Nitric Oxide (NO), Xanthine Oxidase (XOD) and Malonylaldehyde (MAD) in children with seizures (original) (raw)
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Effects of Febrile and Afebrile Seizures on Oxidant State in Children
Pediatric Neurology, 2007
No comparative studies have addressed the oxidant and antioxidant states of blood and cerebrospinal fluid. To reveal this differential state, the study was designed to identify the seizure type with the worse prognosis by determining erythrocyte arginase and erythrocyte catalase, plasma and cerebrospinal fluid malondialdehyde, and plasma and cerebrospinal fluid nitric oxide levels. Study groups were classified as febrile (group 1, n ؍ 21), afebrile (group 2, n ؍ 21), and control (group 3, n ؍ 41, subdivided as 3a, febris positive, convulsion negative, and 3b, febris negative, convulsion negative). Levels of erythrocyte arginase, erythrocyte catalase, plasma malondialdehyde, cerebrospinal fluid malondialdehyde, plasma nitric oxide, and cerebrospinal fluid nitric oxide levels were determined for all groups. A difference was detected between the control and febrile seizure groups with respect to erythrocyte catalase and plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels of nitric oxide (P < 0.05). Both febrile states and convulsions influence oxidative mechanism. Oxidative stressgenerating potential differs for febrile and afebrile seizures. In afebrile seizures, greater levels of oxidative stress might affect prognosis adversely. This phenomenon can be interpreted in terms of fever as a protective factor against possible neurological damage during convulsive seizures.
Cyprus Journal of Medical Sciences
BACKGROUND/AIMS: As epilepsy is a complex disease group, it is difficult to diagnose and classify. Oxidative stress plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. This study investigated the total oxidant/antioxidant status levels in patients with focal onset and generalized onset seizures. The results we obtained may help find the etiological cause in patients with seizure complaints and may guide their treatment. In addition, knowing the seizure type of the patient can give an idea about the prognosis of their disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The total number of patients included in this prospective study was 58. There were also 57 people in a control group. The patients were classified according to their type of seizure: focal or generalized onset. The serum oxidative stress index (OSI) and total oxidant/antioxidant status values of all patients and control group members were measured. The patients (focal/generalized groups) and control group members were compared. RESULTS: This prospective study was completed with 58 eligible patients who met the inclusion criteria. There were 57 people in the control group. Total oxidant status (TOS) and OSI levels were higher in the seizure groups compared to the control group (p<0.05). The difference between the serum TOS and OSI levels of patients with generalized or focal onset seizures was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Classifying patients according to their seizure types by looking at their oxidative stress levels can guide treatment (in terms of investigating antioxidant activity) and give an idea about prognosis. This study showed the importance of TOS and OSI levels in patients presenting with seizures. This was particularly evident in generalized onset seizures. An evaluation of serum TOS and OSI levels in patients presenting with seizures may help us in clinical diagnosis, treatment, and classification.
Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR, 2017
Oxidative stress resulting from excessive generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) plays a significant role in neurodegeneration associated with seizures/epilepsy. To evaluate oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzymes in Genetic Generalised Epilepsy (GGE) and to know the extent of oxidative stress induced by Anti-Epileptic Drugs (AEDs) with the time duration of treatment. In this case-control study, 310 GGE patients (male:female=203:107), who were on AED treatment (n=235) and 75 untreated patients (male:female=49:26) along with 310 age and sex matched healthy controls were recruited. Oxidative stress markers such as Nitric Oxide (NO), Malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzyme activities namely Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) and Catalase (CAT) were measured spectrophotometrically. Significantly higher levels of serum NO, MDA and low levels of plasma Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) were found in patients as compared to controls (p<0.001) wher...
Malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase levels in patients with epilepsy: a case–control study
The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery
Background Oxidative stress has a significant influence in the initiation and progression of epileptic seizures. It was reported that inhibiting oxidative stress could protect against epilepsy. The aim of the current research is to estimate some biomarkers that reflect the oxidative stress in epileptics, its relation to seizure control as well as to study the impact of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) on these biomarkers. This case–control study included 62 epileptic patients beside 62 age and gender-matched healthy controls. The epileptic patients subjected to detailed history taking with special regards to disease duration, seizure frequency, and the current AEDs. Laboratory evaluation of serum malondialdehyde (a lipid peroxidation byproduct) and superoxide dismutase (an endogenous antioxidant) were done. Results Malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly higher, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was lower in epileptic patients than in the controls (p < 0.001). Seizure frequency was direct...
Oxidative Stress and Epilepsy: Literature Review
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2012
Backgrounds. The production of free radicals has a role in the regulation of biological function, cellular damage, and the pathogenesis of central nervous system conditions. Epilepsy is a highly prevalent serious brain disorder, and oxidative stress is regarded as a possible mechanism involved in epileptogenesis. Experimental studies suggest that oxidative stress is a contributing factor to the onset and evolution of epilepsy. Objective. A review was conducted to investigate the link between oxidative stress and seizures, and oxidative stress and age as risk factors for epilepsy. The role of oxidative stress in seizure induction and propagation is also discussed. Results/Conclusions. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are involved in neuronal death and seizures. There is evidence that suggests that antioxidant therapy may reduce lesions induced by oxidative free radicals in some animal seizure models. Studies have demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with chronic oxidative stress and may have an essential role in the epileptogenesis process; however, few studies have shown an established link between oxidative stress, seizures, and age.
Trace element, oxidant, and antioxidant enzyme values in blood of children with refractory epilepsy
Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the serum levels of some trace elements, oxidants, and antioxidants in children with intractable epilepsy compared to healthy children. Patients and Methods: In a case-control study, 40 children (24 males and 16 females) suffering from refractory generalized epileptic seizures were compared with 40 sex-and age-matched healthy children serve as a control group. Serum selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) as well as erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) values were measured in the patients and controls. Results: Plasma MDA values of the patient group were significantly ( p < 0.001) higher than those in control. Serum Zn, Se, and erythrocyte GSH-Px values of the patient group are significantly ( p < 0.001) lower than those in control, although there is no statistical difference in Cu and SOD values. Conclusion: Plasma MDA, erythrocyte GSH-Px, and trace elements Zn and Se may play an important role in the pathogenesis of intractable epilepsy in children.
Oxidative stress in children affected by epileptic encephalopathies
Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 2011
Oxidative stress may lead to abnormal peroxidation of membrane lipids, oxidation of sulfhydryl groups and disruption of nucleic acids. Experimental and clinical studies suggested that free radicals may be involved in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Three groups of patients were considered in the study. Group 1 (N= 34) included patients affected by epileptic encephalopathy; Group 2 (N= 31) included those affected by idiopathic epilepsy syndromes and under valproic acid (VPA) monotherapy, and Group 3 (N = 22) represented by healthy controls. All patients and healthy children underwent blood withdrawals to evaluate redox status by measuring levels of F2-isoprostanes (F2-iso), advanced oxidative protein products (AOPP), non-protein binding iron (NPBI), thyols (-SH groups), and total hydroperoxydes (TH). In comparison to the controls, Group 1 patients showed significantly higher plasma levels of F2-iso, AOPP, and TH. By contrast, no differences there were in the plasma NPBI concentrations. Again, no statistical differences there were in the plasma levels of the oxidative stress markers between patients from Group 2 and normal subjects. Our study showed that patients with epileptic encephalopathy have increased levels of oxidative stress markers. By contrast, normal redox status was observed in patients with idiopathic epilepsy syndromes under long-term VPA monotherapy.
Status epilepticus: Using antioxidant agents as alternative therapies
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 2016
The epileptic state, or status epilepticus (SE), is the most serious situation manifested by individuals with epilepsy, and SE events can lead to neuronal damage. An understanding of the molecular, biochemical and physiopathological mechanisms involved in this type of neurological disease will enable the identification of specific central targets, through which novel agents may act and be useful as SE therapies. Currently, studies have focused on the association between oxidative stress and SE, the most severe epileptic condition. A number of these studies have suggested the use of antioxidant compounds as alternative therapies or adjuvant treatments for the epileptic state. Contents 1. Overview of status epilepticus (SE) 2. Oxidative stress in status epilepticus 3. Physiological and therapeutic relevance 1. Overview of status epilepticus (SE) Epilepsy generalities. Epilepsy is a group of different types of disorders that share an abnormally increased tendency to cause convulsive seizures (1). Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by abnormal organization of neuronal electrical activity leading to alterations in a neuronal population, which manifests in seizures, behavioral changes or impaired neuronal activity (1-4). The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) defines epilepsy as 'a pathological condition because of the presence of two or more recurrent seizures over a period longer than 24 h unprovoked' (5,6). The incidence of this neurological disease is high in children, stable in adults and increases in the final decades of life (7-11). Classification of seizures. Based on their etiology, the seizures are classified as follows: i) Idiopathic (primary), associated with heredity; ii) symptomatic (secondary), associated with damage in the brain, including trauma, tumors, bleeding, infection, vascular malformations or metabolic abnormalities; and iii) cryptogenic, seizures with an unknown cause (12-14). Seizures are focal or generalized, depending on the location of hypersynchronic activity (13-16). Focal seizures are caused by an electrical shock in a particular region of the brain, and can spread to the entire brain. Patients with focal seizures may or may not experience loss of consciousness (simple or complex seizures, respectively) (13-17). Generalized seizures are those in which the altered electrical activity occurs in the two cerebral hemispheres concurrently (3,9). In this type of seizure, a generalized motor impairment with or without autonomic disruption can occur, characterized by an electroencephalogram pattern that is bilateral, synchronous and symmetrical in the hemispheres (14-16).
Oxidative stress contribution to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with epilepsy
Applied neuropsychology. Child, 2018
Children with epilepsy have a high incidence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Oxidation stress and disturbed neurotransmitters are suggested mechanisms; however, their role is not fully explored. This study evaluates the association between circulating malondialdehyde as an oxidation stress marker, apelin neuropeptide, and ADHD in children with epilepsy. Fifty children with epilepsy of unknown etiology, of which 25 have ADHD, as well as 35 healthy children were included. Serum levels of malondialdehyde and apelin were estimated. We investigated the association between seizure severity, response to medications, malondialdehyde, apelin levels, and ADHD in children with epilepsy. Serum malondialdehyde and apelin levels were higher in children with epilepsy, especially those with ADHD. Malondialdehyde and apelin levels have significant positive correlation with the Chalfont Seizure Severity Score. Regression analysis showed that elevated malondialdehyde is an independ...