From Maragheh to Nakhchivan, The De- Historization of Iran in the Late Seljukid Architectural Tradition of the Tower Tombs in Azerbaijan (original) (raw)
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Iran
This paper is an investigation into the western extent of a regional school of funerary architecture that developed in the Ildegüzid ruled lands of northwest Iran in the sixth/twelfth century. The formal, decorative and epigraphic elements of two octagonal tombs, the Yūsuf ibn Kuthayyir tomb in Nakhchivan, (Azerbaijan) and the Mengücek Ghazi tomb in Kemah, (Turkey) are examined in detail. By comparing these two buildings, and demonstrating the similarities and differences, the dynamic nature of the architectural development in Anatolia in the late sixth/twelfth century may be better understood.
Besides destructing a part of Iranian cities during primary Mongol invasion that was inevitable in war with the aim of conquering for domination and separation of absolute rules, the appearance of other areas, especially Azerbaijan, not only witnessed no destruction of urban sections but also experienced bloom and revivification. Undoubtedly, religion has proved its role as one of the most prominent and powerful forces for unifying the regimens during their lifetimes. Besides controlling wasteful developments in the historic structures, the grasp of Mongols about this point prevented human disasters by establishing religious complexes outside residential areas. During this era, by appearing Ghazan's personality and his different mentality about Islam's frameworks through introducing new ideology around the submergence of burial tombsíocation, Ilkhanid architecture was pioneer in innovative and noble styles of complex making ways by centralizing religious units with the feature of mutual mentality about urban structures, unprecedented till that time. Designing and building the architectural collection of Ghazaniyeh with the national name of " Abvab-Alber " was an elementary attempt in this field in which the shrine of the founder was the core element of the complex. Recognizing the architectural form of Ghazan's tomb as the oldest Mongol's burial type in an extra-large scale besides different viewpoints of Mongols about traditional funerary methods has always been blurred; thus, this study aims to clarify different dimensions of Ghazaniyeh complex, recreating Ghazan tomb's structure by analyzing its historic contexts. In this way, supposing monotype architectural patterns in tomb-making traditions of northwestern Iran during Ilkhanid area, the main focus of this project will be on the architectural dimensions and proportions of Ghazan's tomb in his burial complex. According to the results, unlike stereotype mentalities around this issue, the plan of Ghazan's tomb, not only is a dodecahedron cylinder charter, but also like most of Ilkhanid tombs, located in Azerbaijan, is a voluminous domical cylinder. Then, its architectural features in terms of proportions and spatial arrangements are comparable with outstanding types like Sultan Ahmet Khodabandeh's tomb in Sultaniyeh.
Historia Y MEMORIA, 2019
The seventh and eighth centuries of the Hijri calender were the era when Azerbaijan's architecture flourished. During this period, a special style of funerary architecture was developed in the form of a tower-shaped tomb, the scope of its effects extending from Azerbaijan and reaching Khorasan and Turkestan in the east, and Asia Minor and Mamluk Egypt. Considering the centrality of Azerbaijan during the period of the Ilkhanite of this region, the architectural styles flourished in this temporal and spatial period, which later became known as Azeri-style architecture. Parallel to other religious monuments, the tower-shaped tombs found a privileged position in Islamic architecture. Its best examples are the mausoleum tower of Bardaeh in Qarabagh, Sheikh Safi, and Sheikh Heydar, Soltanieh, Ghaffarieh and Qara Baghlar. The purpose of the present study is to recognize the architectural and decorative structure, and to analyze the geometric patterns used in the Azerbaijan tombs, with ...
Journal of Design for Resilience in Architecture and Planning, 2021
How to move from tradition to modernity and how to combine or control them in a society has a direct relationship with the culture and the culture, as the main tool of architecture, needs a transition. This transition was started to be appeared in Iran during first Pahlavi era, while the government was planning to develop this process. This research is a qualitative-descriptive one and it has a deductive style and the significance and aim of this research is to study the tradition and modernity in architecture and to see how the contemporary architecture of Iran tried to transit from tradition to modernity during first Pahlavi Era. In this paper, first we will have a quick review on Iran during first Pahlavi era and its contemporary social and political history and tradition and modernity in its architecture and then by studying the architecture of two famous foreign architects, Nikolai Markov and Andre Godard who were invited to the country by the government for reformation and mod...
Comprehensive Revelation on the Tomb Towers Architecture; Persia and Anatolia
Iconarp International J. of Architecture and Planning, 2020
This article articulates the origin and development of early Islamic tomb tower architecture to middle period and evaluates similarities between Seljuq tomb tower architecture in Persia and Anatolia. To better understanding of the architectural history of this period, it is necessary to specify the description of the general features and its formation. The aim of this article was to suggest a methodological way, which algorithmically described, how the heritage of Persian Pre-Islamic architecture evolved and how the basic principles of Persian Early Islamic tomb tower architecture were developed. Consequently, the aim was to describe the influence on the Anatolian tomb tower architecture in an objective way, and to categorize the elemental features. Design/Methodology/Approach First, the article identifies the original traits of the Seljuq Empire mausolea i.e. domed cube and tomb tower, and their influence on Anatolian architecture. In addition, the morphological features, and typological structure propose an objective approach for the comparison of Persian and Anatolian mausoleum architecture in the Middle Period of the Early Islamic Era (10 to 12 AD). Subsequently, the morphological and structural similarities and differences in the architecture of these two territories have been examined along with their use and development in the historical process. Findings As a result, this can prove the hypothesis that the main architectural features have not changed radically, and the basis has remained similar. However, the decorations can be changed rapidly in a more variable way. The research also points, almost all the possible spatial and structural variations have been manifested amongst the early mausolea with a wide range of variations and combinations. Despite the similarities in the polygon of the plan, there are more differences in the construction and shape of domes. Research Limitations/Implications the inability to generalize the research findings. Social/Practical Implications Destruction of some of the case studies. Originality/Value The quantitative methodology used for better understanding the comparison result of the qualitative research.
Evolution of Persian Traditional Architecture Through the History
Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 2015
The architecture of Iran is wholly based on the comprehensive use of knowledge of both metaphysical and physical sciences. Architecture and structural engineering in Iran involve a great range of buildings distributed over a vast area from the borders of China to the Mediterranean coastlines. Certain design elements, developed by Iranian architecture and aesthetics, persisted for thousands of years and exerted a marked effect on other successive styles of construction throughout the world. Architecture in Iran solved complicated structural problems and created magnificent architectural masterpieces. In this paper, the evolution of Persian traditional architecture is discussed and a general overview of the paramount virtues of the traditional architecture and historical buildings of Iran with emphasis on structural and scientific features will be presented.