The Different Impact of PM2.5 on Atherogenesis in Overseas vs. Native Chinese in the CATHAY Study (original) (raw)
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The Impact of Air Pollution (PM2.5) on Atherogenesis in Modernizing Southern versus Northern China
Atmosphere
To evaluate the impact of PM2.5 air pollution on atherogenic processes in modernizing Southern versus Northern China, we studied 1323 asymptomatic Chinese in Southern and Northern China in 1996–2007. PM2.5 exposure and metabolic syndrome (MS) were noted. Brachial flow-mediated dilation (endothelial function FMD) and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) were measured by ultrasound. Although age and gender were similar, PM2.5 was higher in Northern China than in Southern China. The Northern Chinese were characterized by lower lipids, folate and vitamin B12, but higher age, blood pressures, MS and homocysteine (HC) (p = 0.0015). Brachial FMD was significantly lower and carotid IMT was significantly greater (0.68 ± 0.13) in Northern Chinese, compared with FMD and IMT (0.57 ± 0.13, p < 0.0001) in Southern Chinese. On multivariate regression, for the overall cohort, carotid IMT was significantly related to PM2.5, independent of location and traditional risk factors (Model R2 = 0.352, F...
PLoS ONE, 2011
Air pollutants (AP) play a role in subclinical inflammation, and are associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is inflammatory and precedes cardiovascular morbidity and type 2 diabetes. Thus, a positive association between AP and MetS may be hypothesized. We explored this association, (taking into account, pathwayspecific MetS definitions), and its potential modifiers in Swiss adults. We studied 3769 participants of the Swiss Cohort Study on Air Pollution and Lung and Heart Diseases in Adults, reporting at least four-hour fasting time before venepuncture. AP exposures were 10-year mean residential PM 10 (particulate matter <10μm in diameter) and NO 2 (nitrogen dioxide). Outcomes included MetS defined by World Health Organization (MetS-W), International Diabetes Federation (MetS-I) and Adult Treatment Panel-III (MetS-A) using four-and eighthour fasting time limits. We also explored associations with individual components of MetS. We applied mixed logistic regression models to explore these associations. The prevalence of MetS-W, MetS-I and MetS-A were 10%, 22% and 18% respectively. Odds of MetS-W, MetS-I and MetS-A increased by 72% (51-102%), 31% (11-54%) and 18% (4-34%) per 10μg/m 3 increase in 10-year mean PM 10 . We observed weaker associations with NO 2 . Associations were stronger among physically-active, ever-smokers and non-diabetic participants especially with PM 10 (p<0.05). Associations remained robust across various sensitivity analyses including ten imputations of missing observations and exclusion of diabetes cases. The observed associations between AP exposure and MetS were sensitive to MetS definitions. Regarding the MetS components, we observed strongest associations with impaired fasting glycemia, and positive but weaker associations with hypertension and waist-circumference-based obesity. Cardio-metabolic effects of AP may be majorly driven by impairment of glucose homeostasis, and to a less-strong extent, visceral adiposity. Welldesigned prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Progress of Ambient Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease Research in Asia
Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 2011
Asian countries are with deteriorating air quality accompanying the rapid economic and social development of the past decades, and the potential health impacts of air pollution have been noticed by researchers in the region. We reviewed the scientific literature on air pollution and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) published by Asian researchers in English since the 1980s to determine whether the findings in Europe and North America can be extrapolated to Asia. Epidemiological studies show that short-term particulate matter pollution is a strong predictor for CVD morbidity and mortality and suggestive on cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality in newly developed countries in Asia. Multicountry epidemiological studies are needed to fully appreciate the extent of air pollution on CVD in Asia, especially less developed Asian countries. New cohort studies should be initiated to improve our understanding of particulate matter's toxicological pathways, long-term exposure effects, and gene-environment interaction on CVD among the Asian population. (Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2011;53:369-378)
Science of The Total Environment, 2017
Limited evidence is available regarding the long-term effects of fine particulate (PM2.5) air pollution on hypertension in developing countries. This study aimed to explore the associations of long-term exposure to PM2.5 with hypertension prevalence and blood pressure (BP) in China. We conducted a cross-sectional study based on a nationally representative survey (13,975 participants). We estimated the long-term average exposure to PM2.5 for all subjects during the study period (June 2011 to March 2012) by a satellite-based model with a spatial resolution of 10 × 10 km. We applied multivariable logistic regression models to evaluate the associations between PM2.5 and hypertension prevalence and linear regression models for the associations between PM2.5 and systolic BP and diastolic BP. We also explored potential effect modification by stratification analyses. There were 5715 cases of hypertension, accounting for 40.9% of the study population in this analysis. The annual mean exposure to PM2.5 for all participants was 72.8 μg/m3 on average. An interquartile range increase (IQR, 41.7 μg/m3) in PM2.5 was associated with higher prevalence of hypertension with an odds ratio of 1.11 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05, 1.17]. Systolic BP increased by 0.60 mmHg (95% CI: 0.05, 1.15) per an IQR increase in PM2.5. The effects of PM2.5 on hypertension prevalence were stronger among middle-aged, obese and urban participants. This national study indicated that long-term exposure to PM2.5 was associated with increased prevalence of hypertension and slightly higher systolic BP in China.
Journal of the American Society of Hypertension : JASH, 2017
Ambient air pollution is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms have yet to be fully elucidated. We performed a panel study on 65 nonsmoking patients with metabolic syndrome, with four repeated clinical visits between 2012 and 2013 in Beijing, China. Cardiac and central aortic hemodynamic parameters were measured by pulse wave analyses as subendocardial viability ratio, ejection duration, and central aortic pressure. We also calculated rate-pressure product parameter and collected peripheral blood for analyses. High levels of ambient particulate matter with diameter ≤10 and 2.5 μm (PM10 and PM2.5), black carbon, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide were 121.3, 99.5, 6.5, 24.5, and 59.2 μg/m3, respectively. Short- to medium-term exposures to high levels of ambient air pollution adversely impacted central hemodynamics-derived surrogates of myocardial perfusion and oxygen demand. Each 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 was associated with sig...
h i g h l i g h t s < Elevated ambient NO 2 contributed to increased AMI mortality in Hong Kong. < Ambient SO 2 was associated with increased AMI mortality in Hong Kong. < No effects on AMI mortality were detected for O 3 and CO. a b s t r a c t Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a common disease with serious consequences in mortality and morbidity. An association between gaseous air pollution and AMI has been suggested, but the epidemiological evidence is still limited. For the study period 1998e2010, daily counts of AMI deaths were collected, as well as daily air pollution data including concentrations of particulates (PM 10 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), ozone (O 3 ) and carbon monoxide (CO) were also obtained. The associations between gaseous air pollutants and AMI mortality were estimated using time-stratified case-crossover analyses. NO 2 and SO 2 were found to be significantly associated with increased AMI mortality. The odds ratios (ORs) were 1.0455 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.017e1.0748) and 1.0256 (95% CI: 1.0027e1.0489) for an interquartile range (IQR) increase in the current day's NO 2 and SO 2 concentration, respectively, and this association persisted in 2-pollutant models; and no association was observed for CO and O 3 . It is likely that exposure to elevated ambient NO 2 and SO 2 air pollution contributed to increased AMI mortality.
Environment International, 2020
Background: Although long-term exposure to air pollution and physical inactivity are linked to increased risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD), however, the interactive effect of air pollution and physical activity (PA) on high 10-year ASCVD risk is largely unknown. Methods: A total of 31,162 individuals aged 35-74 years were derived from the Henan Rural Cohort Study, after individuals with personal histories of ASCVD or missing data on predictors of high 10-year ASCVD risk were excluded. Concentrations of air pollutants (nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), particulate matter with an aerodynamics diameters ≤ 1.0 µm (PM 1), ≤2.5 µm (PM 2.5) or ≤10 µm (PM 10)) of individuals were estimated using a spatiotemporal model based on satellites data. The metabolic equivalent (MET) of PA of each individual was evaluated using the formula: duration (hour/time) × frequency/week × MET coefficient of each type of activity. Logistic regression models were used to analyze associations between air pollutants, PA and high 10-year ASCVD risk. Interaction plots were used to describe interactive effects of air pollutants and PA on high 10-year ASCVD risk. Results: Each 1 µg/m 3 increase in PM 1 , PM 2.5 , PM 10 and NO 2 were related to a 4.4% (odds ratio (OR): 1.044,
Environmental Health
Background: Air pollution and cardiovascular disease are increasing problems in China. However, the short-term association between fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is not well documented. The purpose of this study is to estimate the short-term effects of PM 2.5 on CVD admissions in Beijing, China. Methods: In total, 460,938 electronic hospitalization summary reports for CVD between 2013 and 2017 were obtained. A generalized additive model using a quasi-Poisson distribution was used to investigate the association between exposure to PM 2.5 and hospitalizations for total and cause-specific CVD, including coronary heart disease (CHD), atrial fibrillation (AF), and heart failure (HF) after controlling for the season, the day of the week, public holidays, and weather conditions. A stratified analysis was also conducted for age (18-64 and ≥ 65 years), sex and season. Results: For every 10 μg/m 3 increase in the PM 2.5 concentration from the previous day to the current (lag 0-1) there was a significant increase in total CVD admissions (0.30, 95% CI: 0.20, 0.39%), with a strong association for older adults (aged ≥65 years), CHD (0.34, 95% CI: 0.22 to 0.45%) and AF (0.29, 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.55%). However, the observed increased risk was not statistically significant for HF hospitalizations. The associations in the single-pollutant models were robust to the inclusion of other pollutants in a two-pollutant model. No differences were found after stratification by sex and season. Conclusions: Exposure to PM 2.5 increased the risk of hospitalizations from CVD, especially for CHD, and appeared to have more influence in the elderly. Precautions and protective measures and efforts to reduce exposure to PM 2.5 should be strengthened, especially for the elderly.