The Electrical Engineering Handbook Ed. Richard C. Dorf Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000 (original) (raw)
The problem of calculating the transient and wave processes in the circuits with the concentrated and distributed parameters is examined. A comparative-qualitative analysis of the analytical and numerical methods used for these purposes was carried out, indicating the advantages and disadvantages of their application. It is presented algorithms for applying the examined methods. It is found that numerical calculation methods have many advantages in studying stationary and dynamic processes in the natural sequence of processes course in the circuit. It is recommended to use the finite difference method. It is presents the main phases of realization of the application of a numerical calculation method and results of the comparative and qualitative analysis of the analytical methods (classical, state variables, frequency, stationary waves, Fourier transform, operational, traveling waves) and numerical (finite difference, finite element, finite volume).
Handbook Of Electrical Design Details 2N 1
All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps.
Electrical and Electronic Principles and Technology
Section 1 Basic Electrical and Electronic Engineering Principles 1 1 Units associated with basic electrical quantities 3 1.1 SI units 3 1.2 Charge 4 1.3 Force 4 1.4 Work 4 1.5 Power 4 1.6 Electrical potential and e.m.f. 5 1.7 Resistance and conductance 5 1.8 Electrical power and energy 6 1.9 Summary of terms, units and their symbols 7 2 An introduction to electric circuits 9 2.1 Electrical/electronic system block diagrams 9 2.2 Standard symbols for electrical components 10 2.3 Electric current and quantity of electricity 11 2.4 Potential difference and resistance 11 2.5 Basic electrical measuring instruments 12 2.6 Linear and non-linear devices 12 2.7 Ohm's law 13 2.8 Multiples and sub-multiples 13 2.9 Conductors and insulators 14 2.10 Electrical power and energy 15 2.11 Main effects of electric current 17 2.12 Fuses 17 3 Resistance variation 20 3.1 Resistance and resistivity 20 3.2 Temperature coefficient of resistance 22 3.3 Resistor colour coding and ohmic values 24 4 Batteries and alternative sources of energy 4.1 Introduction to batteries 4.2 Some chemical effects of electricity 4.3 The simple cell 4.4 Corrosion 4.5 E.m.f. and internal resistance of a cell 4.6 Primary cells 4.7 Secondary cells 4.8 Cell capacity 4.9 Safe disposal of batteries 4.10 Fuel cells 4.11 Alternative and renewable energy sources Revision Test 1 40 5 Series and parallel networks 5.1 Series circuits 5.2 Potential divider 5.3 Parallel networks 5.4 Current division 5.5 Relative and absolute voltages 5.6 Wiring lamps in series and in parallel 6 Capacitors and capacitance 6.1 Introduction to capacitors 6.2 Electrostatic field 6.3 Electric field strength 6.4 Capacitance 6.5 Capacitors 6.6 Electric flux density 6.7 Permittivity 6.8 The parallel plate capacitor 6.9 Capacitors connected in parallel and series 6.10 Dielectric strength 6.11 Energy stored in capacitors 6.12 Practical types of capacitor 6.13 Discharging capacitors vi Contents 7 Magnetic circuits 71 7.1 Introduction to magnetism and magnetic circuits 71 7.2 Magnetic fields 72 7.3 Magnetic flux and flux density 72 7.4 Magnetomotive force and magnetic field strength 73 7.5 Permeability and B-H curves 74 7.6 Reluctance 77 7.7 Composite series magnetic circuits 77 7.8 Comparison between electrical and magnetic quantities 81 7.9 Hysteresis and hysteresis loss 81 Revision Test 2 84 8 Electromagnetism 85 8.1 Magnetic field due to an electric current 85 8.2 Electromagnets 87 8.3 Force on a current-carrying conductor 88 8.4 Principle of operation of a simple d.c. motor 91 8.5 Principle of operation of a moving-coil instrument 92 8.6 Force on a charge 93 9 Electromagnetic induction Contents vii 12.11 Field effect transistors 163 12.12 Field effect transistor characteristics 163 12.13 Typical FET characteristics and maximum ratings 165 12.14 Transistor amplifiers 165 12.15 Load lines 168 Revision Test 3 Formulae for basic electrical and electronic engineering principles 176 Section Further Electrical and Electronic Principles 177 13 D.C. circuit theory 179 13.1 Introduction 179 13.2 Kirchhoff's laws 179 13.3 The superposition theorem 183 13.4 General d.c. circuit theory 186 13.5 Thévenin's theorem 188 13.6 Constant-current source 193 13.7 Norton's theorem 193 13.8 Thévenin and Norton equivalent networks 197 13.9 Maximum power transfer theorem 200 viii Contents 19.5 Op amp voltage-follower 295 19.6 Op amp summing amplifier 296 19.7 Op amp voltage comparator 297 19.8 Op amp integrator 297 19.9 Op amp differential amplifier 298 19.10 Digital to analogue (D/A) conversion 300 19.11 Analogue to digital (A/D) conversion 301 Revision Test 5 305 Formulae for further electrical and electronic engineering principles 306 Section 3 Electrical Power Technology 309 20 Three-phase systems 311 20.1 Introduction 311 20.2 Three-phase supply 311 20.3 Star connection 312 20.4 Delta connection 315 20.5 Power in three-phase systems 317 20.6 Measurement of power in three-phase systems 319 20.7 Comparison of star and delta connections 324 20.8 Advantages of three-phase systems 324 Revision Test 6 351 22 D.C. machines 22.1 Introduction 22.2 The action of a commutator 22.3 D.C. machine construction 22.4 Shunt, series and compound windings 22.5 E.m.f. generated in an armature winding 22.6 D.C. generators 22.7 Types of d.c. generator and their characteristics 22.8 D.C. machine losses 22.9 Efficiency of a d.c. generator 22.10 D.C. motors 22.11 Torque of a d.c. motor 22.12 Types of d.c. motor and their characteristics 22.13 The efficiency of a d.c. motor 22.14 D.C. motor starter 22.15 Speed control of d.c. motors 22.16 Motor cooling 23 Three-phase induction motors 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Production of a rotating magnetic field 23.3 Synchronous speed 23.4 Construction of a three-phase induction motor 23.5 Principle of operation of a threephase induction motor 23.6 Slip 23.7 Rotor e.m.f. and frequency 23.8 Rotor impedance and current 23.9 Rotor copper loss 23.10 Induction motor losses and efficiency 23.11 Torque equation for an induction motor 23.12 Induction motor torque-speed characteristics 23.13 Starting methods for induction motors 23.14 Advantages of squirrel-cage induction motors Contents ix 23.15 Advantages of wound rotor induction motors 392 23.16 Double cage induction motor 392 23.17 Uses of three-phase induction motors 393 Revision Test 7 396 Formulae for electrical power technology 397 Answers to multiple choice questions 398 Index 401 This page intentionally left blank Preface Electrical and Electronic Principles and Technology, 3rd Edition introduces the principles which describe the operation of d.c. and a.c. circuits, covering both steady and transient states, and applies these principles to filter networks, operational amplifiers, three-phase supplies, transformers, d.c. machines and three-phase induction motors. New topics included in this edition are a complete update on semiconductor diodes and transistors, and additional material on batteries, fuel cells and alternative and renewable energies, relative and absolute voltages, self and mutual inductance, virtual test and measuring instruments. In addition, applications in all areas are expanded and emphasised and some new further problems added. A new feature of this third edition is that a free Internet download (lecturers only) is available of a sample of solutions (some 400) of the 530 further problems contained in the book-see below. Another new feature is a free Internet download (available for lecturers only) of all 517 illustrations contained in the text-see below. The third edition of this textbook provides coverage of the following syllabuses: (i) 'Electrical and Electronic Principles' (Unit 5, BTEC National Certificate and National Diploma)-see chapters 1-10, 11(part), 14, 16, 18(part), 21(part), 22(part). (ii) 'Further Electrical Principles' (Unit 67, BTEC National Certificate and National Diploma)-see chapters 13, 15-18, 20, 22 and 23. (iii) Parts of the following BTEC National units: Electrical Applications, Three Phase Systems, Principles and Applications of Electronic Devices and Circuits, Aircraft Electrical Machines, and Telecommunications Principles. (iv) Electrical part of 'Applied Electrical and Mechanical Science for Technicians' (BTEC First Certificate). (v) 'Electrical and Electronic Principles', Units of the City & Guilds Level 3 Certificate in Engineering (2800). (vi) 'Electrical and Electronic Principles' (Unit ETA/ 009, EAL Advanced Diploma in Engineering and Technology). (vii) Any introductory/Access/Foundation course involving Electrical and Electronic Engineering Principles. The text is set out in three main sections: Section 1, comprising chapters 1 to 12, involves essential Basic Electrical and Electronic Engineering Principles, with chapters on electrical units and quantities, introduction to electric circuits, resistance variation, batteries and alternative sources of energy, series and parallel networks, capacitors and capacitance, magnetic circuits, electromagnetism, electromagnetic induction, electrical measuring instruments and measurements, semiconductor diodes and transistors. Section 2, comprising chapters 13 to 19, involves Further Electrical and Electronic Principles, with chapters on d.c. circuit theorems, alternating voltages and currents, single-phase series and parallel networks, filter networks, d.c. transients and operational amplifiers. Section 3, comprising chapters 20 to 23, involves Electrical Power Technology, with chapters on threephase systems, transformers, d.c. machines and threephase induction motors. Each topic considered in the text is presented in a way that assumes in the reader little previous knowledge of that topic. Theory is introduced in each chapter by a reasonably brief outline of essential information, definitions, formulae, procedures, etc. The theory is kept to a minimum, for problem solving is extensively used to establish and exemplify the theory. It is intended that readers will gain real understanding through seeing problems solved and then through solving similar problems themselves. 2.2 Standard symbols for electrical components Symbols are used for components in electrical circuit diagrams and some of the more common ones are shown in Fig. 2.4.
2 3 Electrical Engineering Archiv für Elektrotechnik
Nature. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com".