Pre-slaughter, slaughter and post-slaughter defects of skins and hides at the Sheba Tannery and Leather Industry, Tigray region, northern Ethiopia (original) (raw)
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International Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances
The current cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2006 to December 2006 to assess the distribution and magnitude of major defects of sheep and goatskins collected and temporarily stored in four purposively selected skin and hide stores of Bahir Dar town, northwest Ethiopia. Thirty percent of raw sheep and goatskins collected by the traders was selected using simple random sampling method for examination of various kinds of skin defects, masses and sizes. Skins were graded according to the standard set by the Ethiopian Quality and Standard Authority. Defects caused by dirt and knife are found to be the most important defects of sheep and goatskins. The proportion of grade 1 skins in case of salted sheepskins was 29.68% while that of fresh sheepskins was 21.60% of the total samples. The proportion of grade 1 in case of fresh and salted goatskins was 23.2 and 29.63%, respectively, among the total goatskin examined. Recommendations were given so that slaughtering of sheep and goats should be done by professionals in order to reduce the defects created during flaying which are found to be among the major defects observed during examination of sheep and goatskins in the current study. In addition appropriate transportation, storage and marketing system should be in place so that the maximum benefit could be achieved from sheep and goat skins.
Apparent defects and grading of hides and skins in East Gojjam Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
Gojjam zone at three woredas (Dejen, Sinan and Awable). Three warehouses from each woreda were purposively selected and used to generate the data from cow hide, sheep and goat skins. 10% of the total stocks were taken randomly from each warehouse and a total of 180 hides, 2250 sheep skin and 765 goat skins were examined by using close observation. Hides and skins were graded according to the standard set by the Ethiopian Quality and Standard Authority. From these amounts, 74 (41.1%) hides, 750 (33.3%) sheep skins, 151 (31.4%) wet salted and 88 (30.9%) air dried goat skins were grade I; 90 (50%) hides, 1380 (61.3%) sheep, 261 (54.4%) wet salted and 168 (58.9%) air dried goat skins were grade II; 16 (8.9%) hides, 120 (5.3%) sheep skins, 67 (14%) wet salted and 29 (10.2%) air dried goat skin were grade III; and 1 (0.2%) wet salted goat skin was grade IV. The leading observed defects that downgrade the hides were filthiness with a value of 142 (17.9%), gouge mark with a value of 140 (17.7%) and poor pattern with a value of 107 (13.5%). Poor pattern and salt pitting on the hide showed a significant difference at P<0.05 significant level. However there is no significant difference on other defects. The observed primary defects on the sheep skin were filthiness with a value of 494 (22%), poor pattern with a value of 319 (14.2%) and gouge mark with a value of 221 (9.8%). Fly cut, poor pattern, salt crystallization and hard spot showed a marked statistical difference at p<0.05 significant level. The most important defects observed on the wet salted goat skin were filthiness with a value of 136 (28.3%), poor pattern with a value of 88 (18.3%) and fly cut with a value of 75 (15.6%). In this case, poor pattern, filthiness, scores, salt crystallization and salt pitting have shown a significant difference between woredas at P<0.05 significant level. Filthiness with a value of 88 (28.8%), poor pattern with a value of 40 (14%) and fly cut with a value of 32 (11.2%) were the forefront defects of air dried goat skin. Fly cut, poor pattern, corduroying, filthiness and weak spot have shown a statistical significant difference at P<0.05 significant level. This indicates that most defects on hides and skins occurred during slaughtering operations. Therefore, more attention should be taken during slaughtering of animals to get quality hides and skins for national as well as international market, and maximize the country's foreign currency exchange.
Pre- and Post-Slaughter Factors Influencing Hide and Skin Quality in West Shewa Zone, Ethiopia
Open Journal of Animal Sciences
Ethiopia has high livestock population and hence has high potential for hide and skin production. Likewise, in west Shewa Zone of the country there is high hide and skin production. But hides and skins are affected by different types of defects that hampered effective and efficient utilization of these resources. Therefore, a study was conducted in Bako Tibe and Ilu Gelan districts of west Showa zone with the objectives to assess pre-and post-slaughter defects that influence hide and skin qualities. Primary data were collected from sample household heads, middlemen, butcheries, hotel/restaurants and tanneries using semi-structured interview and direct observations. All middlemen, butchery and hotel/restaurants in the study areas were employed for data collection while households were selected using simple random sampling techniques. Results of the study revealed that all household respondents reported absence of extension services on hide and skin management. The maximum pre-slaughter defect observed by households (87.2%), hotel/restaurants (91.3%), butcheries (93.3%) and middle men (90%) were due to ectoparasites. Out of the respondents 64.6%, 40% and 82.6% of respondents from household, butcheries and hotels/restaurants, respectively were slaughtered animals on the ground without stunning. The maximum post-slaughter defects observed during slaughtering by households (95.4%), hotel/restaurants (87.0%), and butcheries (86.7%) were dirt and flay cut. According to the respondents, 38.5 of the households kept hide and skin on the ground before marketing. It was found that the major post-slaughter defects of hide were flesh remnant (94.3%), dirty (74.3%), corduroying (71.4%), and flay cut (65.7%). Moreover, traditional animal husbandry and slaughtering practices, poor storage and preservation methods of raw hides and skins, the absence of slaughtering facility and extension service exacerbated the prob-How to cite this paper: Eshetu, M., Bekele, E. and Tadesse, Y.
Review on Pre and Post-Slaughter Defects of Hide and Skin in Ethiopia
Agriculture is the most important economic sector in many African countries. Its contribution to GDP is significant and helps to sustain livelihoods through the provision of employments to majority of the Ruler population. Hide and skin are the external integuments of animals include materials derived from birds, fish, amphibians, reptiles and mammals. Ethiopia has huge livestock population which provide draught power, milk, meat, fibber, fuel and fertilizer and they also provide hide and skin which partially processed for export or tanned and finished in the country's tanning for shoe making and leather goods. Hide and skin defects are classified into two main groups; first group being those created or acquired during the life of the animal (Pre-slaughter defects) and second group being those that occur after slaughtering of animals (Post-slaughter defects). Pre-slaughter defects include: scratches, cockle, brand marks and scars while post-slaughter defects comprise of bruise gouge marks, flay cut, bad bleeding, putrefaction, hair slip and beetle damages. The most significantly problems during pre-slaughter are parasite infestation and secondary self-damages related to parasites. The commonest post-slaughter problems are flying cuts due to improper using of tools and preservation problems. The objective of this seminar paper is therefore, to give an insight on the pre-and post-slaughter hide and skin defects. Finally, There is a strong need to prepare comprehensive training manuals and extension packages on live animal management, such as feeding, housing, slaughtering and post slaughtering hide and skins managements that can be incorporated with other extension services performed by the District development agents at all levels which can enhance the awareness of the producers and the collectors regarding the hide and skin quality managements.
Research Article, 2019
Hides and skins are important byproducts of livestock playing significant role in the Ethiopian economy. However, the potential of the sector is not adequately exploited due to factors limiting quality of the products. The objective of this study was therefore to identify the major defects of hide and skins and assess their impact on quality. The study was conducted in eight purposely selected tanneries in and around Addis Ababa. Overall, 648 hides, 648 sheepskins and 324 goatskins were assessed at wet-blue stage for defects and quality grading. Defects were categorized into pre-slaughter, peri-slaughter and post-slaughter problems. The findings showed 13 different types of defects; the major ones being cockle (28.4-60%), scratch (31-40.74%), scar (9.72-17.9%), flaying defect (35.2-69.44%) and putrefaction (20.2-25.31%). No single hide or skin was found free of defects. Irrespective of the type and number of defects observed, no skin or hide was found to fall in grades 1 and 2 whereas grades 3 and 4 accounted for only 0.31-2.47%. On the other hand, majority of the hides and skins were grouped in either low grade (5 and 6) or reject categories. Similarly, out of the total sample examined, pre-, peri-and post-slaughter defects accounted for 70-87%, 36.7-75.3% and 27.2-32.9% respectively. When data were filtered for each defect category to show the impact of each on quality, pre-and post-slaughter defects caused maximum loss of quality in cattle hide and sheepskins whereas peri-and post-slaughter defects were responsible for higher loss of quality in goatskins. Similarly, highest rate of rejection was caused by post-slaughter problem in cattle hide (66.7%) and goatskins (67%). About 66-73% and 17-18% of hides and skins were Research Article Volume 2 Issue 4
Skin defects affecting goat skin quality in Tanqua Abergelle district, Northern Ethiopia
2020
Background: Skins of goat are among export animal products of the country that contributes foreign currency earnings. But many skins are rejected in the tanneries of Ethiopia due to their low quality. The purpose of this study was to identify the major defects causing low quality of skins in Tanqua Abergelle districts.Methods: Randomly 60 skins of goat were collected to identify the major defects that degrade the quality of skin in Tanqua Abergelle districts and were analyzed in Sheba Leather Industry at the wet-blue stage of processing.Results: Accordingly the major defects encountered were scratch (83.33), wound (50.00), knife (46.67), improper bleeding (43.33), demodectic mange (20.00), poor substance (18.33), pox/wart (16.67), age (6.67), hole (6.67), crack (5.00), brand mark (1.67) and putrification (1.67), percent respectively. The frequently detected defects were scratch (83.33%) followed by wound (50%) and least detected defects were putrification (1.67%) and brand mark (1.6...
Study on Sheep and Goat Skin Quality in Pastoral Districts of Afar Region, Northeast Ethiopia
2015
3 Abstract: This study was conducted to examine the quality of sheep and goat skin collected from Afar pastoral districts. Examination skins for defects was performed on 355 skins (268 from goat and 97 from sheep) collected from 11 selected districts of Afar Regional States, Ethiopia. A stratified random sampling procedure was used in each district to targeting all the marketing point and store identified. In each district, sheep and goat skins were systematically selected and purchased from marketing agents and stores. Sampled skins were transported to Pittards Ethiopia Tannery Share Company and graded by the skin appearance (based on defects). From the total pickled skins examined, none of them was free from defects. Scratch (95.2%), scar (68.7%), knife cut (23.1%) and ekek (11.3%) were common defects observed during examination. Most of skins was determined in grade 5 (44.8%) and grade 6 (35.3%). Only 2.8% skins were determined in grade 1-3 where as 8.7% categorized as reject. Hi...
A study on the prevalence of sheep and goat skin defects in Bahir Dar Tannery, Ethiopia
2012
A study to estimate the prevalence of sheep and goats skin defect was carried out at Bahir Dar Tannery. A total of 400 (200 sheep and 200 goat) sheep and goat skins were sampled and examined for skin defect at pickled stage. The study showed that there were different skin defects responsible for the decline in quality grades of skin. From the total skin examined, ekek (58.3%), scratch (22.5%), flying defect (13.8) and scar (11.3%) were common defects. For sheep skins ekek (67%), processing defect (12.5%), scratch (12%) and processing defect (8.5%) were important skin defects and only small number (8.5%) were with no defect. In goats skin, ekek (49.5%), scratch (33%), scar (17.5%) and flying defect (15%) were important defects. Skin quality grades 6 (22.3%), 5 (21.8%) and 4 (18.5%) were frequently observed skin grades. There were unappreciable numbers of rejects (12%) while quality grade 1 was the least frequent (6.3%). Ekek was significantly (p<0.05) higher in sheep skin (53%) than goat skin (23.5%). However; scratch was significantly (p<0.05) higher in goat than in sheep, but other defects were not significantly (p>0.05) different between the two species. Examination also showed that 26 (13.5%) and 22 (11%) were rejected in sheep and goat skins, respectively. Integrated efforts towards good animal husbandry and animal health care are very important for better quality skin. Furthermore, detailed studies on the distribution, seasonal occurrence and the direct and indirect economic impact of ectoparasites should be undertaken. Meanwhile, tanneries should collaborate with such studies to maximize the economic gain in the long run.
European Journal of Biological Sciences 9 (3): 137-144, 2017, 2017
A cross sectional study was conducted from December 2014 to April 2015 in Dodota and Hitosa Districts of Ethiopia with the objectives of assessing livestock holders' animal management practices affecting hide and skin quality and prevalence of defects on raw hide and skin at collection centers of the study area. Questionnaire survey and observational studies were employed to address the problem. Only, 44% of the respondents have reported to sick help on livestock skin problems. They also listed lack of hide /skin management extension services, inaccessibility of slaughter facilities, inadequate veterinary service, skin diseases, inadequate access to market and unattractive market price as major problems to hide and skin management. Majority of them use muddy floor house to shelter their animals at night. Observations during the study period revealed none of the 1152 hide and skins examined at collection centers were free from defects. Major defects observed on raw hide were horn gouges (cattle), bruising and lesions from diseases at pre-slaughter stage, corduroying, hole, gouge mark and flesh remnants due to improper slaughtering process and contamination with dirt and putrefaction (sheep and goats) originating from faulty post-slaughter hide and skin management problems. The prevalence of skin lesions, bruising, flesh remnants, poor pattern and hole was significantly higher on sheep skin than goat skin (P<0.05). In conclusion, the presence of knowledge gap, faulty hide and skin management practices and prevalence of major pre-, during-and post-slaughter hide and skin defects suggest the need for introducing an effective mitigation strategy if the country has to prevent losses from processing and exporting poor quality products.
Defects and Grading of Hides and Skins in Kordofan Region, Sudan
Agriculture and Natural Resources, 2015
This study was carried out at Elobeid, Elnohud and Babanosa locations of Kordofan region, Sudan. The main objective was to study hides and skins production defects which may, contribute to down grading the value of raw material. 75 pieces from each of cattle hides and goat skins and 100 pieces of sheep skins were randomly selected for grading in each location. Also 10 pieces of defected and damaged hides and skins were chosen for tanning and leather quality assessments. The data were analyzed using frequencies and percentages. Grading results indicated that the most common defects to Kordofan hides and skins was flaying defects, followed by branding on cattle hides, putrefactive taints, mechanical damages, inadequate salting defects, and lastly skin diseases defects. Chemical and physical tests results reflected the poor quality tanning, limited flexible, less durable and a low aesthetic of the produced leather from defected hides and skins