Decarbonization for Oil and Gas Value Chain: An Update Review (original) (raw)
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Fossil fuels are considered a dependable, cost-effective, and efficient energy source and their utilization has resulted in tremendous growth for humanity. However, it has its downside also. Experts are of the view that present energy systems are unsustainable due to their detrimental impacts on the environment. Oil and gas producers are charged that their infrastructure, utilization of materials and technologies for exploration, development, and operation, and production and consumption based GHG emission is harming the environment severely. Current atmospheric CO2 concentrations are slightly more than 400 ppm, almost double since the beginning of the industrial revolution. CO2 concentration is continuously increasing in the atmosphere which is causing an increase in the atmospheric temperature. Studies suggest that if no new emissions occur, even though the temperature would be 1.1°C higher at the end of the century due to significant accumulated CO2 in the atmosphere. Is opined by some experts that a further increase of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere would saturate its impact in terms of increasing trend of temperature rather it would be logarithmic in nature which means additional CO2 concentration in the atmosphere would not increase the temperature alarmingly. However, IPCC suggested that the relationship is more linear and if CO2 emission is not controlled then its effect would not just be worse but speed up the detrimental effects. Various measures are being taken up to reduce the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere for preventing major climate change and control the detrimental side effects like natural calamities such as drought, flood, forest fires, and acidification of the ocean. CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) is one of the most important efforts in the spectrum of measures being considered and applied for managing this menace and meeting the net zero CO2 emission target set by countries and companies by 2050. Development and adoption of renewable energy are gaining momentum, but it will take some time before renewable energy plays a dominant role in the total energy mix. Natural gas will play a transition fuel role before achieving the dominant role of renewable energy in the total energy mix and CCS will enable the development of contaminated gas fields to meet the gas demand. The world focus is on renewable and environment-friendly energy development e.g., solar, wind and hydrogen, etc. Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture, utilization, and storage is the best option for mitigating atmospheric emissions of CO2 and thereby controlling the greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. Despite the benefits, there have been a limited number of projects solely for CO2 sequestration being implemented. The industry is well-versed in gas injection in reservoir formation for pressure maintenance and improving oil recovery. However, there are striking differences between the injection of CO2 into depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs and the engineered storage of CO2. The differences and challenges are compounded when the storage site is karstified carbonate in offshore and bulk storage volume. It is paramount to know upfront that CO2 can be stored at a potential storage site and
Energy & Fuels, 2001
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International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 2020
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Carbon Capture and Storage - Technological Advancements and Worldwide Constraints
Combating climate change by mitigation of release of the anthropogenic greenhouse gases has attracted worldwide attention towards research and policy formulations. One such approach is the geological sequestration of carbon dioxide, known as Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a large scale solution to climate change, consider to have significant potential on curbing CO2 emissions. Fossil fuels will continue to be our main energy source for decades to come, and CCS can contribute with as much as 55% of the emissions reductions needed to stabilize climate change at an average of +2oC. Industry is already exploring various CCS technologies. This paper will firstly discuss examples of various CO2 capture technologies currently in use and in development. It will also discuss various industrial sources and sequestration options. This paper also presents the technological advancement to CCS i.e. carbon recycling, which is the electro-reduction of carbon dioxide (ERC), which aims to take CO2 directly from industrial waste gases and convert it to formate salts and/or formic acid; both valu¬able chemicals used in a variety of industrial applications. CCS is, however, suffering from a lack of maturity in terms of frame conditions, technology, economy, infrastructure and common acceptance criteria. A key factor is development and implementation of a regulatory framework that allows a market and business to emerge, depending on financial incentives through various mitigation policies and mechanisms. The framework for CO2 storage should require an integrated risk management throughout the life cycle of a CCS project, i.e. from initial site selection, design and construction, operation including monitoring, reporting and verification, up to closure and post-closure requirements. The paper will address these uncertainties and risks more in depth. The viability of a carbon capture and sequestration industry will also be dependent upon the costs of capturing CO2 from industrial and natural sources. This raises the question: what are the potential costs of capturing industrial CO2? A source-to-sink analysis (Literature Survey) was done to estimate the total cost of capturing and transporting CO2 from a variety of industrial sources to potential sequestration sites. These include concentrated sources, such as ammonia and ethanol plants, as well as less-concentrated sources including power plants. The considered sequestration sites include value options such as enhanced oil and gas recovery projects, pressure maintenance in gas reservoirs, as well as sequestration in saline aquifers, depleted oil and gas reservoirs, and other geologic media. This paper hence will provide estimates of CO2 pipeline transportation costs at various distances between sources and sinks. Finally, the paper will discuss the total estimated cost, inclusive of capture, compression, and transportation, at which the CO2 can be sold to operators of enhanced oil recovery projects or other industries which could utilize the CO2. This analysis concluded that CO2 can be captured and transported approximately 100 miles at costs ranging between 1and1 and 1and3.50 per thousand cubic feet.
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