Artificial Formula Induces Precocious Maturation of the Small Intestine of Artificially Reared Suckling Rats (original) (raw)
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Transition milk stimulates intestinal development of neonatal Holstein calves
Journal of Dairy Science
Colostrum stimulates gastrointestinal development. Similar to colostrum, transition milk (TM; the first few milkings after colostrum) contains elevated nutrient levels and bioactive components not found in milk replacer (MR), albeit at lower levels than the first colostrum. We hypothesized that feeding neonatal calves TM, compared with MR, for 4 d following colostrum at birth would further stimulate intestinal development. Holstein bull calves were fed 2.8 L of colostrum within 20 min of birth, allocated to 1 of 11 blocks based on birth date and body weight (BW), randomly assigned to MR (n = 12) or TM (n = 11) treatments within block, and fed treatments 3 times per day. Milk from milkings 2, 3, and 4 (TM) of cows milked 2 times daily was pooled by milking number and fed at 1.89 L per feeding; milking 2 was fed at feedings 2 through 5, milking 3 at feedings 6 through 8, and milking 4 at feedings 9 through 12. TM was not pasteurized and contained 17% solids, 5% fat, 7% protein, 4% lactose, and 20 g of IgG per liter on average, whereas MR (as fed) contained 15% solids, 4% protein, 3% fat, 6% carbohydrate, and no IgG. Refusals were similar, so calves fed TM consumed 1.0 Mcal of metabolizable energy per day more than those fed MR. On the morning of d 5, calves were injected i.v. with 5 mg of bromodeoxyuridine per kg of BW and slaughtered 130 min later; then, intestinal sections were excised. Feeding TM, instead of MR, doubled villus length, villus width, villus to crypt ratio, and mucosal length in all intestinal sections, increased submucosal thickness 70% in the proximal and mid jejunum, and tended to increase submucosal thickness in duodenum and ileum. Mucosal surface area was also increased in both the ileum and mid jejunum when feeding TM by 19 and 36%, respectively. Treatment did not alter crypt depth. Bromodeoxyuridine labeling was increased 50% by TM compared with MR in the cells along the epithelium of the crypts and within the villi of all sections, indicating that TM increased cell proliferation compared with MR. Calves fed TM gained more BW than calves fed MR and had improved cough, fecal, nose, and ear scores. We conclude that feeding TM for 4 d following an initial feeding of colostrum stimulates villus, mucosal, and submucosal development in all sections of the small intestine in the first few days of life and improves health and growth.
2008
Colostrum intake in neonatal calves is essential to obtain passive immunity and to influence metabolism, endocrine systems and the nutritional state. This study compares morphologic features of small intestine of calves fed a colostrum second meal at 12 hours of life with concentrations of immunoglobulin G (IgG) higher than 100mg mL -1 (fresh colostrum or artificially prepared with addition of lyophilized colostrum) or smaller than 30mg mL -1 . Twenty-four Holstein calves were randomly grouped according to concentration of IgG intake at 12 hours of life: low (less than 30mg mL -1 ); high (more than 100mg mL -1 ); plus lyophilized colostrum (more than 120mg mL -1 ). Intestinal tissue samples were collected at 0, 10, 24 and 72 hours after birth to evaluate morphology in segments: duodenum; proximal, middle and distal jejunum and ileum by examined with a scanning electron microscope. Villi of all segments showed more organized and uniform morphology characteristics with age. Only the animals fed colostrum with more than 100mg mL -1 of IgG at 24 hours after birth still showed the distal jejunum villi disoriented and more united in comparison to the other ages and groups. Intake of lyophilized colostrum affected ileum morphology along experiment period. Higher concentration of immunologic and bioactive elements supplied for longer period of time could be responsible for promoting effects on the enterocytes. Use of colostrum with high IgG concentrations, with or without addition of lyophilized colostrum, influenced the precocity of the intestinal mucosa development in newborn calves, suggesting earlier maturation of the mucosa.
The effects of total parenteral nutrition on gastrointestinal growth and development
1985
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is vital for the nutritional support of infants with disorders of the gastrointestinal tract that prevent adequate enteral intake. Studies in adult rodents maintained on TPN have demonstrated intestinal atrophy and decreased activity of the brush border enzymes of the small bowel mucosa. We studied the effects of TPN during the phase of rapid intestinal growth and development in piglets. Matched groups of three 6-week-old weaned piglet littermates received a glucose (45 g/kg/d), amino acid (8 g/kg/d), and fat (2.5 g/kg/d) solution intravenously (IV) or by gastrostomy (GF)o or were given hog chow (Chow) at an equivalent caloric value for three weeks. No differences were noted in the mean weight gain (13-15 g/kg/d), total serum protein (4.5-4.8 g/dL), BUN (9-12 mg/dL), or Hct (25% to 30%). The IV and GF animals, compared to the Chow animals, had decreased growth of the stomach, small bowel, and pancreas with decreased small bowel mucosal disaccharidase activity. The IV group, compared to Day 0 animal measurements, had decreased small bowel length and weight and pancreatic weight. Histology of the proximal small bowel mucosa in the IV animals showed decreased mucosal depth, villus height, crypt depth, and epithelial cell number from the crypt base to the midvillus. These findings suggest that (1) stomach, small bowel, and pancreatic growth are dependent on the route of administration and/or the composition of the diet, (2) the small bowel mucosa and the pancreas atrophies in young piglets maintained on TPN, (3) the activity of some intestinal brush border disaccharidases are decreased in the small bowel in piglets maintained on either an intravenous or an intragastric infusion of a TPN solution.
Nutritional and hormonal control of gut epithelium remodeling in neonatal piglets
Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 2005
The first days of life are crucial for the development of intestinal mucosa in mammalian neonates. Its development consists of tissue growth and maturation, in particular of the epithelium. During postnatal development, the first 24 h are the most important, as this is when intensive remodeling of epithelial cells linked with cell replacement and functional modification occurs. An infant's small intestine adapts to new digestive functions and feed. In this period, luminal and systemic hormones and growth factors play an important role. Sow colostrum and milk contain a high concentration of hormones and growth factors stimulating growth and maturation of small intestinal mucosa. Feeding animals milk formulas devoid of these bioactive factors slows down intestinal maturation in comparison with natural feeding by the mother. Recent studies demonstrate the great impact of nutritional, hormonal, paracrine and autocrine factors on epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation processes.
Pediatric Research, 1981
To evaluate the impact of malnutrition on the developing gut, we studied small bowel structure, epithelial renewal, and enzymes in suckling rats deprived of adequate nutrient from birth. Rat pups were suckled by foster dams fed ad libitum one of three isocaloric, semipurified diets containing 6,9, or 25% (control) protein throughout gestation and lactation. An additional control group consisted of pups raised with their natural, chow-fed mothers. Although survival of the pups, 98% in the chow-fed and 25% protein groups, decreased to 83% in the 9% groups and 53% in the 6% protein groups, body and gut weights were remarkably uniform within each study group. Mean body weight, gut weight, villus height, and crypt depth were markedly and significantly less in the 6 and 9% when compared with those in the chow and 25% control groups, the 6% group being significantly more affected was than the 9% group ( P < 0.001). Pups raised by chow-fed mothers also weighed significantly less (P < 0.001) than did those raised by dams fed the 25% protein diet. Total small intestinal protein and DNA content of mucosal scrapings were less in 6 than 9% rat pups ( P < 0.001), which in turn were less than those in the 25% group ( P < 0.05). The protein/DNA ratio in the small intestine of the 6% animals onlv was reduced when compared with the 25% group (P < 0.05). ~pithelial cell migration assessed by autoradiography with I3Hjthymidine was significantly slower in both proximal and distal intestinal segments of the 6% animals when compared with those from the 25% group ( P < 0.001). Incorporation of the 3H, seen by autoradiography after 1 hr, was also signficantly decreased in the 6% group ( P < 0.001). Calculated for the total small intestine, lactase, sucrase, alkaline phosphatase, and thymidine kinase activities were significantly diminished (P 5 0.001) in the 6% animals compared with 25% controls. Calculated in relation to mucosal protein content and compared with 25% controls, sucrase and alkaline phosphatase activities were significantly decreased (P < 0.001) in both proximal and distal small intestinal segments of the 6% animals, but thymidine kinase activity was decreased only in the distal segment (P < 0.001). However, lactase specific activity was increased in both proximal and distal segments from the 6% group (P < 0.001). Further studies of this phenomenon demonstrated a significant increase in intracellular acid P-galactosidase (P < 0.001), particularly in the distal intestinal segment, but also a marked increase in brush border P-galactosidase.
Journal of Dairy Science, 2004
Intestinal diseases in neonatal calves may be due to morphological and functional immaturity. We have studied histomorphology, crypt cell proliferation rates (based on incorporation of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine into DNA), presence of apoptotic cells (based on terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated X-dUTP nick end labeling), and brush border enzyme activities in preterm calves (277 d of gestation), euthanized on d 1 (P0) or 8 (P8), and in full-term calves (290 d of gestation), euthanized on d 1 (F0) or 8 (F8). Vacuolated epithelial cells were present in ileum of P0 and F0 but not in P8 and F8. During the first 8 d, villus sizes, crypt depths, and proliferation rates of crypt cells in the small intestine of preterm calves did not significantly change. In contrast, in full-term calves during the first 8 d, villus sizes in jejunum decreased, crypt depths increased in small intestine and colon, and crypt cell proliferation increased in duodenum and jejunum. Submucosal thickness in jejunum was highest in P0, but in ileum it increased with gestational age and feeding. Gestational age × feeding interactions indicated increased activities of aminopeptidase N and reduced lactase activities only in F8 and reduced dipeptidylpeptidase IV activities only in P8. In conclusion, in preterm calves the small intestinal epithelium was immature and brush border enzyme activities differed in part from those in full-term calves.
Medical Journal of Indonesia, 2006
Bayi dengan berat badan lahir rendah dan retardasi perkembangan intrauterin masih merupakan masalah, khususnya di Indonesia, karena menunjukkan angka kejadian yang tinggi dan perlu diturunkan. Malnutrisi pada anak kurang dari 1 tahun terbanyak pada bayi dengan berat badan lahir rendah. Pada penelitian menggunakan hewan coba, didapatkan mukosa usus halus hipotrofi dan normoplasi pada tikus malnutrisi. Keadaan itu memperlihatkan bahwa mukosa usus halus dapat mempertahankan jumlah selnya dalam menghadapi pembatasan nutrien, dan memberi petunjuk akan dapat berkembang bila mendapatkan masukan nutrien yang cukup. Apakah realimentasi dapat memulihkan mukosa yang hipotrofi normoplasi menjadi normotrofi normoplasi? Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjawab pertanyaan itu. Penelitian eksperimental dengan desain post test-control group dilakukan dengan menggunakan 40 ekor anak tikus jantan jenis Sprague-Dawley, yang diberikan makanan baku yang lazim digunakan untuk penelitian. Penelitian dibagi dalam tahap induksi malnutrisi pranatal dilanjutkan dengan tahap realimentasi. Didapatkan berat badan, tebal mukosa, tinggi vilus, kedalaman kripta, nisbah vilus/kripta, jumlah vilus, kandungan protein, dan nisbah protein/DNA mukosa usus halus tikus malnutrisi pranatal yang direalimentasi lebih tinggi dari tikus malnutrisi pranatal yang tidak direalimentasi, tetapi lebih rendah dari tikus kontrol. Aktivitas disakaridase mukosa usus halus tikus malnutrisi pranatal yang direalimentasi lebih tinggi dari tikus malnutrisi pranatal yang tidak direalimentasi, tetapi lebih rendah dari tikus kontrol. Disimpulkan bahwa malnutrisi pranatal tidak mengurangi populasi enterosit usus halus tikus. Realimentasi pada tikus malnutrisi pranatal dapat memperbaiki hipotrofi mukosa usus halus dan meningkatkan aktivitas disakaridase namun tidak mencapai nilai normal. Realimentasi pada tikus malnutrisi pranatal dapat memperbaiki maturitas mukosa usus halus tetapi tidak mencapai nilai normal. Informasi ini dapat bermanfaat dalam menetapkan kebijakan pengelolaan malnutrisi maternal. (Med J Indones 2006; 15:208-16)
Enteric cell proliferation in newborn lambs fed bovine and ovine colostrum
Livestock Science, 2010
The objective of this study was to investigate immunoglobulin G (IgG) and total serum protein (TP) acquisition in newborn Santa Ines lambs fed Holstein bovine or Santa Ines ovine colostrum as well as the cell proliferation rate in the animals' intestine epithelium. At 0 h and 6 h of life, 12 newborn lambs received 250 mL of bovine 1st milking colostrum (BC) and another 12 animals received 250 mL of ovine 1st milking colostrum (OC). Blood samples were collected at 0, 6, 24, and 72 h of life. Six animals were randomly slaughtered just after birth, without colostrum intake. The other animals were randomly slaughtered at 24 and 72 h. The IgG serum concentration at 6, 24 and 72 h were significantly higher for BC, 16.32 ± 6.19; 33.80 ± 5.68 and 27.95 ± 5.46 mg/mL respectively, compared with OC, 11.31 ± 6.08, 21.02 ± 6.53 and 19.88 ± 7.31 mg/mL. BC showed higher (P < 0.05) TP values (7.29 ± 0.87 and 6.89 ± 0.30 g/100 mL) at 24 and 72 h in relation to OC (5.73 ± 1.35 and 5.69 ± 0.57 g/100 mL). At birth, the animals showed 32.52%, 45.47% and 30.60% cells in division for the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, respectively. At 24 h, the OC animals showed lower (P < 0.0001) mitotic cell percentage in the duodenum (42.12%) and ileum (35.66%) in relation to the BC animals, 46.44% and 39.74%, respectively. At 72 h, a lower (P < 0.0001) rate of proliferation was observed in the duodenum crypts of the OC animals (36.28%) compared with BC (43.18%). The results indicate that this lacteal secretion can accelerate the epithelium renovation process and can be used as an alternative source of IgG for newborn lambs.