Prevalence of Obesity and Associated Risk Factors in a Female Population of Rural Peshawar-Pakistan (original) (raw)
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Prevalence and Sociodemographic Factors of Overweight and Obesity among Pakistani Adults
Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome, 2020
Background: Obesity is a serious public health problem that is growing alarmingly worldwide. The main objective of this study is to examine the current prevalence of overweight and obesity among Pakistani adults and to identify the sociodemographic factors that are associated with overweight and obesity. Methods: Secondary data from a population-based household survey (the Pakistan Panel Household Survey) were used for this study. A total of 10,063 participants (3,916 men and 6,147 women) were included. Overweight and obese individuals were identified using the World Health Organization-recommended cutoffs for body mass index (kg/m 2). Along with descriptive statistics, the Pearson chi-square test was used to investigate the association among categorical variables. Odds ratios (ORs) along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using univariate logistic regression analysis to evaluate the most significantly associated risk factors for overweight/obesity. Results: The mean age and body mass index of the participants were 38.2 years and 22.9 kg/m 2 , respectively. Overall, 22.8% of the participants (23.9% of the women and 21.1% of the men) were overweight, and 5.1% (6.3% of the women and 3.2% of the men) were obese. Sociodemographic factors, such as sex, marital status, and residential area, were significantly associated with body mass index categories. Women (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.23-1.47; P<0.01), ever-married individuals (OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.70-2.16; P<0.01), and individuals living in urban areas (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.12-1.35; P<0.01) were more likely to become overweight/obese than their counterparts. Conclusion: We have found the excess weight problem to be quite high in the Pakistani adult population. The government and other health agencies should take initiatives in launching programs about nutritional awareness for adults to prevent obesity.
OBESITY, AN EMERGING EPIDEMIC IN PAKISTAN-A REVIEW OF EVIDENCE
Background: In Pakistan, the disease pattern is facing a huge changeover from acute and communicable diseases to the non-communicable diseases. Moreover, an emerging epidemic of obesity is still under recognized in Pakistan. A detailed review and dissemination of the existing knowledge to determine the extent of burden of obesity can help understand this important public health issue. Methods: A detailed literature review was conducted through PubMed search engines, regarding obesity burden in Pakistan. The original peer reviewed research articles, reports of WHO in English language, non-government organizations reports were included in the review. "Obesity AND Pakistan" were used as a search terms. Results: Pakistan is suffering from epidemic of obesity, affecting all age groups. Urban population, particularly women shows considerable higher burden of obesity as compared to men and women from rural population. However, among children and adolescents there is variation in prevalence of obesity. Girls from all age groups are predominantly more obese as compared to boys. Most of the studies have estimated child obesity among school going children of different age groups and need careful interpretation. Conclusion: Pakistan is currently suffering from an emerging epidemic of obesity. The rising burden of obesity is widespread among adults (man and women) and children. The burden of obesity is higher among females in all age groups as compare to males. Effective interventions are required at population level to prevent and control this emerging public health issue.
Overweight and Obesity among 25�60 Years Women in Lahore, Pakistan
Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health, 2020
Objective: To observe association of factors such as nutritional factors, physical activities and systemic factors with overweight and obesity among 25 to 60 years old women. Study Design: A quantitative household survey. Place and Duration: The survey was carried out in all ten towns of Lahore, Pakistan from 4 th January 2016 to 4 th May 2016. Methodology: The research investigated 3239 women (25 to 60 years of age) through multistage sampling technique; from which two neighboring localities were randomly selected; found 1106 women were overweight and 449 were obese whereas, 1684 females were normal weights who were excluded from the research study. Results: Factors were found significantly associated with overweight and obesity. Among nutritional factors such as fast food and snacks have p-value 0.000, whereas, daily food intakes have p-value 0.001. Physical activities such as housework activities have p-value 0.000; whereas, both regular exercise and time spent on TV/Computer per day have p-values 0.001. Systemic factors such as systemic diseases have p-value 0.001 whereas family history of overweight and obesity and women using medications both have p-value 0.000. Conclusion: The study concluded that overweight and obesity was positively associated with nutritional factors, physical activities and factors such as genetics, use of medications and systemic diseases among women 25-60 years.
Assessing obesity and overweight in a high mountain Pakistani population
Tropical Medicine International Health Tm Ih, 2004
objectives To estimate the prevalence of obesity and overweight among adults in a high mountain rural population of Pakistan, and to determine the correlates of excess body weight. design Cross-sectional study. methods A random sample of 4203 adults (aged 18 years and over) was selected by stratified random sampling from 16 villages in north Pakistan. Trained medical students measured height, weight and blood pressure. Trained interviewers obtained information from participants on sociodemographic variables, use of snuff, daily cigarette consumption, hypertension and family history of hypertension. Body mass index (BMI) calculated as kg/m 2 was used to define overweight (BMI ‡ 25 kg/m 2) and obesity (BMI ‡ 30 kg/m 2). results Using weight and height data available for 1391 men and 2754 women, mean BMI was 22.4 (95% CI 21.9, 22.9) for men and 22.6 (95% CI 21.9, 23.2) for women. The age-adjusted prevalence of BMI ‡ 25 (overweight/obesity) was 13.5% for men and 14.1% for women. Overweight/obesity increased with age and the increase per year was identical for both men and women [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) ¼ 1.01, 95% CI 1.01, 1.03]. Overweight/obese men and women were more likely to be hypertensive (men, AOR ¼ 3.32, 95% CI 2.16, 5.09; women, AOR ¼ 1.70, 95% CI 1.21, 2.39). Overweight/obese women were more likely to work in business or as skilled workers (AOR ¼ 6.24, 95% CI 1.18, 32.83) while overweight/obese men were more likely to work as government employees (AOR ¼ 2.59, 95% CI 1.66, 4.03). Family history of hypertension was a significant correlate of overweight/obesity in men (P value 0.004) and women (P value 0.000). Overweight/obese men and women were less likely to use smokeless tobacco (men, AOR ¼ 0.65, 95% CI 0.43, 0.97; women, AOR ¼ 0.54, 95% CI 0.35, 0.85). conclusion The prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Pakistan is expected to increase as further epidemiologic, nutritional and demographic changes occur. The assessment of excess body weight, and patterns and determinants of other risk factors for NCDs is important to provide useful guidelines in the planning of interventions to counter a growing problem. keywords body mass index, overweight, obesity, non-communicable diseases, rural, Pakistan * Age parameter refers to increase per year of age.
Prevalence of Obesity on Gender Base at Gilgit City, Pakistan
Advances in Obesity, Weight Management & Control, 2017
Obesity is health disorder in which accumulation of fat around the abdomen. Now a day it is health risk or life threatening concern in the developing world. Obesity is also prevalent in Gilgit, Pakistan. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 randomly selected volunteers from 20 to 70 aged people at four different hospitals in Gilgit, Pakistan. Those who were underweight were excluded. Interviews were conducted to determine demographic data, dietary intake, physical activity and other variables that may be associated with obesity. Self made Performa was used for the collection of data. The results revealed that obesity was most prevalent in female than males (63.5% and 36.5% respectively). Almost obese volunteers were between the age of 31-45years old with sedentary life style.
Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Urban and Rural Women of Punjab
A cross sectional study on 600 women (300 each belonging to urban and rural areas of Punjab) in the age range of 50-80 years is conducted with a view to explore the prevalence of overweight and obesity. For assessment of overweight and obesity the height, weight, waist circumference and hip circumference are taken on each subject using strandard procedures. The prevalence rates are calculated according to the critical limits of body mass index (BMI) and waist hip ratio (WHR). Urban women of present study are found to be obese than their rural counterparts. Urban women have registered more waist circumference (96.25 cm) and hip circumference (95.58cm) than rural women , who have these parameters 88.87 cm and 89.05cm respectively. The mean values for BMI and waist hip ratio (WHR) are more for urban women (26.92 Kg/m 2 and 1.007 respectively). According to body mass index (BMI), the prevalence of grade-2overweight and grade -3-overweight is 29. 33%; 1% and 17%;0.66% in urban and rural women, respectively. Similarly the prevalence of central obesity according to waist hip ratio (WHR) cutoffs is 56.66% in urban and 47% in rural women. According to cut offs it is concluded that all women of urban and rural area of Punjab have central obesity.
Overweight and Obesity Prevalence and Predictors in People Living in Karachi
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International
Objective: This study was aimed to establish the prevalence of overweight, obesity and related its factors among the citizens of Karachi. Methodology: From Jan 2018 to August 2018. This cross-sectional analysis was conducted to obtain information from 772 persons using a validated questionnaire and traditional height and weight evaluation methods have been used. Overweight and obesity were described by South Asian cut-off points as 23 ≥ BMI (Normal), 25.0 - 29.9 BMI (Overweight) and 30 ≤ BMI (Obese) respectively. For data processing, version 21.0 of SPSS was used. Results: In this sample study men was 44.5% and women was 55.5%.Age group 20-39 was the most numerous group which was 55.70%. Among Overweight and obesity were found to be higher in men than in women. About 23.3% of the people were smokers, 1.42% was alcohol consumer, while 20.3% had vegetarian diet, 55.8% had semi-vegetarian diet, and 23.8% had non-vegetarian diet. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among individual...
Gender Difference in Obesity Prevalence Among General Population of Lahore, Pakistan
2021
Obesity has become a pandemic problem and it is infamous for causing both physical and psychological disorders. Even though obesity is influenced by many factors which include fast food, menopause, socioeconomic status, and genetics, however, gender has paramount importance as a factor that affects obesity when we do not consider other factors. Thus, our current research study was aimed to evaluate the prevalence of obesity and influence of gender on it. Our current cross-sectional descriptive study was finished in almost 6 months from August 2020 to January 2021 among general population of Pak Aran Society Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 183 people were recruited in study in accordance to set criteria of exclusion and inclusion. Only those people whose age was from above 20 years to below 61 years, and who had no physical or mental illness and were willing to participate were enrolled in study. Data collection was done through one self-structured proforma and WHO Classification of Weight...
Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, 2021
Objective: To study the pattern and prevalence of obesity in a large representative sample of Pakistani population aged 20 years and above. Methodology: This study is a sub analysis of the second National Diabetes Survey of Pakistan (NDSP) 2016-2017, a large community-based epidemiological survey carried out from February 2016 to August 2017 in all 4 provinces of Pakistan. An estimated sample size of 10,834 people was calculated using a multistage sampling technique. Out of 213 clusters, Twenty-seven clusters were selected from all four provinces of Pakistan. Households were identified and selected members of every 10th household were advised to come to the campsite after an overnight fast. All the study participants underwent anthropometric measurements including height, weight, and waist circumference by using standardized techniques and oral glucose tolerance tests were done. Data were analyzed on the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS), version 20. Results: Overall weighted prevalence of generalized obesity was 57.9% (42% in males and 58% in females) and central obesity 73.1% (37.3% in males and 62.7% in females) as per WHO Asia pacific cutoffs. The highest prevalence of generalized obesity was found in Punjab 60%, followed by Khyber, Pakhtunkhwa 59.2%. Moreever, highest prevalence of abdominal obesity was observed in Baluchistan 82.1%, followed by Punjab 73.3%. Obesity (generalized and abdominal) was found significantly associated with diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Conclusion: The prevalence of obesity is at epidemic proportions in Pakistan, calling for urgent lifestyle intervention strategies to prevent and manage this important cardiometabolic risk factor.
Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 2022
Background: In both emerging and wealthy nations, the epidemic of overweight and obesity has exploded in the last several decades, becoming a huge public health concern. Objective: To estimate the frequency of overweight and obesity and its important determinants among the adult population of Selected Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted by the Department of Community Medicine, Saidu Medical College, Swat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan; from January to April 2022. A total of 410 adults were selected and a structured questionnaire was used to collect relevant information. Results: Results showed that 67.07% had age above 30 years; 72.44% were males, 37.32% were illiterate; 51.95% had monthly income less than 25000/ PKR; 54.39% were married; and 26.34% had family history of overweight and obesity. Moreover, 52.93% had sedentary life; 37.56% watch television; and 15.85% & 17.80% had diabetes mellitus & hypertension respectively. Furthermore, 26.34% prefer carbohydrates; and 44.15$ prefer soft drinks. 63.66% and 58.05% didn't prefer vegetables and fruits respectively. Conclusions: It was concluded that prevalence of overweight and obesity showed moderate to high frequency among adults, and showed relationship was age, gender, marital status, tobacco smoking, dietary habits, and social habits. Thus effective educational, behavioral and social strategies are needed to prevent and control overweight and obesity in the population.