenic cooling, a reduction of more than 40% of the surface roughness could be realized, a higher level of work hardening occurred, a lower level of tensile residual stress was measured and better resistances to stress corrosion cracking and pitting corrosion were noticed. These improvements in grindability and in surface integrity are particularly favoured by grinding conditions using high work speed and low depth of cut values. It is also shown that these improvements are essentially due to the reduction of the grinding temperature, which lowers the tensile residual stress and to the cryo-temperature, which favours the material removal by shearing and limits the ground surface damage. D
Wear resistance evaluation of cryogenically treated AISI–H11 steel: An optimization approach
2019
The consequences of key process parameters of cryogenic treatment (i.e. holding time and temperature) on the average coefficient of friction and wear rate in dry sliding condition at different level of load (60, 80, 100, 120 & 140 N) and sliding velocity (0.628, 0.942, 1.257, 1.571 & 1.885 m/s) have been explored through cubic regression mathematical modeling technique. An average error of 1% and 9.9% has been observed in the experimental and model given values for coefficient of friction and wear rate. Mathematical model equation capability is within the range of 95% confidence level. Moreover, desirability function approach has been employed to find out the process parameter to have lower wear resistance. Worn out samples have been examined with field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and reveals that the operative mechanism for wear is delaminating and rupturing of matrix.
INFLUENCE OF DEEP-CRYOGENIC TREATMENT ON THE WEAR BEHAVIOR AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MILD STEEL
Deep Cryogenic Treatment (DCT) is now extensively used as supplementary process for the achievement of specific goals in many engineering applications like manufacturing of high precision & accurate parts, press tools, welding tips, improving wear resistance etc. In the present study DCT was applied to inter critically heat treated low carbon steel to improve their mechanical properties and wear behaviour. The specimen was held for duration of 28 hours in cryogenic processor at a temperature of -193 0 C followed by tempering at a temperature of 150 0 C for 1 hour. A comparative study between intercritical heat treated and deep cryogenic treated specimen have been carried out to show the wear behaviour at different load and speed. Also hardness test and microstructure test have been performed. The experimental results have shown an increase in wear resistance for deep cryogenic treated samples as well as for intercritical heat treated samples.
Influence of the Deep Cryogenic Treatment on AISI 52100 and AISI D3 Steel’s Corrosion Resistance
Materials, 2021
The effect of deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on corrosion resistance of steels AISI 52100 and AISI D3 is investigated and compared with conventional heat-treated counterparts. DCT’s influence on microstructural changes is subsequently correlated to the corrosion resistance. DCT is confirmed to reduce the formation of corrosion products on steels’ surface, retard the corrosion products development and propagation. DCT reduces surface cracking, which is considered to be related to modified residual stress state of the material. DCT’s influence on each steel results from the altered microstructure and alloying element concentration that depends on steel matrix and type. This study presents DCT as an effective method for corrosion resistance alteration of steels.
international journal of iron and steel society of iran, 2015
Deep cryogenic heat treatment is assumed as a supplementary heat treatment performed on steels before the final tempering treatment to enhance the wear resistance and hardness of the steels. In this study, the effects of the deep cryogenic heat treatment on the wear behavior and corrosion resistance of the 1.2080 tool steel were studied using the wear testing machine and polarization and impedance spectroscopy tests. Moreover, the microstructural changes of the deep cryogenically treated samples were clarified via the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction testing machine. The results showed that the deep cryogenic heat treatment eliminated the retained austenite and made a more uniform carbide distribution with higher percentages. Beyond this, it was clarified that the deep cryogenic heat treatment increased the hardness and improved the wear behavior of the 1.2080 tool steel, as well as decreasing the corrosion resistance, due to the higher chromium carbides produced during the deep cryogenic heat treatment.