Evaluation of a design for a three-dimensional-printed artificial bone structure (original) (raw)
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Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 2022
Controlled pore size and desirable internal architecture of bone scaffolds play a significant role in bone regeneration efficiency. In addition to choosing appropriate materials, the manufacturing method is another significant factor in fabricating the ideal scaffold. In this study, scaffolds were designed and fabricated by the fused filament fabrication (FFF) technique. Polycaprolactone (PCL) and composites films with various percentages of hydroxyapatite (HA) (up to 20%wt) were used to fabricate filaments. The influence of (HA) addition on the mechanical properties of filaments and scaffolds was investigated. in vitro biological evaluation was examined as well as the apatite formation in simulated body fluid (SBF). The addition of HA particles increased the compressive strength and Young’s modulus of filaments and consequently the scaffolds. Compared to PCL, Young’s modulus of PCL/HA20% filament and three-dimensional (3D) printed scaffold has increased by 30% and 50%, respectively...
Journal of Materials Science, 2019
The article presents a new methodology that employs 3D printing technology to generate a microporous composite material of polylactic acid, sodium alginate and hydroxyapatite, whose microstructure is designed by means of the 3Dnumerical solution from a mathematical model. This model represents the spatiotemporal dynamics of the interaction between osteoblasts and osteoclasts in the bone remodeling. The microporosity of composite material mimics the structure of human trabecular bone. This material has density with microporosity pretty close to the one that is exhibited by the natural bone tissue. Close relationship between the material processing and its elasticity module is observed. When subjecting this composite material to a simulated body fluid treatment, the mechanical resistance to compression is increased due to induced mineralization of hydroxyapatite crystals on its surface. The methodology shows potential to generate structures that allow the control of the composite material properties. The material presents a microporosity that has morphological and chemical properties suitable for future applications in tissue engineering as bone scaffold.
Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express, 2020
Autologous cancellous-bone grafts are the current gold standard for therapeutic interventions in which bone-regeneration is desired. The main limitations of these implants are the need for a secondary surgical site, creating a wound on the patient, the limited availability of harvest-safe bone, and the lack of structural integrity of the grafts. Synthetic, resorbable, bone-regeneration materials could pose a viable treatment alternative, that could be implemented through 3D-printing. We present here the development of a polylactic acid-hydroxyapatite (PLA-HAp) composite that can be processed through a commercial-grade 3D-printer. We have shown that this material could be a viable option for the development of therapeutic implants for bone regeneration. Biocompatibility in vitro was demonstrated through cell viability studies using the osteoblastic MG63 cell-line, and we have also provided evidence that the presence of HAp in the polymer matrix enhances cell attachment and osteogenic...
Key Engineering Materials, 2014
This study investigated the feasibility of manufacturing hydroxyapatite (HA)-based scaffolds using 3D printing technology by incorporating different binding additives, such as maltodextrin and polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), into the powder formulation. Different grades of PVOH were evaluated in terms of their impact on the printing quality. Results showed that scaffolds with high architectural accuracy in terms of the design and excellent green compressive strength were obtained when the PVOH (high viscosity) was used as the binding additive for HA.
TURKISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
Introduction Application fields of bone tissue engineering studies continue to enlarge. New biocompatible materials aimed to improve bone repairment and regeneration of implants are being discovered everyday by scientists, engineers, and surgeons. Biocompatible, safe, and efficient biomaterials with a gradually increasing importance and field of application today are materials used to fulfill and support the functions of organs and living tissues in human body [1]. Hydroxyapatite, collagen, hyaluronic acid, poly fumarates, poly caprolactone, polylactic acid (PLA), polyglycolic acid (PGA), and PLA and PGA copolymers are some of the biomaterials used in medical field. Characteristics of these materials such as durability and compatibility were increased by combinations. In addition Background/aim: Application fields of bone tissue engineering studies continue to expand. New biocompatible materials aimed to improve bone repairment and regeneration of implants are being discovered everyday by scientists, engineers, and surgeons. Our objective in this study is to combine polylactic acid which is a polymer with hydroxyapatite in the repairment of bone defects considering the increased need by medical application fields. Materials and methods: After 750 g of PLA with a diameter of 2.85 mm was granulated into minimum particles, these particles were homogenously mixed with hydroxyapatite prepared in laboratory environment. Using this mixture, HA-PLA filament with a diameter of 2.85 mm was prepared in the extrusion device in Kütahya Medical Sciences University Innovative Technology Laboratory. The temperature was 250 °C and the gearmotor speed was 9 rpm during extrusion. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was made for crystal phase analyses of the produced hydroxyapatite powder, to determine the produced main phase and examine whether a minor phase occurred. Vickers microhardness test was applied on both samples to measure the endurance levels of the samples prepared with HA-PLA filament. A loading force of 10 kg was applied on the samples for 10 s. Results: Hydroxyapatite peaks in XRD spectrum of the sample presented in figures are concordant with Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards, JCPDS-File Card No. 01-075-9526 and no significant minor phase was observed. For both samples, hardness value was observed to increase between 3 and 5 mm. Conclusion: Surfacing hydroxyapatite on metallic materials is possible. By similar logic, to increase durability with low cost, characteristics of biomaterials can be improved with combinations such as hydroxyapatite PLA. Thus, we found that while these materials have usage limitations due to present disadvantages when used alone, it is possible to increase their efficiency and availability through different combinations.
Bone tissue engineering has been developed in the past decades, with the engineering of bone substitutes on the vanguard of this regenerative approach. PCL based scaffolds are fairly applied for bone regeneration, and several composites have been incorporated, as to improve the devices’ mechanical properties and tissue ingrowth. In this study, HA was incorporated on PCL based scaffolds with two different proportions, 80:20 and 60:40. Devices were produced with two different techniques, SC and MB, and further investigated with regards to their mechanical characteristics and in vitro cytocompatibility. Results show the MB devices to present more promising mechanical properties, along with the incorporation of HA. The latter is also related to an increase in osteogenic activity and promotion. Overall, this study suggest PCL:HA scaffolds to be promising candidates for bone tissue engineering, particularly when produced by the MB method.
Applied Sciences, 2021
Recently, three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology has been widely adopted in biology and biomedical applications, thanks to its capacity to readily construct complex 3D features. Using hot-melt extrusion 3DP, scaffolds for bone tissue engineering were fabricated using a composite of biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) and hydroxyapatite (HA). However, there are hardly any published reports on the application of the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method using feed filaments, which is the most common 3D printing method. In this study, we report on the fabrication and characterization of biocompatible filaments made of polycaprolactone (PCL)/hydroxyapatite (HA), a raw material mainly used for bone scaffolds, using FDM 3D printing. A series of filaments with varying HA content, from 5 to 25 wt.%, were fabricated. The mechanical and electrical properties of the various structures, printed using a commercially available 3D printer, were examined. Specifically, mechanical tensile tes...
Hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering made by 3D printing
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 2005
Nowadays, there is a significant need for synthetic bone replacement materials used in bone tissue engineering (BTE). Rapid prototyping and especially 3D printing is a suitable technique to create custom implants based on medical data sets. 3D printing allows to fabricate scaffolds based on Hydroxyapatite with complex internal structures and high resolution. To determine the in vitro behaviour of cells cultivated on the scaffolds, we designed a special test-part. MC3T3-E1 cells were seeded on the scaffolds and cultivated under static and dynamic setups. Histological evaluation was carried out to characterise the cell ingrowth. In summary, the dynamic cultivation method lead to a stronger population compared to the static cultivation method. The cells proliferated deep into the structure forming close contact to Hydroxyapatite granules. C 2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.
Journal of The Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2020
3D printing of polylactic acid (PLA) and hydroxyapatite (HA) or bioglass (BG) bioceramics composites is the most promising technique for artificial bone construction. However, HA and BG have different chemical composition as well as different bone regeneration inducing mechanisms. Thus, it is important to compare differentiation processes induced by 3D printed PLA þ HA and PLA þ BG scaffolds in order to evaluate the strongest osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties possessing bioceramics. In this study, we analysed porous PLA þ HA (10%) and PLA þ BG (10%) composites' effect on rat's dental pulp stem cells fate in vitro. Obtained results indicated, that PLA þ BG scaffolds lead to weaker cell adhesion and proliferation than PLA þ HA. Nevertheless, osteoinductive and other biofriendly properties were more pronounced by PLA þ BG composites. Overall, the results showed a strong advantage of bioceramic BG against HA, thus, 3D printed PLA þ BG composite scaffolds could be a perspective component for patient-specific, cheaper and faster artificial bone tissue production.
3D printing of bone scaffolds with hybrid biomaterials
Composites Part B: Engineering, 2019
In this research, a novel hybrid material bone implant manufacturing through the integration of two materials using additive manufacturing (AM) technology is proposed. Biomimetic application can manufacture high strength biomechanical implants with optimised geometry and mass. The combination of polymers allows a significant leap in the development and production of a great diversity of components and applications of biomaterials. A novel hybrid scaffold with a poly lactic acid (PLA) matrix reinforced with carbohydrate particles (cHA) is analysed using digital surface software in the mass proportions of 100/0, 95/5, 90/10 and 80/20 for application in tissue and regenerative engineering, seeking a higher proposition strength of PLA. Filaments are used to fabricate scaffolds by 3D printing, using the fused deposition method. The frameworks are submitted to bioactivity tests, surface roughness evaluation, apparent porosity and mechanical analysis. Analysis of the microstructure of the composite particle evaluates the 3D surface luminance structure and the profile structure. Cross-sectional views of the specimens are extracted and analysed, and the surface roughness, waviness profile, and Gaussian filter of the structures are observed. In summary the structures are checked and analysed by SEM and EDS where possible, to observe the bioactive behaviour of the materials. The relationship between cHA content and roughness is shown to be proportional. The mechanical properties are shown to be affected by the reduced interaction between the PLA matrix and the cHA particles.