Re-thinking Middle Eastern democracy: lessons from ancient Mesopotamia (original) (raw)

2011, APSA 2006: Proceedings of the 2006 …

Abstract

The issue of Middle Eastern democracy has long inspired lively academic debate and research from across the ideological and political spectrum.

Key takeaways

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  1. Middle Eastern democracy's modern discourse often misrepresents its ancient Mesopotamian roots, termed 'Primitive Democracy'.
  2. Democratic practices from Mesopotamia influenced later governance models, including those in Greece and Rome.
  3. Historical narratives should connect contemporary Middle Eastern democracy to its ancient heritage to foster legitimacy.
  4. Over 2000 years, early city-states developed political systems emphasizing collective decision-making and civic participation.
  5. Recent democratic shifts in the Middle East, such as in Iraq and Algeria, reflect historical continuities rather than solely Western imposition.

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FAQs

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What key examples illustrate 'Primitive Democracy' in ancient Mesopotamia?add

The governance of Ebla (circa 2500 B.C.) featured an elected king sharing power with a council of elders. Similarly, in Kish around 2300 B.C., kingship was nominated through a general assembly, emphasizing popular consent.

How did Mesopotamian myths influence democratic governance concepts?add

The Enuma Elish depicts an assembly of gods making decisions collectively, reflecting potential political practices on Earth. Scholars like Easton suggest these divine representations indicate historical governance structures experienced by ancient Mesopotamians.

What evidence counteracts the notion of inherent autocracy in Middle Eastern political history?add

Kedourie and Kamrava highlight past democratic experiments in the early 20th century, suggesting a historical potential for democracy. Recent elections in Algeria (1999) and Iraq (2005) signal a shift towards democratic engagement.

How did early city-states contribute to the concept of democracy?add

City-states like Uruk demonstrated assemblies making decisions on governance, trials, and military actions reflecting democratic processes. Their governance structures signify early forms of collective decision-making beyond autocratic rule.

What role did assemblies play in ancient Near Eastern empires?add

Babylonian and Assyrian kings delegated judicial powers to assemblies, allowing community input on significant issues. Assyrian citizens could influence royal decisions, highlighting checks on monarchical power through communal governance.