The Effect of Smoking on Various Types of Histological Lung Cancer in Pakistan (original) (raw)
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PubMed, 1999
Since fifty years it is clear now that smoking of tobacco products is responsible for the lung cancer epidemic that is currently in progress worldwide. Although in the Western world a small decrease of lung cancer in males is found, the number of female patients is steadily increasing. Changes in tobacco production have resulted in exposition of smokers to other carcinogens. This is probably the cause of the change in the histological pattern with an increase of adenocarcinoma and stabilisation of squamous cell lung cancer. Despite the bad prognosis there is some hope that with improvement of early detection methods more patients can be cured. However, for a real change it is necessary to discourage smoking by all means.
Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal, 2013
I t is estimated that one third of the world's adult population, and around 1.1 billion individuals, smokes tobacco, which makes every sixth human being a smoker. 1 Smoking-related illness is estimated to cause ~ 5 million deaths per annum around the globe, but is considered a leading preventable cause of death. 2 In developed countries, the rates of smoking have either leveled off or declined, but smoking-related deaths are on the rise in developing countries and are most common among the least-educated people. Initially, cigarette smoking prevalence was higher in males, but since the 1980s the gender gap has narrowed and plateaued. 3 In 2003, in a school-based cross-sectional survey on water pipe-based tobacco smoking (sheesha) in Oman, 1,962 students were interviewed (26.6% were ever-smokers and 9.6% were current smokers). Among the current smokers, 15.5% were males and only 2.6% were females. 4 In the USA in 2009, approximately 20.6% of adults and nearly 20% of high school students were cigarette smokers. An estimated 9% of them were smokeless tobacco consumers. Smokeless tobacco products include products such as moist snuff, chewing tobacco, snus (moist powdered tobacco) and dissolvable nicotine products such as strips and sticks. Current evidence, however, does not support the opinion that the use of these products is safer than smoking. Additionally, there is substantial evidence that these products can be implicated in oral and pancreatic cancers, precancerous oral lesions, gingival recession, gingival bone loss around the teeth, tooth-staining, and nicotine addiction. 5,6 In the USA, tobacco use is responsible for nearly 1 in 5 deaths. 7 In 2012, the estimated percentage of new lung cancers in males (116,470 cases) and females (109,690 cases) was 14% each. Among these
Patho-epidemiology of Lung Cancer in Karachi (1995-2002
2006
The objective of the study was to provide an overview of the demographics of lung cancer, the number one cancer killer of men in Karachi South (1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002). Lung cancer cases recorded at Karachi Cancer Registry during 1st January 1995 to 31st December 2004 were analyzed. To allow for maximum data completion, cases recorded from 1st January 1995 to 31st December 2002 were included for final analysis. Trends were studied by analyzing the age standardized incidence rates (ASR)s in 2 time periods, 1995-1997 and 1998-2002. Odds ratio for sex, age-groups, ethnicity, religion, and residence by socio-economic categories were calculated by considering all malignancies (except tobacco-associated malignancies) for each group, registered at KCR for the same period as controls. Cancer of the lung ranked the most frequent malignancy in men in Karachi in the entire 1995-2002 period, though it did not feature amongst the first 10 malignancies in the females. In the 1995-1997 period, the ASR per 100,000 population for cancer of the lung was 21.4 and 2.9 in males (M) and females (F) respectively. The mean age of the patients was 60.4 years (95% CI, 59.1-61.7) M and 53.7 years (95% CI 48.9-58.5) F. In the 1998-2002 period the incidence rate increased to 25.5 per 100,000 (M) and 4.2 per 100,000 (F). Thus between 1995 and 2002, the incidence of lung cancer registered a 19% increase in men and almost 100% in women. The component of adenocarcinoma in females remained stable during 8 years, but increased 55% in males. Histologic confirmation was 80%; majority of cancer cases presented as grade 3 and grade 4 lesions (62.3%), and were discovered at advanced stages (stage III 35.7%; stage IV 55.8%).The odds ratio (OR) in men was 4.5 (95% CI 3.7; 5.4). The risk of developing lung cancer increased with age, the highest risk being observed in the 65+ age group. A marginally higher risk was observed in the higher socioeconomic categories for men and in the lower socio-economic categories for women. A higher risk was also observed for men who were residing along the coastal belt, and for ethnicities belonging to Southern Pakistan (Sindhi and Mohajir) residing in Karachi South. In conclusion, Pakistan at present falls into a low risk lung cancer region in females and a moderate risk region for males and the highest registered increase between 1995 and 2002 was observed in the older age groups (65+). It is however a cause of concern that the overall lung cancer incidence rates continue to rise. The age specific rates though stable in the younger age groups (35-49 years), are at present equivalent to contemporary rates in high-risk countries. These rates correspond with the trends of smoking prevalence in the younger age groups in the last 2 decades. Published studies have given alerts to increase in the smoking habits of the present day youngsters and with an expanding population the country can expect a substantial increase in lung cancer. This threat can only be averted by implementation of stringent anti-tobacco rules and health education; prohibition of smoking in educational institutions at all levels and a ban on the sale of cigarettes to minors.
ROLE OF SMOKING IN PRIMARY PULMONARY MALIGNANCIES IN CENTRAL PUNJAB
…, 2009
Three hundred patients of primary malignancies of the lung from Gulab Devi Chest Hospital and other hospitals of Lahore were studied. The history of the Patients and their clinical findings were recorded. The sections of all the cases were stained with haematoxylin and eosin whereas all large cell carcinomas were stained with Alcian Blue-Periodic Acid-Schiff (AB-PAS) stain. Significantly large numbers of patients (70%) were smokers. 83.33% of patients were cigarette smokers whereas 7.14% were hukka smokers. The remaining (9.53%) was taking both cigarette and hukka. Amongst the cases of squamous cell carcinoma, the number of smokers was significantly more (P<0.001) as compared to those of adenocarcinoma. Adenocarcinoma cases had significantly less (P<0.02) number of smokers as compared with small cell carcinoma.
TITLE SMOKING AMONG PATIENTS ATTENDING CHEST DEPARTMENT BAHAWAL VICTORIA HOSPITAL, BAHAWALPUR
ABSTRACT Introduction: Smoking is a major health problem and causes many respiratory diseases.Smoking accounts for majority of lung cancer cases and it is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Objectives: Objectives of Our Study were to know the frequency of smokers attending the chest outpatient department and chest ward and determine the reasons of smoking. Study Design: This Cross Sectional Study, conducted at chest ward and chest OPD of BV Hospital Bahawalpur, from 18THMay to5THJune 2016.Sample of 100 patients were taken by using non-probability sampling technique. Data Analysis: Data was analyzed by SPSS 20 and frequencies were calculated and presented in the form of Tables. Results: In the study it was found that the frequency of smokers attending the chest outdoor & chest O.P.D was 59%. This study showed that 30% of smokers had been smoking for more than 30 years while almost 7% were smoker for more than 40 yearsThis study showed that 20.3 % of smokers started smoking to relieve depression, 28% due to peer pressure another 19% for fashion, 12 % for copying elders and 21% gave other reasons Conclusion: It was concluded that smoking was quite prevalent in the patients attending the chest OPD and chest ward. Efforts should be made at community level as well as individual level to control and prevent smoking. Key Words:Patients; Chest ward; Smoking; Respiratory disease ABBREVIATIONS Out Patient Department (OPD) Bahawal Victoria Hospital (BVH) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) World Health Organization (WHO) Tobacco Free Initiative-Pakistan ( TFI-P)
ABOUT TOBACCO SMOKING HAZARDS AND CESSATION
Repeated advice to quit smoking delivered routinely to all smokers seen in office practice increases the rates of smoking cessation. The optimal knowledge of family physicians regarding various tobacco issues like smoking hazards and existing cessation is of utmost importance.
Comparison of population survey of Multan about cigarette smoking with survey of Abbottabad
Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC
There are different pollutions in the environment e.g. Water pollution, dust pollution, pollen pollution, noise pollution and smoking pollution. As smoking from different sources is a pollution and injurious to health therefore we decided to conduct epidemiological study of smoking in Multan. The study was carried out on 1100 subjects residing in different localities of Multan. A specifically designed questionnaire was filled and the responses computed. The results were then compared with similar survey conducted in Abbottabad and reported earlier. Out of the study population 40.02% were found to be smoking different kinds of tobacco. Out of 442 smoking persons 36.66% are smoking for just company while 57.01% for anxiety and remaining for other reasons. 20-40 cigarettes of different brands per day are used by different occupation persons. The expenditure for cigarette smoking is in the range of Rs:300-2000 per month. Among smoking persons 292 (66.06%) complained of Nocturnal cough, ...
Health implications of tobacco smoking in Pakistan
Health Implications of Tobacco Smoking in Pakistan, 2021
Tobacco smoking and plantation were inevitably introduced in the Indian sub-continent by the Portuguese naval merchants at the beginning of the 17th century after which it became quite a part of our society, a reality which unfortunately continues to this day. In the following lines, it will be elaborated that how tobacco smoking is a concerning issue for Pakistani society at large. The multifaceted implications involved with its widespread presence for the youth and its effect on the economy of Pakistan will be discussed in considerable length along with recent government efforts to regularize and curb its ominous use.
Smoking Habits and it's Associated Complications among the Omani Population
Madridge Journal of Nursing, 2018
Background: Since smoking is one of the wide spread health risk, and has adverse impact on the health and social aspects and since its habit has not been investigated in Oman, it is chosen to assess this habit and its complications in different regions in Oman. Method: This prospective study was carried out in five different regions in Oman by using a self-administered questionnaire for 1000 Omani smokers during 2012-2016. Questionnaires were designed and included demographic parameters and other parameters chosen from similar previous studies. All the obtained results are illustrated in histograms using excel program. Results: Out of a total of 1000 known smokers investigated in this study, it was found that the vast majority (97%) of the participants was males, and the largest percentage (66%) was in the age range from 20-30 years. The type of smoking experienced is cigarette smoking alone (78%) and combination of cigarette and shisha smoking (18%). Shisha smoking alone was encountered only in 4% of smokers. The reason behind smoking was reported to be due to mood alteration (44%) and effects of friends (41%). Less commonly (15%) smoking was without any apparent reason. The duration of the smoking reported to be more than ten years in the majority of smokers (51%). Also, the majority (46%) of individuals were found to smoke 6-15 cig. /Day and only 6% found to smoke more than 20 cigarettes daily. In regards to quitting of smoking, 78% of smokers reported that they are willing to quit, but about 61% of people failed to quit and resumed their smoking habit again. The perception of the participants about the best way to quit smoking; is to monitor the children and the teenagers and to increase the participant's and public awareness via media and public education.
Trends in Development of Various Types of Lung Cancer after Cessation of Smoking
2017
Aim: This research aims at categorizing the different types of lung cancer in patient population unique to Pakistan and providing an insight in the occurrence of various histological subtypes relative to the patient’s smoking status. Study design: Cross-sectional study. Study setting and duration: February to June 2015 at four major hospitals of Lahore Methods: All diagnosed cases of lung cancer presenting between January 2013 to December 2014 were considered eligible for the study. A questionnaire regarding smoking status, particulars of the disease and risk factors was filled either by accessing patient records or contacting the patient/next of kin. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM's SPSS, version 24.0. Results: 229 patients were considered eligible for the study. The study population consisted of 84.3% males and 15.7% females. Univariate analyses showed that the non-smokers were more likely to have adenocarcinoma (63.6%) vs. 28.8% for ever-smokers. Small cell lun...