Surgical aspects of dialysis in newborns and infants weighing less than ten kilograms (original) (raw)
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Infants Requiring Maintenance Dialysis: Outcomes of Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis
American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 2016
The impact of different dialysis modalities on clinical outcomes has not been explored in young infants with chronic kidney failure. Cohort study. Data were extracted from the ESPN/ERA-EDTA Registry. This analysis included 1,063 infants 12 months or younger who initiated dialysis therapy in 1991 to 2013. Type of dialysis modality. Differences between infants treated with peritoneal dialysis (PD) or hemodialysis (HD) in patient survival, technique survival, and access to kidney transplantation were examined using Cox regression analysis while adjusting for age at dialysis therapy initiation, sex, underlying kidney disease, and country of residence. 917 infants initiated dialysis therapy on PD, and 146, on HD. Median age at dialysis therapy initiation was 4.5 (IQR, 0.7-7.9) months, and median body weight was 5.7 (IQR, 3.7-7.5) kg. Although the groups were homogeneous regarding age and sex, infants treated with PD more often had congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAK...
Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 2012
Background. Although chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD) is considered the replacement therapy of choice for infants with end-stage renal failure, many questions persist about treatment risks and outcomes. Methods. We present data on 84 infants who started CPD at <1 year of age; these patients represent 12% of the total population of the Italian Registry of Paediatric Chronic Dialysis. We analysed patient records from all children consecutively treated with CPD between 1995 and 2007 in Italy. Growth data analysis was performed only in infants with complete auxological parameters at 0, 6 and 12 months of follow-up. Results. Median age at the start of CPD was 6.9 months, weight was 6.1 kg and length 63.6 cm. In one-half of the study population diagnosis leading to renal failure was congenital nephrouropathy. Twenty-eight per cent of the children had at least one pre-existing comorbidity. The mean height standard deviation score was À1.65 at the start of CPD, À1.82 after 12 months and À1.53 after 24 months. Catch-up growth was documented in 50% of patients during dialysis. A positive correlation was observed between longitudinal growth and both exchange volume (R 2 ¼ 0.36) and dialysis session length (R 2 ¼ 0.35), while a negative association was found with the number of peritonitis cases (P ¼ 0.003). Peritonitis incidence was 1:20.7 episode:CPD-months (1:28.3 in the older children from the same registry) and was significantly higher in children with oligoanuria (1:15.5 episode:CPD-months) compared to infants with residual renal function (1:37.4 episode:CPD-months). Catheter survival rate was 70% at 12 months and 51% at 24 months. Catheter-related complications were similar in infants and older children (1:20.5 versus 1:19.8 episode: CPD-months), while clinical complications were more frequent in children under 1 year of age (1:18.3 versus 1:25.2 episode:CPD-months; P < 0.05). During the follow-up period, 33 patients were transplanted (39.3%), 18 were shifted to haemodialysis (21.4%) and 8 died (9.5%). The mortality rate was 4-fold greater than in older children (2.3%). Conclusions. Our data confirm that infants on CPD represent a high-risk group; however, our experience demonstrated that growth was acceptable and a large portion was successfully transplanted. Increased efforts should be aimed at optimizing dialysis efficiency and preventing peritonitis. The higher mortality rate in infants was largely caused by comorbidities.
Feasibility of Peritoneal Dialysis in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants
Journal of Neonatal Surgery, 2012
Acute renal injury is common in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants with a frequency ranging from 8% to 24%. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) has been used only occasionally in ELBW. We report our experience and share the solutions used to tackle the difficulties rising from the small size of this type of patients. PD was successfully performed in three ELBW infants with acute renal failure. A neonatal, single-cuff, straight Tenckhoff catheter was placed in 2 patients, while a Broviac single cuff vascular catheter was used in another. PD was feasible and effective in all children. Leakage was observed with Tenckhoff catheters, but this didn’t impair the PD efficacy. The technical difficulties were related to the size and shape of the peritoneal catheters, not easily fitting with the very thin abdominal wall of the preterm infants. We conclude that PD is feasible and effective, can be considered as the rescue therapy in preterm ELBW infants with acute renal failure.
Peritoneal dialysis in an extremely low-birth-weight infant with acute kidney injury
Clinical kidney journal, 2014
Critically ill neonates are at high risk for acute kidney injury (AKI). Renal supportive therapy (RST) can be an important tool for supporting critically ill neonates with AKI, particularly in cases of oliguria and fluid overload. There are few reports of RST for management of oligo-anuric AKI in the extremely low-birth-weight infant weighing <1000 g. We report successful provision of peritoneal dialysis (PD) to an 830-g neonate with oligo-anuric AKI through adaptation of a standard pediatric acute PD catheter.
Chronic dialysis in the infant less than 1 year of age
Pediatric Nephrology, 1995
Dialysis in the infant carries a mortality rate of 16%. Institution of dialysis may be the result of adequate nutritional intake, but avoidance of nutritional intake should never be seen as a way to prevent dialysis. Increased caloric intake, usually via enteral feeding tubes, is needed for optimal growth in the infant with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in order to attain adequate nutrition with resulting good growth. "Renal" formulae may be constituted as dilute (as in the polyuric infant) or concentrated (as in the anuric infant) to fit the infants needs. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is the usual mode of renal replacement therapy (97%), with access via a surgically placed cuffed catheter with attention to the placement of the exit site in order to avoid fecal or urinary contamination. PD volumes of 30-40 ml/ kg per pass or 800-1,200 ml/m 2 per pass usually result in dialysis adequacy. Additional dietary sodium (3-5 mEq/kg per day) and protein (3-4 g/kg per day) are needed, due to sodium and protein losses in the dialysate. Protein losses are associated with significant infectious morbidity and nonresponsiveness to routine immunizations. Hemodialysis (HD) can be performed either as single-or dual-needle access that have minimal dead space (less then 2 ml) and recirculation rate (less then 5%). Attention to extracorporeal blood volume (< 10% of intravascular volume), blood flow rates (3-5 ml/kg per min), heparinization (activated clotting times), ultrafiltration (ultrafiltration monitor), and temperature control is imperative during each treatment. Because infants' nutrition is mostly fluid, HD may be needed 4-6 days/week (especially in the oligoanuric infant) to avoid excessive volume overload between treatments. At the end of the treatment a slow blood return with minimal saline rinse is needed to avoid hemodynamic compromise. Infant dialysis, although technically challenging with a significant morbidity and mortality rate, can be safely carried out in the infant with ESRD but requires infant-specific equipment and trained personnel.
Acute Peritoneal Dialysis in Premature Infants
Indian Pediatrics
Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the underlying causes and outcomes of less than 1500 g birth weight infants who underwent acute peritoneal dialysis (PD). Methods: Case records of infants with birthweight less than 1500 g from January 2015 to June 2018 were reviewed. Results: The median (range) birth weight and gestational age of the patients were 720 g (555-1055) and 26 weeks (23-27.5), respectively. Underlying factors for the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) were patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) (15 patients), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) (10 patients), sepsis (7 patients), asphyxia (2 patients) and hydrops fetalis (2 patients). Multifunctional 10 F flexible catheter was used for the procedure. Median PD onset time was 7 days (4.5-13.5) and median PD duration was 3 days (1.5-3.5). Overall mortality rate was 81 % (n=17). Conclusions: Despite high overall mortality, PD is technically feasible in very low birthweight (VLBW) and extremely low birthweight (ELBW) neonates using a multifunctional catheter.
Peritoneal Dialysis in Neonates: A Five-Year Experience
Iranian Journal of Neonatology IJN, 2020
Background: Peritoneal dialysis is an applicable method for children and even neonates. Moreover, it allows the quiet excretion of fluid and soluble substances without hemodynamic instability. Peritoneal dialysis can be continued easily in hospitalized infants. However, the question is whether peritoneal dialysis is an effective procedure to replace hemodialysis in neonates or not?Methods: The population of this study included all neonates who were admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran, Iran, and underwent peritoneal dialysis during 2012-17. The data were collected using a questionnaire. Subsequently, the underlying diseases, complications, and laboratory changes were determined before and after peritoneal dialysis.Results: In total, 29neonates who underwent peritoneal dialysis were evaluated in this study. Peritoneal dialysis was performed on 58.6% and 41.4 % of the cases for congenital metabolic disorder and extra body fluid...
The Performance of Acute Peritoneal Dialysis Treatment in Neonatal Period
Renal Failure, 2012
The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) patients' characteristics treated with acute peritoneal dialysis (PD) and their risk factors for mortality. We also wanted to share our experience of the application of PD in neonates who required less than 60 mL of dwell volume and their PD-related problems, as well as special solutions for these problems. This study included 27 infants treated in our NICU between February 2008 and December 2011. We retrospectively analyzed these patients' records. The percutaneous PD catheter was placed by us. PD procedure was performed either by manual technique or automated PD. Statistical evaluation was performed by using χ 2-tests and Student's t-tests. In these 27 neonates, the average gestational age and birth weight were 35.18 AE 4.02 weeks and 2534.62 AE 897.41 g, respectively. The mean PD duration time was 6.11 AE 6.30 days. Of these, 10 patients were treated by manual technique, whereas 17 patients were treated with automated system. Among 27 neonates, 16 patients died. Overall mortality rate was 59.25%. PD-related complications were seen in 25.92% of patients. In conclusion, PD application is less effective and troublesome for low-birth-weight infants. Each center should create its own solutions to accommodate problematic patients in PD treatment to improve the outcome in this special population.
The outcome of chronic dialysis in infants and toddlers--advantages and drawbacks of haemodialysis
Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 2008
Background. Improvements in dialysis technology allow replacement therapy for even the youngest of children with end stage renal disease. Nevertheless, the cumulative experience in this age group is limited. Methods. We compared the outcome of 20 children who initiated chronic dialysis before the age of 1 year (weight 4.9 ± 2 kg, Group 1), with a particular focus on those under the age of 1 month (eight children, weight 2.9 ± 0.34), to that of 14 patients, aged 1.1-3 years when starting dialysis (weight 10.1 ± 1.7, Group 2). Results. The outcome was poor in the youngest age group; only 3/8 survived to 3 years. Of those who started dialysis between the ages of 0.3 and 3 years, 84% underwent kidney transplantation. The survival of 1-, 3-, 5-and 8-year-old patients was 96%, 88%, 84% and 84% respectively. Severe co-morbidities were present in almost half of those who died. Hospital stay was 3.5 times longer in Group 1 than in Group 2 during the first 3 months of dialysis. Permanent central venous catheters inserted under ultrasound guidance resulted in a 4.4-fold increase in catheter survival compared to non-cuffed catheters. Marked blood loss at beginning of haemodialysis (HD) is attributable to residual volume in the dialysis system (15.7 mL/kg/month) and frequent blood tests (12.1 ± 5.9 mL/kg/month). These values decreased 2-fold after 8 months of treatment. Conclusions. The main factors determining the poor outcome of infants on dialysis are extremely young age at initiation and severe co-morbidities. Despite some disadvantages, HD may be successfully implemented in infants and toddlers, in highly specialized centres with a well-trained nursing staff.