Session 10 Photosynthesis (original) (raw)
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The flux of carbon among various carbon pools in the carbon cycle occurs due to various CO2 exchange processes such as ' photosynthesis, respiration, deposition of carbon into soil, anthropogenic emissions and other natural processes. Global efforts are being made to reduce the emissions to slow down the pace of climate change. Therefore, the measurements, monitoring and understanding of the controls of carbon inputs arid outputs by the terrestrial ecosystems i.e. vegetation and soil have become increasingly important. The key measures of the input of carbon in a system are net primary production (NPP) and the net ecosystem productivity (NEP). Estimates of photosynthesis and NPP can be made through traditional approaches as well as other approaches e.g. bottom up approach (using mechanistic photosynthesis models) and the top down approach (using light use efficiency with satellite data). Advancements have taken place for monitoring the CO2 exchange at different scales viz. leaf (portable photosynthesis systems), stand level (eddy covariance method), landscape level (tall towers) and vertical carbon column observations (Fourier transform spectrometers and satellites). These flux measurements along with the use of satellite data for land cover changes, growing season, phenology and their coupling with models at various scales can characterize the changes in the carbon cycle. There are also methods to partition the fluxes based on discrimination of isotopes of carbon and oxygen by terrestrial ecosystem processes. The CO2 exchange dynamics in the vegetation and soil can also be investigated at smaller scale with Open Top Chambers (OTCs) and with larger ecosystem experimental set-ups e.g. Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE). The soil is a vast reservoir of carbon -consisting of roots, organic matter, organic carbon and inorganic carbon and has a great potential for carbon sequestration. Monitoring of carbon and fluxes in soil is therefore an essential aspect in the era of changing climate. The root systems are monitored mostly in a destructive manner but many non-destructive methods have also been devised such as use of microwaves, electrical impedance spectroscopy, minirhizotrons etc. Similarly, soil carbon estimation with traditional chemical method can be replaced with soil reflectance spectroscopy for rapid and large area estimations. Measurement of soil respiration and its partitioning also helps in verifying the capacity of soil as a net source or net sink. The uncertainties in the estimates need understanding of the multi-factorial effects on carbon exchange processes, plant acclimation responses, feedback response from changing climate and carbon trading issues. Monitoring therefore needs concerted efforts in terms of enhancement of measurement infrastructure at different scales, use of multi-techniques and multi-disciplinary approaches so that more constrained and better estimates can be made.
The p urpose of this study w as to determ in e som e of the facto rs that in¯uence outside review ers an d search com m ittee m em bers w hen they are reviewing curricula vitae, particu larly w ith respect to the gender of the nam e o n the vitae. The particip an ts in this study w ere 238 m ale an d female acad em ic psychologists wh o listed a university ad dress in the 1997 D irectory of the A m erican Psych olo gical A ssociatio n. They w ere each sent on e of four versions of a curriculu m vitae (i.e., fem ale job ap plican t, m ale job ap plican t, fem ale tenure candid ate, an d m ale tenure candidate), alo ng w ith a questio nnaire an d a self-ad dressed stam ped en velope. A ll the curricula vitae actu ally cam e from a real-life scien tist at tw o different stages in her career, bu t the nam es w ere chan ged to trad itio nal m ale an d female nam es. A lthough an exclu sively between-gro ups design w as used to avo id sparkin g genderconscious responding, the results indicate that the particip an ts w ere clearly ab le to distin gu ish between the quali®catio ns of the jo b ap plican ts versus the tenure candid ates, as evidenced by suggestin g high er startin g salaries, increased likelih ood of offering the tenure can didates a jo b, gran ting them tenure, an d greater respect fo r their teachin g, research, an d service records. B oth m en an d w om en w ere m ore lik ely to vote to hire a m ale job ap plican t than a female job ap plican t w ith an identical record. Sim ilarly, both sexes reported that the m ale job ap plican t had done ad equate teachin g, research, an d service experience com pared to the female jo b ap plican t w ith an identical record. In contrast, w hen m en an d w om en exam ined the high ly com petitive curriculu m vitae of the real-life scientist w ho had go tten early tenure, they w ere equally likely to tenure the m ale an d fem ale tenure candidates an d there w as no difference in their ratin gs of their teachin g, research, an d service
Biomimetics -- Materials, Structures and Processes
Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering, 2011
The fields of biological and medical physics and biomedical engineering are broad, multidisciplinary and dynamic. They lie at the crossroads of frontier research in physics, biology, chemistry, and medicine. The Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering Series is intended to be comprehensive, covering a broad range of topics important to the study of the physical, chemical and biological sciences. Its goal is to provide scientists and engineers with textbooks, monographs, and reference works to address the growing need for information.
Effects of Water Stress and Mulch on Grean Bean Yield and Yield Components in Greenhouse Condition
Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 2006
Asian Journal of Plant Sciences is a high quality scientific journal publishes the original research in all areas of plant science and botany. Scope of the journal includes: development; growth regulation; molecular cell biology and genetics; signal transduction; photosynthesis; pathogen resistance; nutrition; water relations and gas exchange; symbiosis; stress physiology; population genetics; ecology and molecular systematic.
The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 2003
A mouse monoclonal antibody (clone 62-2E8) raised against a human recombinant highaffinity choline transporter (CHT)-glutathione-S-transferase fusion protein was used to determine the distribution of immunoreactive profiles containing this protein in the monkey central nervous system (CNS). Within the monkey telencephalon, CHT-immunoreactive perikarya were found in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, medial septum, vertical and horizontal limb nuclei of the diagonal band, nucleus basalis complex, and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Dense fiber staining was observed within the islands of Calleja, olfactory tubercle, hippocampal complex, amygdala; moderate to light fiber staining was seen in iso-and limbic cortices. CHTcontaining fibers were also present in sensory and limbic thalamic nuclei, preoptic and hypothalamic areas, and the floccular lobe of the cerebellum. In the brainstem, CHT-immunoreactive profiles were observed in the pedunculopontine and dorsolateral tegmental nuclei, the Edinger-Westphal, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, ambiguus, dorsal vagal motor, and hypoglossal nuclei. In the spinal cord, CHT-immunoreactive ventral horn motoneurons were seen in close apposition to intensely immunoreactive C-terminals at the level of the cervical spinal cord. CHT immunostaining revealed a similar distribution of labeled profiles in the aged human brain and spinal cord. Dual fluorescent confocal microscopy revealed that the majority of CHT immunoreactive neurons contained the specific cholinergic marker, choline acetyltransferase, at all levels of the monkey CNS. The present observations indicate that the present CHT antibody labels cholinergic structures within the primate CNS and provides an additional marker for the investigation of cholinergic neuronal function in aging and disease.