“Elucidation of the Shared Pathophysiology between Diabetes and COVID-19” (original) (raw)
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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Coronavirus disease—COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) has become the cause of the global pandemic in the last three years. Its etiological factor is SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus type 2). Patients with diabetes (DM—diabetes mellitus), in contrast to healthy people not suffering from chronic diseases, are characterised by higher morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19. Patients who test positive for SARCoV-2 are at higher risk of developing hyperglycaemia. In this paper, we present, analyse and summarize the data on possible mechanisms underlying the increased susceptibility and mortality of patients with diabetes mellitus in the case of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, further research is required to determine the optimal therapeutic management of patients with diabetes and COVID-19.
The Pathophysiology and Outcomes of Diabetic Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Biomolecular and Health Science Journal
Introduction: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory tract infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which was announced a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. On March 2, 2020, two confirmed cases of COVID-19 were initially reported in Indonesia. COVID-19 has been reported in 96.2 million people around the world. COVID-19 has already stolen the lives of almost 2 million individuals. Diabetes mellitus patients face an additional challenge with this disease (DM). Several studies have found a link between diabetes mellitus and COVID-19, as well as a bad prognosis for persons with DM and COVID-19. Aim of this study was to learn more about the link between diabetes and COVID-19, as well as the pathophysiology of diabetes.Methods: We searched for articles in PubMed and Google Scholar databases till February 2021, with the following keywords: “SARS-CoV-2”, “COVID-19”, “infection”, “pathogenesis”, “diabetes”Results: Diabetes Mellitus increased th...
COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus: from pathophysiology to clinical management
Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 2020
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the novel coronavirus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), was first reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and has spread worldwide. As of 29 October 2020, 44,351,506 globally confirmed cases of COVID-19 have been reported on the World Health Organization COVID-19 dashboard, including 1,171,255 deaths. The fatality rate for COVID-19 has been estimated to be 0.5-1.0% 1-3. From 1 March to 30 May 2020, 122,300 excess all-cause deaths occurred in the USA, of which 95,235 (79%) were officially attributed to COVID-19 (ref. 4). Of note, mortality from COVID-19 and seasonal influenza is not equivalent, as deaths associated with these diseases do not reflect frontline clinical conditions in the same way. For example, COVID-19 pandemic-hit areas have been facing critical shortages in terms of access to supplies such as ventilators and intensive care unit (ICU) facilities 5. SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-stranded RNA virus that is enclosed by a protein-decorated lipid bilayer containing a single-stranded RNA genome; SARS-CoV-2 has 82% homology with human SARS-CoV, which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 6. In human cells, the main entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2 is angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) 7 , which is highly expressed in lung alveolar cells, cardiac myocytes, vascular endothelium and various other cell types 8. In humans, the main route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission is through virus-bearing respiratory droplets 9. Generally, patients with COVID-19 develop symptoms at 5-6 days after infection. Similar to SARS-CoV and the related Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 infection induces mild symptoms in the initial stage for 2 weeks on average but has the potential to develop into severe illness, including a systemic inflammatory response syndrome, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multi-organ involvement and shock 10. Patients at high risk of severe COVID-19 or death have several characteristics, including advanced age and male sex, and have underlying health issues, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), obesity and/or type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) 11-13. A few early studies have shown that underlying CVD and diabetes mellitus are common among patients with COVID-19 admitted to ICUs 14,15. T2DM is typically a disease of advanced age,
COVID-19 and diabetes: Knowledge in progress
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 2020
We aimed to briefly review the general characteristics of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and provide a better understanding of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in people with diabetes, and its management.
Diabetes and COVID-19: A Review
2020
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging disease and since its first identification in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, there has been a rapid increase in cases and deaths across the world. COVID-19 has been shown to have an immense impact in infected persons with diabetes, worsening their outcome, especially in elderly, smokers, obese, those having CVD, CKD, poor glycemic control and long duration of diabetes. In this review we summarize the current understanding of `the impact of COVID-19 on diabetes and discusses the pathophysiological mechanisms and management of diabetes and its complication in this scenario.
COVID-19 and diabetes: What do we know so far?
Experimental Biology and Medicine
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) management has been challenging for patients with comorbidities. Patients with diabetes and COVID-19, in particular, have shown severe symptoms and rapid progression of the disease. They also have a high mortality rate compared to the non-diabetic population. The high mortality rate is caused in people with diabetes who are in a pro-inflammatory condition; this could worsen COVID-19. In addition, people with diabetes have circulatory issues and COVID-19 infection can lead to further clotting problems. It is critical to understand the mechanisms underlying the adverse clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes and COVID-19. This review discusses various disease conditions contributing to poor prognosis in diabetic COVID-19 patients such as hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, impaired pancreatic function, and production of advanced glycation end products.
AIMS Public Health, 2021
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has a high incidence of comorbidities among patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The elevated prevalence of DM in the world population makes it a significant risk factor because diabetic individuals appear to be prone to clinical complications and have increased mortality rates. Here, we review the possible underlying mechanisms involved in DM that led to worse outcomes in COVID-19. The impacts of hyperglycemia side effects, secondary comorbidities, weakened innate and adaptive immunity, chronic inflammation, and poor nutritional status, commonly present in DM, are discussed. The role of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor and its polymorphic variations on higher binding affinity to facilitate viral uptake in people with DM were also considered. Clinical differences between individuals with type 1 DM and type 2 DM affected by COVID-19 and the potential diabetogenic effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection were addressed.
COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus: Unraveling the hypotheses that worsen the prognosis (Review)
2020
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the caused disease - coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has affected so far >6,000,000 people worldwide, with variable grades of severity, and has already inflicted >350,000 deaths. SARS-CoV-2 infection seems severely affected by background diseases such as diabetes mellitus and its related complications, that seem to be favoring the most severe manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 and, therefore, require special attention in clinical care units. The present literature review focus on addressing several hypotheses explaining why diabetic patients could develop multi-organ failure in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infections. Undoubtedly, as diabetes related complications are present it is expected to emphasize the severity of the COVID-19. Dermatological complications can occur and worsen in diabetic patients, and diseases such as acanthosis nigricans and psoriasis are prone to more ...