Plants Response to Abiotic Stress: A Review (original) (raw)

Abiotic Stress Response in Plants - Physiological, Biochemical and Genetic Perspectives

Plants, unlike animals, are sessile. This demands that adverse changes in their environment are quickly recognized, distinguished and responded to with suitable reactions. Drought, heat, cold and salinity are among the major abiotic stresses that adversely affect plant growth and productivity. In general, abiotic stress often causes a series of morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular changes that unfavorably affect plant growth, development and productivity. Drought, salinity, extreme temperatures (cold and heat) and oxidative stress are often interrelated; these conditions singularly or in combination induce cellular damage. To cope with abiotic stresses, of paramount significance is to understand plant responses to abiotic stresses that disturb the homeostatic equilibrium at cellular and molecular level in order to identify a common mechanism for multiple stress tolerance. This multi authored edited compilation attempts to put forth an all-inclusive biochemical and molecular picture in a systems approach wherein mechanism and adaptation aspects of abiotic stress are dealt with. The chief objective of the book hence is to deliver state of the art information for comprehending the effects of abiotic stress in plants at the cellular level.

Effect of Abiotic Stresses on Growth And Metabolism of The Plant And Stress Tolerance Mechanism

International Journal for Science and Advance Research In Technology, 2023

Naturally growing plants generally counter with the abiotic stress in form of drought, waterlogging, heat, salinity, heavy metal contamination leading to imperative growth and loss in productivity. The abiotic stresses cause morphological, physiological, and biochemical modifications and alters metabolic activities in plants. Although plants exhibit a general defense externally in form of cuticle and internal defense in form of plant growth regulators, signaling molecules like gasotransmitters, volatile organic compounds, reactive oxygen species scavengers, polyamines, molecular chaperones, phytochromes, and compatible solutes against adverse situations. However, the collaborative arrival of these conditions left no chances of survival and recovery in plants. This review is an attempt to address the responses, defense mechanisms, and plant compounds used to combat abiotic stresses. The effective scientific techniques like calcium signal systems, functional genomics technologies, molecular markers assisted plant breeding, should be given more emphasis to develop stress tolerance in plants.

Abiotic Stress in Plants - Mechanisms and Adaptations

World population is growing at an alarming rate and is anticipated to reach about six billion by the end of year 2050. On the other hand, agricultural productivity is not increasing at a required rate to keep up with the food demand. The reasons for this are water shortages, depleting soil fertility and mainly various abiotic stresses. The fast pace at which developments and novel findings that are recently taking place in the cutting edge areas of molecular biology and basic genetics, have reinforced and augmented the efficiency of science outputs in dealing with plant abiotic stresses. In depth understanding of the stresses and their effects on plants is of paramount importance to evolve effective strategies to counter them. This book is broadly dived into sections on the stresses, their mechanisms and tolerance, genetics and adaptation, and focuses on the mechanic aspects in addition to touching some adaptation features. The chief objective of the book hence is to deliver state of the art information for comprehending the nature of abiotic stress in plants. We attempted here to present a judicious mixture of outlooks in order to interest workers in all areas of plant sciences.

Biochemical and Molecular Mechanism of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants

Plant Ecophysiology and Adaptation under Climate Change: Mechanisms and Perspectives I

Plants need to acclimatize with sudden changing environment for their adaptation. Plant community, as a whole, is the primary producer in our ecosystem, therefore versatile in nature. In its differential habitats, plants need to cope up with environmental (abiotic) stresses like heavy metals, heat, cold, drought, acidic soil, and various nutrient deficiencies. Plants have their genetic ability to overcome the challenges of different environmental stresses through complex metabolic processes. There are numerous reports in connection with biochemical and molecular mechanisms in response to abiotic stresses. However, it is difficult to correlate the different molecular mechanisms involved pertaining to abiotic stresses in plants. Therefore, in this article, an attempt has been made to draw a systematic relationships of different biochemical and molecular processes involved in plant system during environmental stresses.

Stress mechanisms and adaptations in plants

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2022

In natural conditions, plants are exposed to abiotic and biotic stresses. Abiotic stresses includes water stress, temperature stress, salinity stress, heavy metal stress and photo-oxidative stress while biotic stresses caused by biological factors like pests, pathogens or herbivore attack. These stresses affect the plant growth and development at the morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular levels which either directly or indirectly affect the crop productivity. Plants possess various tolerance mechanisms that alter various gene expressions to bring about specific response to the stress. Additionally, researchers also used mitigation strategies like exogenous application phytohormones and alteration of plant genome by introducing stress tolerant genes which help the plants to cope with the stresses. In this review, we aim to discuss the various abiotic and biotic stresses, plant tolerance mechanism, mitigation of stress through phytohormones, various molecular approaches and cross tolerance between abiotic and biotic stresses.

Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance Mechanisms

Nanobiotechnology

In their life cycle, plants face a range of environmental stresses such as heat, cold, drought, salinity, etc., which greatly affects the performance of the plant and is one of the key factors in the distribution of plant species. Plants use special mechanisms to withstand these stresses. When plants are exposed to stress, the information is transmitted by the signal transduction pathway, and eventually, the response to these signals leads to physiological and biochemical changes in the plants. Usually, one type of stress is accompanied or followed by other stresses. For example, heat stress is followed by drought stress due to physical loss of water, and cold stress is followed by drought stress due to the physiological inaccessibility of water. Due to the large number of environmental hazards that the plant faces at a particular time, abiotic stress signaling is a very complex phenomenon. Plants have tools to avoid and deal with these stressors. On the one hand, they can produce inductive and appropriate responses that lead to a specific desired change for which special stress conditions are specialized. On the other hand, there is a significant overlap between the components of abiotic stress signaling and the starting points in which the pathways for stress signaling are coordinated. In this chapter summarized, how abiotic stresses in plants can be tolerated.

Abiotic Stress Adaptation in Plants

2010

Front cover artwork symbolizes the impact of abiotic stress on crop plants and the various physiological, molecular and genomic approaches being used to cope up with stress. Left top: Rice, a staple food crop for more than half of the world population and one of the major crops being affected by abiotic stress; left bottom: drought affected land; left middle: saline land near the natural salt water lake-Sambhar lake in Rajasthan, India. Right panel shows (in sequence from the top) stomata from the rice leaf under salinity stress; microarray image from a rice array showing transcriptome alterations under stress; 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) gel showing proteome of a salt stressed rice plant; beta glucoronidase (GUS) stained flower of Brassica plant transformed with uidA gene showing its transgenic nature. Courtesy of Sneh Pareek, Anil Singh and Ashwani Pareek.

Plant response to the abiotic and biotic stresses: A review

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2020

Biotic and abiotic stresses are the major factors affecting the crop productivity in terms of quality and quantity. Drought, water logging, salinity, air pollution, wind, heavy metal stress and extreme temperatures such as heat and chilling effect are the abiotic stresses responsible for the crop losses. Like abiotic stresses there are several biotic stresses such as insect-pest and disease stress which causes threat to the plants and effecting its growth and development. Most of the plant diseases are caused by biotic agents such as bacteria, fungi, virus and nematodes. Plants are not able to move but they have highly specialized immune system and are constantly being exposed to a number of stresses for which they exhibits intricate mechanisms like numerous physiological, molecular and cellular adaptations to make them survive under abiotic and biotic stresses. Plants also posses multiple morphological characters which are associated with different biochemical and physiological pat...

Plant response to abiotic stresses: from the perspective of gene expression

The response to abiotic stresses by some selected plants species from the perspective of gene expression was reviewed. The plants selected are of highly valued in terms of agriculture, the utility of the plants as a food product has also been extensively described. Several abiotic stress factors are considered, some can be recognized easily. However, others are difficult to identify especially those which affect the environment and scientists believe that these factors will increase in the future due to the harsh changes in climate, known as global warming. Genes are chosen to review their impact at transcriptional levels under abiotic stresses and resistance to various plants.