Fungal endophytes of high altitude ethnomedicinal plants as a bioresource of industrially imperative enzymes (original) (raw)
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Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications, 2018
Endophytic fungi have been a focal point of research as repository of extreme chemical diversity. Isolation of fungal endophytes from medicinal plants has led to detection of plethora of novel agents encompassing bioactive potential. In the present work, Withania sominifera, Ocimum basillicum and Syzygium aromaticum from high altitude region were selected for bio-prospecting of fungal endophytes. 14 fungal endophytes were recovered from different parts of Withania sominifera, Ocimum basillicum and Syzygium aromaticum. Maximum fungal colonization was recovered from Withania sominifera and Syzygium aromaticum (42.8 %). In the preliminary screening for production of commercially important enzymes including protease, amylase, cellulose and asparaginase activity, all fungal endophytes of Ocimum basillicum exhibited potent activity. However, In case of proteolytic activity, #9SASTD exhibited maximum proteolytic potential. Maximum amylase and cellulase production was observed in #2SASTD and #14WSLF respectively. Interestingly, isolates form Withania sominifera and Syzygium aromaticum exhibited potent asparaginase activity with maximum potential in #22WSLD. Thus, the data clearly indicates the potential of high altitude medicinal plants as source of endophytic repository that can be taken as measure to prevent exploitation of endangered medicinal plants for commercial use. Further studies are warranted for characterization of the fungal isolates.
2013
Fungal species that establish an endophytic role inside the tissues of plants are known to produce a wide range of biologically active metabolites and enzymes. In the present study, Endophytic fungi were isolated from the stems and leaves of monocot and dicot plants species collected from Jabalpur region, (M.P.) and were screened for their ability to produce amylase, cellulase, protease, lipase, and laccase activity. Each of endophytic fungal isolates showed a wide range of enzyme activity. Total ninety five fungal strains were isolates from plants and total thirty strains tested for their ability to produce amylase, cellulase, protease, lipase, and laccase activity. The ability to produce these enzymes was distributed amongst the strains tested. The implication of enzyme production in relation to lifestyle abilities of the endophytes is discussed.
Fungal species that establish an endophytic role inside the tissues of medicinal plants are known to produce a wide range of biologically active metabolites and enzymes. In the present study, the most dominant and representative endophytic fungal species of five ethno-medicinal plants prevalent in the pristine sacred forests of Meghalaya, were screened for their ability to produce amylase, cellulase, protease, lipase, and xylanase. Each of endophytic fungal isolates showed a wide range of enzyme activity. Mycelial biomass generation and root colonization, in addition to the enzyme activity of the endophytic fungal isolates, provided insights into their probable origin and ecological roles within the plant host.
2013
Endophytic fungi exhibit a complex web of interactions with host plants and have been extensively studied over the last several years as prolific sources of new bioactive natural products. Fungal enzymes are one of them which are used in food, beverages, confectionaries, textiles and leather industries to simplify the processing of raw materials. They are often more stable than enzymes derived from other sources. Enzymes of the endophytes are degraders of the polysaccharides available in the host plants. The use of simpler solid media permits the rapid screening of large populations of fungi for the presence or absence of specific enzymes. Fifty fungal strains, isolated from medicinal plants (Alpinia calcarata, Bixa orellana, Calophyllum inophyllum and Catharanthus roseus) were screened for extracellular enzymes such as amylase, cellulase, laccase, lipase, pectinase and protease on solid media. Sixty four percent of fungi screened for enzymes showed positive for lipase, 62% for amylase and pectinase, 50% showed for lipase, 32% showed for cellulase, 30% for laccase and only 28% showed positive for protease. The array of enzymes produced differs between fungi and often depends on the host and their ecological factors.
Enumeration of endophytic fungi from medicinal plants and screeening of extracellular enzymes
Endophytes are microorganisms, which inhabit in healthy living plant tissues for all or part of their life cycle without causing apparent harmful symptoms to the host. In recent years, much research has been focused on the bioactivities of endophytic fungi. This interest is due to the possibility of these microorganisms producing pharmacologically active substances with biotechnological potential such as antitumor agents (Taxol), antifungal agents (quercine), besides producing factors of plant growth, toxins and enzymes, including some microorganisms being used as biological controllers of many diseases and plagues. In the present investigation four medicinal plants viz., Adhatoda vasica, Costus igneus, Coleus aromaticus and Lawsonia inerims were examined for the presence of endophytic fungi. Altogether 400 segment of which 50 segments each from leaf and stem tissues of respective plants were screened for the enumeration of the endophytic fungi using the modified surface sterilization techniques. A total of 12 different species of endophytic fungi were recorded from all four medicinal plants. Among them 7 belongs to Hyphomycetes, 4 belongs to Coelomycetes and one belongs to Xylariales. From the endophytic fungi recorded, 11 dominant endophytic fungi viz., Cladosporium cladosporioides, Curvularia brachyspora, C.verruciformis, Drechslera hawaiiensis, Colletotrichum carssipes, Colletotrichum falctum, Colletotrichum gleosporioides, Lasiodiplodia theobromae ,Nigrospora Sphaerica, Phyllosticta Sp. and Xylariales species were tested for their ability to produce extracellular enzymes i.e., Amylase, Cellulase, Laccase, Lipase, Protease by the qualitative assays, majority of the endophytic fungi showed the positive results.
Endophytic fungi: expanding the arsenal of industrial enzyme producers
Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology, 2014
Endophytic fungi, mostly belonging to the Ascomycota, are found in the intercellular spaces of the aerial plant parts, particularly in leaf sheaths, sometimes even within the bark and root system without inducing any visual symptoms of their presence. These fungi appear to have a capacity to produce a wide range of enzymes and secondary metabolites exhibiting a variety of biological activities. However, they have been only barely exploited as sources of enzymes of industrial interest. This review emphasizes the suitability and possible advantages of including the endophytic fungi in the screening of new enzyme producing organisms as well as in studies aiming to optimize the production of enzymes through well-known culture processes. Apparently endophytic fungi possess the two types of extracellular enzymatic systems necessary to degrade the vegetal biomass: (1) the hydrolytic system responsible for polysaccharide degradation consisting mainly in xylanases and cellulases; and (2) the...
Endophytes from an Australian native plant are a promising source of industrially useful enzymes
World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2013
Endophytes are microorganisms that live within plant tissues that are potential sources of novel bioactive compounds, including enzymes. We have identified endophytes of the Australian native plant Eremophilia longifolia which were screened for the production of industrially useful enzymes. Seventeen fungal endophytes were isolated from the leaves of E. longifolia and enzyme production was investigated within a range of pH (3.5, 5.5, 7 and 9) and temperatures (9, 25, 37 and 50°C). Amylase was the most common enzyme encountered with numerous isolates showing production throughout the temperature and pH ranges. Protease production was also seen over the conditions tested but was more dominant at lower pH and temperature. Activity was not observed for other enzymes including ligninase, xylanase and cellobiohydrolase. Enzymes from isolates of Preussia minima, Alternaria sp. and an unclassified fungus, which showed highest activity in screening assays, were investigated further. Enzyme production was verified by zymography and the amylase activity of P. minima was found to be significantly greater than that of Aspergillus oryzae particularly in alkaline conditions and low temperature which are desirable properties for the detergent industry. This work shows that enzymes with potential use in industry can be readily identified in fungal endophytes.
Evaluation of hydrolytic enzyme activities of endophytes from some indigenous medicinal plants
R.E. Jalgaonwala and R.T. Mahajan (2011) Evaluation of hydrolytic enzyme activities of endophytes from some indigenous medicinal plants. Journal of Agricultural Technology 7(6): 1733-1741. The evaluation of some endophytes was carried out for their possible hydrolytic enzymatic activity from various parts of medicinal plants belonging to Jalgaon Maharashtra, India. A total of fourteen bacterial endophytes and twenty four fungal endophytes were isolated from the aerial and underground parts of seven medicinal plants. Six bacterial isolates and fifteen fungal isolates expressed the amylolytic activity. Cellulolytic activity was observed in seven bacterial isolates and three fungal isolates. Nine bacteria and ten fungal isolates were able to produce esterase and lipase enzymes. Amylase, cellulase, esterase and lipase activity occurred in low amount in the endophytic bacteria coded HB1 of rhizomes of Curcuma longa L. in comparison with other endophyte isolates code NB1, Lactobacillus fermentum and Escherichia coli. Proteolytic activity was found in nine bacterial and twelve fungal endophytes, highest potential to hydrolyse of casein and gelatine that was recorded in bacterial isolate coded SB1 from leaves of Vinca rosea (L.) G. Don. Asparaginase activity was noted only by fungal isolates coded NF1 andNF2 and bacterial isolates, coded NMB2 from stem of Azadirachta indica A. Juss.
Fungal endophytes associated with medicinal plants have potential role to promote plant growth through different mechanisms. However, the biological and ecological roles of fungal endophytes still totally unexplored. In this study, three different fungal endophytes were isolated from the medicinal plant of Asclepias sinaica and identified as Penicillium chrysogenum Pc_25, Alternaria alternata Aa_27 and the third fungal strain was described as sterile hyphae Sh_26. It was recorded that, these endophytes had various ability to produce several extracellular enzymes including amylase, pectinase, cellulase, gelatinase, xylanase and tyrosinase. Their antimicrobial activities against different specific test organisms were investigated as well. In addition, both endophyte isolates i.e. Sh_26 and Aa_27 were found to promote root growth higher than Pc_25 and control treatments. These fungal isolates had a considerable impact on plant growth parameters including root elongation as a result of ammonia and IAA production. ª 2015 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf
World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2012
Opuntia ficus-indica Mill. (forage cactus) is farmed with relative success in the semi-arid region of the Brazilian northeast for commercial purposes, particularly as forage and food. Endophytic microorganisms are those that can be isolated inside plant tissues and can be a new source to production of enzymes with different potentialities. The objective of this study was to describe the richness of endophytic fungi from O. ficus-indica and to detect the capacity of these species to produce extracellular hydrolytic enzymes. Forty-four endophytic fungi species were isolated. Among them, the most commonly found were Cladosporium cladosporioides (20.43%) and C. sphaerospermum (15.99%). Acremonium terricola, Monodictys castaneae, Penicillium glandicola, Phoma tropica and Tetraploa aristata are being reported for the first time as endophytic fungi for Brazil. The majority of isolated fungi exhibited enzymatic potential. Aspergillus japonicus and P. glandicola presented pectinolytic activity. Xylaria sp. was the most important among the other 14 species with positive cellulase activity. All 24 isolates analysed were xylanase-positive. Protease was best produced by isolate PF103. The results indicate that there is a significant richness of endophytic fungi in O. ficus-indica, and that these isolates indicate promising potential for deployment in biotechnological processes involving production of pectinases, cellulases, xylanases and proteases.