Evaluation of the effect of Castanea sativa extracts on lipoxygenase activity (original) (raw)
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Lipoxygenase Inhibition by Plant Extracts
Biomolecules
Lipoxygenases are widespread enzymes that catalyze oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acid) to produce hydroperoxides. Lipoxygenase reactions can be desirable, but also lipoxygenases can react in undesirable ways. Most of the products of lipoxygenase reactions are aromatic compounds that can affect food properties, especially during long-term storage. Lipoxygenase action on unsaturated fatty acids could result in off-flavor/off-odor development, causing food spoilage. In addition, lipoxygenases are present in the human body and play an important role in stimulation of inflammatory reactions. Inflammation is linked to many diseases, such as cancer, stroke, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. This review summarized recent research on plant families and species that can inhibit lipoxygenase activity.
Anti-lipoxygenase activity of some indigenous medicinal plants
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2013
Lipoxygenase inhibitors are involved in many inflammatory diseases, asthma, cancer, increase immune response to viral and bacterial infections, leukemia, lymphoma and autoimmune disorders. In our efforts to search for new enzyme inhibitors against enzymes of therapeutic importance, the present study was designed to find out lipoxygenase inhibitors from methanolic extracts of some medicinal plants used in eastern medicine. During screening of medicinal plant extracts, four plants, that is, Emblica ribes (98.71%), Terminala chebula (98.53%), Symplocos racemosa (90.21%) and Rosa demacena (72.40%) possessed maximal enzyme inhibitory activity levels at 1.0 mg/ml concentration. The IC 50 values determined for these plants extracts were, 0.66, 0.41, 0.23 and 0.48 mg/ml, respectively. These results show that these plants have some phytochemical constituents which may be active against the lipoxygenase enzyme. Other plant extracts showed lower enzyme inhibition activities.
Elephantopus scaber Linn, a medicinal herb indigenous to India, has been widely used in treating a number of inflammatory pathological conditions. In the present study, methanolic extract of E. scaber was evaluated for its ability to inhibit 5, 12 and 15 Lipoxygenase enzymes (LO) and the nature of inhibition was determined from Km and Vmax values obtained from Lineweaver Burk plot. The methanolic extract was found to inhibit all three LO enzymes in a mixed competitive non competitive nature. E. scaber promises to be a good source of bioactive molecules that could be employed for inflammation research.
In an attempt to determine the antioxidant/prooxidant, antibacterial/probacterial action of flavan-3-ols and procyanidins from grape seeds, pure catechin (CS), and an aqueous grape seed extract (PE), were applied in the absence and presence of pure lipoxygenase (LS) or in extract (LE) to leucocyte culture, Escherichia coli B41 and Brevibacterium linens, and observed whether there was any effect on lipid peroxidation, cytotoxicity, or growth rate. Short time periods of coincubation of cells with the polyphenols, followed by the exposure to LS and LE, revealed a high level of lipid peroxidation and a prooxidative effect. Longer coincubation and addition of LS and LE resulted in the reversal of the prooxidant action either to antioxidant activity for CS + LS and PE + LS or to the control level for CS + LE and PE + LE. Lipid peroxidation was significantly reduced when cells were exposed to polyphenols over a longer period. Longer exposure of E. coli to CS or PE followed by addition of LS for 3 h resulted in bactericidal activity. Significant stimulatory effect on microbial growth was observed for PE + LS and PE + LE treatments in B. linens, illustrating the potential probacterial activity in B. linens cultures. Lipoxygenase-polyphenols complex formation was found to be responsible for the observed effects.
Evaluation of anti-lipoxygenase activity of Cassia fistula linn leaves using in vitro methods
International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 2018
Inflammation or phlogosis is a pathophysiological response of our living tissues to various injuries that can lead to local accumulation of plasmatic fluids and blood cells. Inflammatory diseases are a main cause of morbidity of the working population, throughout the world. Although it is a defence mechanism taking part in the inflammatory reaction, it can induce, maintain or aggravate many diseases. 1 Cassia fistula linn belonging to family Caesalpiniaceae has been used for years, traditionally, by tribals and locals in India for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions like the diseases of the heart, leprosy, inflammation, as antipyretic, in rheumatism, in kapha, skin diseases, liver complaints, diseases of the eye, throat trouble and chest complaints. 2 Preliminary phytochemical screening of the methanolic extract of the leaves as carried out andthe presence of flavonoids, glycosides, tannins and phenolics were detected. Cycloxygenase and lipoxygenase are the two enzymes involved in the process of inflammation. Cycloxygenase and lipoxygenase willact on arachidonic acid converting them to prostaglandins and lipid hydroperoxide products, which are the inflammatory mediators. Inhibition of these inflammatory enzymes would help to control the process of inflammation. 3,4 Most of the studies are carried to test if ABSTRACT Background: Numerous plants are claimed to possess anti-inflammatory phytoconstituents in folk medicine, however, one among them is Cassia fistula linn leaves. The tree is 6-9 m high with straight trunk and smooth bark. It is pale green when young and gets rough and dark when old. The leaves are 23-30cm long and have got 4-8 pairs of oblong leaflets. Due to lack of specific scientific reports regarding its use for its anti-lipoxygenase property, this particular plant was selected for this particular study with the aim to bring scientific evidence for its therapeutic use. Methods: The anti-lipoxygenase study as carried by using 5-lipoxygenase(5-LOX) assay and 12-lipoxygenase(12-LOX) assay. In both the methods, absorbance of various concentrations of the tests and the control solutions were measured at 234nm. Results: Preliminary phytochemical study showed the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, tannins and phenolics. It was found that both the 5-LOX and 12-LOX were inhibited by the extract with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 6.23mg/ml obtained for the 5-LOX assay and an IC50 of 3.22mg/ml attained for the 12-LOX assay. Conclusions: The methanolic extract of the plant's leaves showed antilipoxygenase activity similar to Indomethacin, thus ensuring that it could be used as an effective anti-inflammatory medicine.
Optimization of antioxidants – Extraction from Castanea sativa leaves
Chemical Engineering Journal, 2012
The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant efficacy of peanut skin extracts (PSE) to prevent the oxidative processes of soybean oil during storage and to compare the results with those obtained after using a positive control with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) under accelerated oxidation conditions (16 d at 60 ºC). Progress in lipid oxidation of soybean oil was followed by chemical indices (peroxide value, panisidine value, and conjugated dienes) at the end of the storage. A second goal was to achieve the optimal conditions for the extraction of antioxidant molecules from peanut skin using response surface methodology. At level of 750 mg/kg of PSE, primary and secondary oxidation inhibition was equivalent to the obtained with BHT, hence our results revealed PSE as an effective antioxidant for the stabilization of soybean oil. The best conditions for the recovery of antioxidant compounds were dependent on the variables measured but, in general, concentration of ethanol (73.9%) and temperature of 66.5 ºC maximized the responses and the recovery of activities was not significantly influenced by extracting time.
Advances in Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, 2018
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) is the key enzyme in biosynthesis of inflammatory mediators known as leukotrienes which are responsible for asthma, allergic inflammation and innate immunity. This paper reports the evaluation of 30 species of Malaysian plant extracts potential in inhibiting 5-LO activity. Five plant extracts exhibited >80% inhibition against 5-LO activity which include Phyllanthus watsonii, Euphorbia hirta, Anacardium occidentale, Acalypha wilkensiana and Piper betle. Nine plant extracts exhibited moderate value of inhibition (79-40%), while sixteen others exhibited <40% inhibition. From the screening work via inhibition of 5-LO activity, P. watsonii showed the highest inhibition with value of 97.3%, followed by E. hirta with 90.9% inhibition. Both plant extracts were further fractioned using organic solvent which include Dichloromethane (DCM), Ethyl Acetate (EA) and Butanol (BuOH) for evaluation of their inhibiting effects on 5-LO activity. For P. watsonii, DCM fraction exhibited the highest value with 75% inhibition, while for E. hirta, EA fraction exhibited the highest value of 72.5% inhibition. Both active fractions were further subjected to isolation and purification work in order to identify the major compounds. Subsequently, four major compounds managed to be isolated and purified which further identified as quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (E1), myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside (E2), 26-nor-D: A-friedoolean-14-en-3β-ol (PW1) and glochidonol (PW2) using spectroscopic technique and their data comparison with literature.
Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of Castanea Sativa Mill. Catkins Extracts
II European Congress on Chestnut, 2014
A new family of polyphenolic carbosilane dendrimers functionalized with ferulic, caffeic, and gallic acids has been obtained through a straightforward amidation reaction. Their antioxidant activity has been studied by different techniques such as DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay, FRAP assay (ferric reducing antioxidant power), and cyclic voltammetry. The antioxidant analysis showed that polyphenolic dendrimers exhibited higher activities than free polyphenols in all cases. The first-generation dendrimer decorated with gallic acid stood out as the best antioxidant compound, displaying a correlation between the number of hydroxyl groups in the polyphenol structure and the antioxidant activity of the compounds. Moreover, the antibacterial capacity of these new systems has been screened against Gram-positive (+) and Gram-negative (−) bacteria, and we observed that polyphenolic dendrimers functionalized with caffeic and gallic acids were capable of decreasing bacterial growth. In contrast, ferulic carbosilane dendrimers and free polyphenols showed no effect, establishing a correlation between antioxidant activity and antibacterial capacity. Finally, a viability assay in human skin fibroblasts cells (HFF-1) allowed for corroborating the nontoxicity of the polyphenolic dendrimers at their active antibacterial concentration.