Obesity inflicted reproductive complications and infertility in men (original) (raw)

Impact of Obesity in Male and Female Infertility

FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL SCIENCES

Obesity have negative effects on the fertility of males and females. In females the obesity can induce hormonal imbalances for example adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, resistin, visfatin, omentin, chemerin) on reproductive axis, irregularities in menstrual cycle, reduce conception rate and complications in pregnancy. The adverse effect is insulin resistance and insulin excess that is associated with PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome)-irregular periods. In males the obesity affects HPG gland that in turn disturb the endocrine regulation of reproductive function with high level of estrogen and low level of testosterone, progesterone, and SHBG (sex-hormone binding globulin). DNA damage of sperm, high scrotal temperature because of highly fatted scrotum area, low production of sperms and decreased motility of sperm are all the effects of obesity in males that cause infertility. The aim of the review article is to thoroughly cover the effect of obesity on reproductive functions, hormonal c...

Impact of obesity on infertility in women

Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association, 2015

Epidemiology of obesity The prevalence of obesity is increasing significantly worldwide. The International Obesity Task Force reported that 1,1 billion adults are overweight. They also reported that 312 million of them are obese (7). Approximately 3,4 million adults die each year because of health problems associated with obesity and being overweight. Of these, 44% of the problems are related to diabetes, 23% to ischemic heart disease, and between 7% and 41% to some malignancies associated with overweight and obesity (7). The prevelence of obesity has increased in developed countries because of a change in lifestyle, including reduced physical activity, changes in nutrition style, and an increased calorie intake (8). However, some other factors such as endocrine disorders, hormonal disorders, psychological disorders, and use of some drugs such as steroids and antidepressants may lead to obesity (9). The World Health Organization reported that 60% of women are overweight (≥25 kg/m 2) in the United States and most European countries and 30% of these are obese (≥30 kg/m 2) and 6% of these are morbidly obese (≥35 kg/m 2) (1, 7, 8). The prevalence of obesity and overweight are increasing and have become an epidemic worldwide. Obesity has detrimental influences on all systems, including reproductive health. The prevalence of obesity in infertile women is high, and it is well known that there is an association between obesity and infertility. The relationship between obesity and reproductive functions is still being explored. Overweight women have a higher incidence of menstrual dysfunction and anovulation. Overweight and obese women are at a high risk for reproductive health. The risk of subfecundity and infertility, conception rates, miscarriage rates, and pregnancy complications are increased in these women. They have poor reproductive outcomes in natural as well as assisted conception. These poor reproductive outcomes include assisted reproduction such as ovulation induction, in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI), and ovum donation cycles. Weight loss has beneficial effects on the reproductive outcomes in these patients.

Obesity and male infertility: Mechanisms and management

Andrologia, 2020

Obesity is characterised as an accumulation of excess body fat that has a detrimental impact on health outcomes and is clinically defined based on the body mass index (BMI), measured as weight (kg) divided by height (meters) squared (kg/m 2) (World Health Organization, 2000). The BMI is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) to clinically classify weight and determine clinical risk (Table 1) (McPherson & Lane, 2015). Within this system, obesity is defined as having a BMI of >30 kg/m 2 , while morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI of >35 kg/m 2 (Okorodudu et al., 2010). However, the type and distribution of body fat accumulation are of clinical importance in the assessment of the risk of obesity-related complications (Alberti et al., 2009). In fact, BMI does not consider lean body mass and fat mass proportions, nor the distribution of detrimental visceral adiposity (white adipose tissue) and protective subcutaneous adipose tissue. BMI is therefore considered to have a low sensitivity to appropriately determining adiposity and may underestimate or overestimate the risk of obesity in a significant proportion of the population (Okorodudu et al., 2010). The use of body fat percentage provides insight into the lean and fat mass ratios, differentiated between genders. The accepted consensus for increased risk of adiposity complications is >25% in males and >30% in females (Adler, Cassidy, Fricke, & Bonduriansky, 2013).

Potential Adverse Effects of Female and Male Obesity on Fertility: A Narrative Review

International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism

Context: Despite several studies documenting that obesity affects female and male fertility and leads to multiple adverse reproductive outcomes, the mechanisms involved are not elucidated. We aimed to summarize the potential adverse effects of female and male obesity, as well as the impact of weight loss on their fertility status. Evidence Acquisition: This review summarizes papers investigating the potential adverse effects of female and male obesity and the impact of weight-loss interventions on fertility among reproductive age populations. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched for retrieving studies published up to November 2019 on obesity/overweight among reproductive age populations. Results: The review of 68 studies revealed that female and male obesity/overweight increases the risk of sub-fecundity and infertility. The destructive effects of female obesity on reproduction are attributed to a variety of ovarian and extra-ovarian factors. In...

Male Obesity and Reproductive Health

Weight Loss, 2018

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions globally, and all this evidence suggests that the situation is likely to get worse ahead. A combination of an increasingly sedentary lifestyle and unfavorable diet in the western world has resulted in increasing numbers of overweight and obese children and adults. According to the WHO, approximately 1.6 billion adults were classed as being overweight and 400 million adults were obese in 2005. Also gaining attention is the reported decline in semen quality and male reproductive potential over the past 50 years. Surprisingly, such decreases have not been reported in regions where obesity is less prevalent. Since this decline in fertility has occurred in parallel with increasing rates of obesity, the possibility that obesity is a cause of male infertility and reduced fecundity should be addressed. Effects of obesity on female fertility have been studied extensively. Weight loss in anovulatory women restores fertility and increases the likelihood...

The impact of obesity on female reproductive function

Obesity Reviews, 2007

Obesity may be described as the new worldwide epidemic, and its serious impact on morbidity and mortality are well known. As more and more women become obese, the reproductive problems associated with obesity present an ever-growing challenge to physicians involved in their fertility care. The spectrum of reproductive problems associated with obesity encompasses a wide range of disorders including infertility problems, miscarriage and pregnancy complications. In this review, we aim to discuss the impact of obesity on the various aspects of female reproductive function with focus on the clinical aspects of fertility problems in obese women. We finally comment on the available therapeutic options available to this group of women. Association for the Study of Obesity. obesity reviews 8, 515-523 obesity reviews Obesity and female reproduction M. Metwally et al. 521 Association for the Study of Obesity. obesity reviews 8, 515-523 obesity reviews Obesity and female reproduction M. Metwally et al. 523

Obesity as disruptor of the female fertility

Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology

Both obesity and overweight are increasing worldwide and have detrimental influences on several human body functions including the reproductive health. In particular, obese women undergo perturbations of the 'hypothalamic pituitary ovarian axis', and frequently suffer of menstrual dysfunction leading to anovulation and infertility. Besides the hormone disorders and subfertility that are common in the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), in obesity the adipocytes act as endocrine organ. The adipose tissue indeed, releases a number of bioactive molecules, namely adipokines, that variably interact with multiple molecular pathways of insulin resistance, inflammation, hypertension, cardiovascular risk, coagulation, and oocyte differentiation and maturation. Moreover, endometrial implantation and other reproductive functions are affected in obese women with complications including delayed conceptions, increased miscarriage rate, reduced outcomes in assisted conception treatments. On the contrary, weight loss programs through lifestyle modification in obese women, have been proven to restore menstrual cyclicity and ovulation and improve the likelihood of conception.

Obesity and Male Infertility: An Overview Editorial

SciDoc Publishers, 2022

Obesity has reached pandemic proportions in recent decades. In 2016, the World Health Organization estimated that over 1.9 billion adults were overweight (39 percent of the world’s adult population) and more than 650 million were obese [1]. These numbers are expected to rise with up to 3.3 billion individuals being overweight or obese by 2030 [2]. Obesity and overweight are both described as an excessive or abnormal accumulation of body fat that is harmful to one’s health and are clinically defined based on the body mass index

The impact of obesity on reproduction in women

PubMed, 2011

Obesity can impact on reproductive functions by causing hormonal imbalance and ovulatory dysfunction. Furthermore, obesity is associated with a range of adverse health consequences. There is a tight coupling between the reproductive system and energy balance. Obesity results from chronic imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure, and therefore changes in energy expenditure impact on the reproductive system. Physical activity, through its effect on energy expenditure, plays an imperative role in maintaining energy balance and thus improving health. It is therefore recommended that weight loss is the best and the cheapest therapy for infertile obese women.