Differences effect of red and big white ginger extract as anti-inflammatory agents by In vitro (original) (raw)
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The effect of extracts from ginger rhizome on inflammatory mediator production
Phytomedicine, 2007
Compounds from rhizomes of Zingiber officinale, commonly called ginger, have been purported to have antiinflammatory actions. We have used an in vitro test system to test the anti-inflammatory activity of compounds isolated from ginger rhizome. U937 cells were differentiated and exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli (1 mg/ml) in the presence or absence of organic extracts or standard compounds found in ginger (6-, 8-, 10-gingerol or 6-shogaol) for 24 h. Supernatants were collected and analyzed for the production of prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) by standard ELISA assays. Predominant compounds in the organic extracts were identified as 6-, 8-10-gingerols and 6-, 8-, 10-shogaols. Organic extracts or standards containing gingerols were not cytotoxic, while extracts or standards containing predominantly shogaols were cytotoxic at concentrations above 20 mg/ml. Crude organic extracts of ginger were capable of inhibiting LPS induced PGE 2 (IC 50 o0.1 mg/ml) production. However, extracts were not nearly as effective at inhibiting TNF-a (IC 50 430 mg/ml). Thirty three fractions and subfractions, prepared by column chromatography, were analyzed for bioactivity. Extracts containing either predominantly gingerols or shogaols (identified by HPLC) were both highly active at inhibiting LPS-induced PGE 2 production (IC 50 o0.1 mg/ml), while extracts that contained unknown compounds were less effective (IC 50 o3.2 mg/ml). Extracts or standards containing predominantly gingerols were capable of inhibiting LPS-induced COX-2 expression while shogaol containing extracts had no effect on COX-2 expression. These data demonstrate that compounds found in ginger are capable of inhibiting PGE 2 production and that the compounds may act at several sites.
The Health Benefits of Ginger's Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Action
2024
Ginger is a genus belonging to the family Zingiberaceae. It has around 50 genera, and there are about 1600 known species of aromatic perennial herbs that have creeping horizontal or tuberous rhizomes. It is mainly spread across the parts of tropical Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The main phenolic compounds found in the fresh ginger are gingerols, which besides 6gingerol, include 4-, 5-, 8-, 10-, and 12-gingerols. The gingerols show a diversified bioactivity with many of them possessing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, among others. Given the broad spectrum of biological activities and published data concerning the mechanisms of action, it would seem that a complex interaction between two critical events, including inflammation, and oxidative stress, may contribute to the broad spectrum of pharmacological activities of this compound. Indeed, such compound is of great attention considering its role in the immune system; hence, among them, immunomodulatory activity has been a challenge for most of the reports under study. Actually, these compounds might inhibit Akt and NF-κB pathways upon their activation hence leading to lowering the cytokines that promote inflammation whilst elevating those antiinflammatory cytokines. Because the bioavailability of gingerols is extremely low, development and even improvement of treatment methods with such compounds are obligatory. The solution of the problem for finding new means of delivery systems with incorporated gingerols represents a good approach to the delivery of new drug systems in recent years. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the immunomodulating activity of gingerol, including its mechanism of action and roles of nanodrug delivery systems that have been designed for such an activity.
Ginger and its Effects on Inflammatory Diseases
Advances in Food Technology and Nutritional Sciences - Open Journal, 2015
Today, Ginger is used as a spice all around the world. In the past, Ginger was consumed for the treatment of various diseases, including osteo-arthritis, neurological diseases, vomiting, asthma, and so on. It seems that Ginger can reduce inflammation in those diseases. We searched the following keywords in PubMed, Google scholar, and Scopus database until 2015: inflammation and Ginger, Ginger and diseases. Clinical trials, animal studies, and human studies were included in the results of this search. Ginger extract with the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ingredients such as 6 Gingerols, 6-Shogoals, Zhingerol, etc can reduce inflammatory mediators such as inflammatory cytokines and chemokines due to their effects on NF-κB activation, cyclooxygenase 2 reduction and serotonin receptors inhibition. It increases reducing antioxidant enzymes so it can be useful in inflammatory diseases improvement and their complications prevention. In conclusion, Ginger can help in the treatment of inflammatory chronic diseases such as Fatty Liver, Asthma, Cancer and Arthritis through anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory and antioxidative mechanisms.
Molecules
This study aims to investigate the combined anti-inflammatory activity of ginger and turmeric extracts. By comparing the activities of individual and combined extracts in lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ-induced murine RAW 264.7 cells, we demonstrated that ginger-turmeric combination was optimal at a specific ratio (5:2, w/w) in inhibiting nitric oxide, tumour necrosis factor and interleukin 6 with synergistic interaction (combination index < 1). The synergistic inhibitory effect on TNF was confirmed in human monocyte THP-1 cells. Ginger-turmeric combination (5:2, w/w) also upregulated nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 activity and heme oxygenase-1 protein expression. Additionally, 6-shogaol, 8-shogaol, 10-shogaol and curcumin were the leading compounds in reducing major proinflammatory mediators and cytokines, and a simplified compound combination of 6-s, 10-s and curcumin showed the greatest potency in reducing LPS-induced NO production. Our study provides scientif...
The effects of different drying methods, including sun-, oven-, and freeze-drying on the changes in the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubra) rhizome were studied. Sun-, oven-, and freeze-dried ginger showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in phenolic content by 1.79, 1.53, and 1.91-fold; flavonoid content increased by 6.06, 5.27, and 4.90-fold; FRAP increased by 3.95, 3.51, and 3.15-fold; ABTS •+ scavenging activity increased by 2.07, 1.72, and 1.61-fold; and DPPH • inhibition increased by 78%, 58%, and 56%, respectively. Dried ginger also exhibited better inhibitory effects on the lipopolysaccharides-induced nitric oxide production in murine macrophage RAW 264.7. The drying process demonstrated a positive effect on the bioactivities of ginger. The sun-dried ginger exhibited the most potent antioxidant properties with the best enhanced anti-inflammatory activity followed by the oven-dried ginger and lastly, the freeze-dried ginger.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2010
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Zingiber officinale Rosc. (Zingiberaceae) has been traditionally used in Ayurvedic, Chinese and Tibb-Unani herbal medicines for the treatment of various illnesses that involve inflammation and which are caused by oxidative stress. Although gingerols and shogaols are the major bioactive compounds present in Zingiber officinale, their molecular mechanisms of actions and the relationship between their structural features and the activity have not been well studied. Aim of the study: The aim of the present study was to examine and compare the antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities of gingerols and their natural analogues to determine their structure-activity relationship and molecular mechanisms. Materials and methods: The in vitro activities of the compounds [6]-gingerol, [8]-gingerol, [10]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol were evaluated for scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picyrlhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, inhibition of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (f-MLP) induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), inhibition of lipopolysaccharide induced nitrite and prostaglandin E 2 production in RAW 264.7 cells. Results: In the antioxidant activity assay, [6]-gingerol, [8]-gingerol, [10]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol exhibited substantial scavenging activities with IC 50 values of 26.3, 19.47, 10.47 and 8.05 M against DPPH radical, IC 50 values of 4.05, 2.5, 1.68 and 0.85 M against superoxide radical and IC 50 values of 4.62, 1.97, 1.35 and 0.72 M against hydroxyl radical, respectively.
Food Research International, 2011
To investigate the potential activity of ginger rhizome extracts to induce quinone reductase (QR), we performed bioactivity-guided fractionation using a murine hepatoma cell (Hepa 1c1c7) bioassay. Antiinflammatory effects were then studied utilizing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells. An ethyl acetate-partitioned fraction from ethanolic extract, rich in both QR inducing potency and anti-inflammatory activity, was subjected to repeated silica gel column and preparative thin layer chromatography to yield three compounds. The three isolated compounds were [6]-shogaol, 1-dehydro-[6]-gingerdione and hexahydrocurcumin. [6]-Dehydroshogaol, a minor component in ginger rhizome, was chemically synthesized and used for comparison in the subsequent bioassay based on its excellent QR inducing potency. Results showed that [6]-dehydroshogaol had the highest ability to induce QR activity (CD = 9.23 ± 0.22 μM), followed by 1-dehydro-[6]-gingerdione (CD = 13.24 ± 0.45 μM), and then hexahydrocurcumin (CD = 68.81 ± 3.90 μM). Increasing QR activity in induced cells was associated with elevated expression of NQO-1 protein as confirmed by Western blot. [6]-Dehydroshogaol, [6]-shogaol and 1-dehydro-[6]-gingerdione were also potent inhibitors of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in activated macrophages. Their IC 50 values ranged from 5.80 ± 1.27 to 25.06 ± 4.86 μM. Hexahydrocurcumin exhibited the weakest inhibitory effect (IC 50 = 304.76 ± 54.80 μM). These findings contribute to our theoretical understanding of the potential beneficial effects of consuming ginger as food and/or dietary supplement.
Effects of Ginger Supplementation on Inflammation in Individuals
2018
Background. Ginger is a widely used ingredient in Southeast Asian countries and has gained increasing popularity in the Western diet due to its purported health benefits. Ginger has high antioxidant power because of its rich phytochemistry profile that contributes to its antiinflammatory properties. While there have been animal studies, the research of ginger's effects in humans is limited. Objective. We sought to understand ginger's effects on commonly assayed inflammatory biomarkers-C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α)-in individuals with varying levels of physical activity. We propose that ginger may lower levels of these biomarkers due to its inherent anti-inflammatory characteristics. Design. We designed an eight-week cohort study. Blood draw measurements were taken at three timepoints: the start of study, at week four, and upon completion of study. Participants/setting. The study was conducted at Loma Linda University, where we enrolled twelve participants with a mean age of 42.4 ± 11.4 years who exercised at least once/week, did not take any anti-inflammatory medications, and who were free of any chronic inflammatory conditions. Intervention. Participants were instructed to take three grams of ginger supplement mixed with lemonade powder to improve palatability daily. Participants also completed a pre-and postintervention Short Form Health questionnaire (SF-36) to evaluate quality of life. Main outcome measures. Inflammation was measured using three blood biomarkers: CRP, TNFα, and IL-6. Quality of life was measured using the SF-36 questionnaire. Statistical analyses performed. The three inflammatory biomarkers were analyzed using the Friedman non-parametric test and the Wilcoxon test where appropriate. The SF-36 questionnaire was analyzed using a paired t-test. Results. Results of our study indicated a statistically significant reduction in TNF-α (p = .04) and a clinically significant reduction of greater than 15% in IL-6. There was a significant improvement in the domain of emotional well-being on the SF-36 after the ginger supplementation (p = .05). Conclusions. Ginger may potentially be used as an adjuvant intervention in the prevention and management of chronic inflammatory diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity.
Processes, 2020
Protein glycation and oxidative stress lead to severe health complications in various diseases including diabetes mellitus. The intake of flavonoid-rich foods has been confirmed previously to have a positive effect on human health. Ginger is an important source of flavonoids and is one of the most widely used traditional medicines in many Asian countries. The aim of this study was to verify the therapeutic potential of methanolic extract from ginger against glycation and other oxidative stress-induced complications using in vitro study. In this study, quantitative estimations of antioxidant components such as total phenolic and flavonoids were determined by UV–visible spectrophotometry. The anti-inflammatory action of the ginger extract was checked by determining its protective action against the denaturation of proteins, anti-proteinase activity and its membrane stabilization effect. The anti-inflammatory action of ginger extract was found to be comparable with reference standard d...
African Journal of Biochemistry Research, 2009
The acute toxicity test carried out on the ginger extract gave the LD50 value as 1000 mg/kg. The antiinflammatory and anti-ulcerogenic effects of the ethanol extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale) in adult Wistar rats were studied using values below the lethal dose. Inflammation was induced by injecting 0.1 ml undiluted fresh egg albumin (philogistic agent) into the subplantar surface of the right hind paw of the rats. Ethanol extract of ginger with doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg and indomethacin 100 mg/kg were administered intraperitoneally to separate groups of the rats. Control group received 1 ml of normal saline (vehicle). All the doses of the extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the fresh egg albumin induced rat paw oedema, though not in a dose dependent manner. The oedema reductions were more than that obtained for indomethacin, the standard anti-inflammatory drug used. The ginger extract also showed good protective effect against indomethaci...