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The Netherlands and Belgium are said to lose momentum as leading knowledgebased economies. There have been many debates as to what explains this and what policies might therefore have to be implemented. Key ingredients in gaining leadership in knowledge-based economies are not only investments in knowledge (through, eg, R&D and education), but also creating and capturing value out of these knowledge investments.
Entrepreneurs, Managers, and Leaders
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I (Tony Mayo) wish to thank my co-authors Nitin and Mark for their support and dedication to this project. Entrepreneurs, Managers, and Leaders is the culmination of a truly collaborative process in which we explored a variety of conceptual models and a vast array of literature. I am deeply indebted to Nitin and Mark for their commitment and enthusiasm throughout this journey. Each of us is fascinated with aviation and that sense of wonder and awe enabled us to work together productively and have fun in the process. I have greatly enjoyed sharing this journey with my family. My wife, Denise, and our three children, Hannah, Alexander, and Jacob, have been a tremendous source of inspiration and encouragement for me. I wish to thank them for their steadfast love and support. Some of my (Nitin Nohria's) best memories are travels on airplanes-from my boarding school to my home in Calcutta when I was just five years old, flying on newly introduced Boeing 707s under the care of gracious air hostesses, to traveling when I had just become an adult on a Boeing 747 (a Jumbo jet as it was affectionately called) to leave India for America, which eventually became my new home country. Now, my children complain that I live on an airplane, given the amount of travel I routinely do (I am a member of the million mile club on three different airlines). Understanding how an industry that does so much to make the world a smaller place can yet be one that has lost so much money was one of the conundrums that drew me to this exploration of the evolution of the airline industry. And what a journey it has been. Working with Tony and Mark, the best fellow travelers I could have hoped for, has led us to better understand the ups and downs of the airline industry and the role that different types of executives have played in different stages in its evolution. It has also led us to think more broadly about how leaders can influence the evolution of any industry-for better or for worse. I (Mark Rennella) am very grateful to have worked on this project with Tony and Nitin. In addition to their expertise and experience in business, Tony and Nitin both have a talent of bringing out the best in the people they work with. Projects this enjoyable and interesting do not come around every day and I was very fortunate to be invited to contribute to this one. In my years working on historical projects, I have seen not only how the past helps to shape the present, but that history is the outcome of human choices, both large and small. Looking at the past, surprisingly, shows how the present is ripe with possibility. My children-Davis and Ben-show me every day how vibrant that promise is. My deepest thanks, also, to my parents who have believed in my promise from day 1. More to come, Mom and Dad.
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Academia Letters, 2021
There is an ongoing debate around the world on the role of universities in producing employable graduates. Some argue that there is a need to focus on skills that the industry needs, with an emphasis on STEM and professional courses that offer hands-on skills easily transferable into the market. There is also a push towards placing more emphasis on two-year technical college programs. Others have asked that institutions focus on training students in entrepreneurial skills that they can use to employ themselves upon graduation instead of seeking employment from the government or industry. While all these arguments are valid, they reflect an emphasis on a single variable embedded within a diverse set of options. What if, for instance, instead of seeing university education as skill training for a specific job, we see it as an engagement that involves skills that not only produce employable graduates but also entrepreneurs and well-rounded citizens who adapt to the ever-changing world of work? Further, what if we started looking at what we consider to be employable skills from a broader perspective? Education is about knowledge and skills, about graduates with the knowledge to theorize about human life and phenomena, graduates with skills to provide practical solutions for current and future challenges. Without thinkers and theorizers, we cannot imagine a world outside of the immediate. If we train students on skills of repairing a tractor that is based on today's thinking, for instance, how do we prepare them for the tractor of the future that might be self-driving and using solar power instead of diesel or petrol? Here are a few thoughts on entrepreneurship as part of education that is beyond skill training. Entrepreneurship has become a staple in many conversations, strategies, and even practices in many boardrooms, political meetings, and businesses. When people talk about business success, they talk about people who are entrepreneurs; they talk about Uber, Netflix, Airbnb, etc., as entrepreneurial companies that changed the way business is done in their
CEEAplA WP No . 04 / 2008 Future Entrepreneur ’ s Profile
2008
Given that entrepreneurship plays a key role in the development of a country’s economy, governments should stimulate entrepreneurial orientation, particularly among youngsters in their formative years; schools must play a pertinent role in the promotion and support of these capacities. Indeed, the European Commission advises that schools foster such skills. In this context, we apply a frame to screen school populations in the Azores Islands, Portugal, for prospects of entrepreneurship and to study the profiles of those who noticeably show entrepreneurial orientations. Knowing the ideal combination of personality traits that foretell young entrepreneurs, schools can develop the syllabuses that are best aimed at promoting entrepreneurship and increasing the capacities of those who prove to be entrepreneurially oriented. This work leads to the following main findings: first, that one quarter of all senior students in high school in the Azores Islands bears prospects for entrepreneurshi...