Análisis intra - sesión de la extinción del condicionamiento Pavloviano de miedo usando regresión robusta (original) (raw)
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Timing of extinction relative to acquisition: A parametric analysis of fear extinction in humans
Behavioral Neuroscience, 2008
Fear extinction is a reduction in conditioned fear following repeated exposure to the feared cue in the absence of any aversive event. Extinguished fear often reappears after extinction through spontaneous recovery. Animal studies suggest that spontaneous recovery can be abolished if extinction occurs within minutes of acquisition. However, a limited number of human extinction studies have shown that short interval extinction does not prevent the return of fear. For this reason, we performed an in-depth parametric analysis of human fear extinction using fear-potentiated startle. Using separate single-cue and differential conditioning paradigms, participants were fear conditioned and then underwent extinction either 10 min (Immediate) or 72 hr (Delayed) later. Testing for spontaneous recovery occurred 96 hr after acquisition. In the single cue paradigm, the Immediate and Delayed groups exhibited differences in context, but not fear, conditioning. With differential conditioning, there were no differences in context conditioning and the Immediate group displayed less spontaneous recovery. Thus, the results remain inconclusive regarding spontaneous recovery and the timing of extinction and are discussed in terms of performing translational studies of fear in humans.
Revista Latinoamericana De Psicologia, 2009
Conditioned freezing has long held conceptual importance in behavior analysis, being pivotal in the explanation of anxiety-like behavior. Although initially measured indirectly, through its disruptive effect on operant behavior (conditioned suppression), and later by direct observation, automated techniques of measuring movement have recently become available, which also enable the measurement of conditioned freezing. These video processing techniques allow for the direct and virtually continuous measurement of activity, as compared to the traditional interval sampling approach of direct observation. We examined whether automatically generated freezing and movement scores were equally sensitive to traditional Pavlovian conditioning manipulations, and how this sensitivity was affected by the sampling frequency of the data. Extinction data for 42 mice were collected at a rate of 30 Hz, transformed via re-sampling and analyzed by a generalized linear model Resumen
Behaviour Research and Therapy, 2007
The renewal of Pavlovian conditioned responses may provide a model for the relapse of fear following extinction-based treatments for anxiety disorders. Renewal can be observed if conditional stimulus (CS) and unconditional stimulus (US) pairings are given in one context, extinction trials of CS presentations in a second context, prior to test trials of CS presentations in the original acquisition context (ABA renewal). We examined ABA renewal in humans by using a fear conditioning procedure with an unpleasant shock US. A renewal of rated shock expectancy was demonstrated with this procedure. Conducting extinction treatment in multiple contexts was expected to attenuate the renewal effect. However, the renewal of shock expectancy persisted when extinction treatment was given across three or five different contexts.
Extinction under a behavioral microscope: Isolating the sources of decline in operant response rate
Behavioural Processes, 2012
Extinction performance is often used to assess underlying psychological processes without the interference of reinforcement. For example, in the extinction/reinstatement paradigm, motivation to seek drug is assessed by measuring responding elicited by drug-associated cues without drug reinforcement. Nonetheless, extinction performance is governed by several psychological processes that involve motivation, memory, learning, and motoric functions. These processes are confounded when overall response rate is used to measure performance. Based on evidence that operant responding occurs in bouts, this paper proposes an analytic procedure that separates extinction performance into several behavioral components: 1) the baseline bout initiation rate, within-bout response rate, and bout length at the onset of extinction; 2) their rates of decay during extinction; 3) the time between extinction onset and the decline of responding; 4) the asymptotic response rate at the end of extinction; 5) the refractory period after each response. Data that illustrate the goodness of fit of this analytic model are presented. This paper also describes procedures to 1) isolate behavioral components contributing to extinction performance; 2) make inferences about experimental effects on these components. This microscopic behavioral analysis allows the mapping of different psychological processes to distinct behavioral components implicated in extinction performance, which may further our understanding of the psychological effects of neurobiological treatments.
2011
We examined whether the effect of an extinction phase can be influenced retrospectively by information about the cause of the absence of the unconditioned stimulus (US) during that phase. Participants were subjected to a differential fear conditioning procedure, followed by an extinction procedure. Afterwards, half of the participants were presented with information about a technical failure, which explained why the US had been absent during the extinction phase. The other participants received information that was unrelated to the US.
Psychopharmacology
In the recent decade, fear conditioning has evolved as a standard procedure for testing cognitive abilities such as memory acquisition, consolidation, recall, reconsolidation, and extinction, preferentially in genetically modified mice. The reasons for the popularity of this powerful approach are its ease to perform, the short duration of training and testing, and its well-described neural basis. So why to bother about flaws in standardization of test procedures and analytical routines? Simplicity does not preclude the existence of fallacies. A short survey of the literature revealed an indifferent use of acoustic stimuli in terms of quality (i.e., white noise vs. sine wave), duration, and intensity. The same applies to the shock procedures. In the present article, I will provide evidence for the importance of qualitative and quantitative parameters of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli for the experimental outcome. Moreover, I will challenge frequently applied interpretations of short-term vs. long-term extinction and spontaneous recovery. On the basis of these concerns, I suggest a guideline for standardization of fear conditioning experiments in mice to improve the comparability of the experimental data. Keywords Fear conditioning. Fear extinction. Reinstatement. Renewal. Spontaneous recovery. Return of fear 1 To those willing and strong enough to envision the principles of classical conditioning on the basis of original documents including experiments in humans, I recommend to watch the movie BMechanics of the Brain^[directed by Vsevolod Pudovkhin (1893-1959
Test-Retest Reliability during Fear Acquisition and Fear Extinction in Humans
CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 2012
Aims: Classical fear conditioning and extinction has been used to understand the neurobiology of fear learning and its inhibition. The recall of an extinction memory involves the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the amygdala, and patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been shown to exhibit deficits in this process. Furthermore, extinction forms the basis of exposure therapies commonly used to treat PTSD patients. It is possible that effective pharmacological and/or psychological treatment regimens could influence the activity of these regions, and thereby increase the ability to retain an extinction memory. However, to test this, a fear conditioning and extinction paradigm must demonstrate withinsubject reproducibility over time. We, therefore, sought to test the within-subject reliability of a previously used 2-day, classical fear conditioning and extinction paradigm. Methods: Eighteen healthy participants participated in a 2-day paradigm on three occasions, each separated by at least 12 weeks. Conditioning and extinction took place on Day 1, and extinction recall and fear renewal were evaluated on Day 2 on each of the three occasions. The conditioned stimulus was a visual cue and the unconditioned stimulus was a mild electric shock to the fingers. Skin conductance was recorded throughout the experiment to measure conditioned responses. Results: We found that conditioning and extinction recall were not significantly different across time and were correlated within subjects. Conclusion: These data illustrate the reliability of this paradigm and its potential usefulness in evaluating the influence of a given treatment on the fear extinction network in longitudinal within-subject designs.