Ethnic differences in optic nerve head and retinal nerve fibre layer thickness parameters in children (original) (raw)
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Risk Factors for Glaucoma Suspicion in Healthy Young Asian and Caucasian Americans
Journal of Ophthalmology, 2014
Purpose.To determine the prevalence of certain risk factors for glaucoma in a healthy, young population and to compare these risk factors between Asian Americans and Caucasians.Methods.120 healthy graduate students (mean age24.8±3.0years) underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination. Regression analyses controlling for age, sex, and refraction, comparing glaucoma risk factors in Asians (n=54) and Caucasians (n=41), were performed. Outcome variables included family history, intraocular pressure (IOP), spherical equivalent, central corneal thickness (CCT), mean deviation (MD) and pattern standard deviation (PSD), and disc and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) parameters.Results.61% of subjects were female; the mean spherical equivalent was-3.81±3.2 D; and the mean axial length (AL) was25.1±1.7 mm. Regression analysis showed race affected spherical equivalent (P<0.001), AL (P=0.0073), IOP (P<0.001), and cup to disc area ratio (CDAR) (P=0.012). Family history, CCT, MD, and PSD ...
Racial Differences in the Association between Optic Disc Topography and Early Glaucoma
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 2003
PURPOSE. To determine the structural characteristics of the optic disc that are associated with early glaucoma in African Americans and whites and whether these characteristics differ between the races. METHODS. Parameters of optic disc topography from 260 African American eyes and 193 white eyes were included in the analysis. One hundred forty-four eyes of African Americans and 109 eyes of normal white subjects were used as a control group. Logistic regression was used to calculate the association between early glaucoma, defined by the visual field, and cup, rim, and disc margin confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopic (CSLO) parameters, using odds ratios at binary cut points. The cup, rim, and disc margin parameters identified as being independently associated with glaucoma in these reduced models were then included in a single multivariate model. Optic disc area was included in the analysis at each level of the model. This approach was used for the total study group and then separately for the African American and white groups. RESULTS. When accounting for difference in optic disc area, rim area had the highest independent association with early glaucoma in both groups, but this association was lower in African Americans (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 1.63 [1.12-2.36]) than in whites (odds ratio: 4.74 [2.18-10.28]). Additional independently associated parameters included cup shape, maximum elevation along the contour line, and the temporal-to-inferior contour line modulation ratio in whites and cup shape and the temporal-to-superior contour line modulation ratio in African Americans. CONCLUSIONS. Structural characteristics of the optic disc that are best associated with early glaucoma included cup shape and rim area in both groups, but with a less pronounced association in African Americans. In addition, several other racespecific parameters that were independently associated with early glaucoma differed significantly between African Americans and whites. These race-specific differences were independent from the effect of optic disc area.
Journal of Glaucoma, 2018
Objective: To compare the central corneal thickness (CCT) between different ethnicities and particularly Asian subethnic groups that may contribute to the different glaucoma diagnoses using the optical low-coherence reflectometry technique. Methods: A retrospective study of 6 years including 1512 eyes of 929 patients of the Beckman vision center, University of California, San Francisco from 2011 to 2017 had their biometric parameters, including CCT, measured with the Lenstar. Patients were categorized into African Americans, Caucasians, Hispanics, Pacific Islanders, and Asians. Asians were further subcategorized into Chinese, Vietnamese, Koreans, Filipinos, and Japanese. Results: Among 1356 patients who had their CCT measured by Lenstar from 2011 to 2017, 1512 eyes of 929 patients were included. The study population included 462 Caucasians (52.96%), 60 African Americans (6.46%), 92 Hispanics (9.9%), 32 Pacific Islanders (3.44%), 130 Chinese (13.99%), 52 Filipinos (5.6%), 37 Vietname...
The Impact of Central Corneal Thickness on the Risk for Glaucoma in a Large Multiethnic Population
Journal of Glaucoma, 2014
Purpose-To investigate the relationship between central corneal thickness (CCT) and demographics, and determine whether CCT may be a substantial mediator of the relationships between glaucoma and its demographic risk factors. Methods-This cross-sectional study included patients in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California health plan from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2011 who were 40 years and older and had a documented CCT measurement (N=81,082). Those with any cornea-related diagnoses or a history of corneal refractive surgery were excluded. Demographic characteristics, including age, sex, and race/ethnicity, as well as clinical information including glaucoma-related diagnosis, diabetic status, CCT, and intraocular pressure were gathered from the electronic medical record. Results-Multivariate linear regression analysis indicated that female sex, increased age, and Black race were significantly associated with thinner corneas. A subgroup analysis among Asians revealed that Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans had corneas 6-13 μm thicker than South and Southeast Asians, Filipinos, and Pacific Islanders for each diagnosis (P<.001). In our population, 24.5% (N=19878) had some form of open-angle glaucoma; 21.9% (N=17779) did not have any glaucoma-related diagnosis. Variation in CCT accounted for only 6.68% (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.14-7.24%) of the increased risk of open-angle glaucoma seen with increasing age, but explained as much as 29.4% (95% CI 27.0%-32.6%) of the increased risk of glaucoma seen among Blacks, and 29.5% (95% CI 23.5%-37.0%) of the increased risk of glaucoma seen among Hispanics. Conclusions-CCT appears to explain a substantial portion of the increased risk of glaucoma seen among Blacks and Hispanics.
Ethnic Considerations for Glaucoma: A Review
2018
Glaucoma is undoubtedly a major worldwide disease and cause of blindness. The term glaucoma however encompasses a group of disorders with differing age of incidence, intraocular pressures and varying degrees of hereditability in which vision loss occurs through a characteristic mode of retinal ganglion cell death. There are also significant differences in frequencies of incidence and gene associations for this group of disorders amongst different groups of populations. The current literature often states definitive trends in incidence for ethnic groups that fail to take into account an overall genetic fine structure for these groups. The present review intends to present an overview of some of the background necessary to discuss the genetic basis of glaucoma before describing some of the literature concerning the illness in Gypsy, Japanese, Scandinavian, Latino (Mexican and Brazilian) and Sub-Saharan African populations. It is intended that this review will give the reader a clearer...
Race, ethnicity and prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma
Journal of the National Medical Association, 2006
Recently, some authors pooled data from studies on the Dutch, Australians and Americans of European origin in an attempt to predict the prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in the United States. To examine potential ethnic diversity in the prevalence of POAG among populations of the "same race." Medical literature was searched, and 11 population-based studies on populations of African origin and five on populations of European origin were identified. The prevalence of POAG was significantly higher in white Australians than in the Dutch (p<0.001) and was significantly lower (p<0.001) among black populations in South Africa, Nigeria, Tanzania and the United States than in Ghana, St. Lucia or Barbados. Notably, the prevalence was significantly lower in Afro Caribbeans living in London than in St. Lucia or Barbados (p<0.001). There was, however, inconsistency in the definition of POAG among the different studies. There is a wide range in the prevalence of ...
2014
Early detection of glaucoma relies on a detailed knowledge of how the normal optic nerve (ONH) varies within the population. The purpose of this study focused on two main areas; 1. To explore the optic nerve head appearance in the normal optometric population and compare the south Asian (principally Pakistani) with the European white population, correcting for possible ocular and non-ocular influences in a multiple regression model. The main findings were: • The optic discs of the South Asian (SA) and White European (WE) populations were not statistically different in size. The SA group possessed discs with increased cupping and thinner neuro-retinal rims (NRR) compared with the WE group. The SA group also demonstrated a more vertically oval shape than the WE population. These differences were significant at the p<0.01 level. • The upper limits of inter-eye asymmetry were: ≤0.2 for cup to disc area ratio, and 3mmHg for intra-ocular pressure (IOP) for both ethnic groups and this d...
High Prevalence of Narrow Angles Among Chinese-American Glaucoma and Glaucoma Suspect Patients
Journal of Glaucoma, 2009
Purpose-To evaluate the prevalence of gonioscopically narrow angles in a Chinese-American population with glaucoma or glaucoma suspicion. Patients and Methods-Charts from all Chinese-American patients seen in a comprehensive ophthalmology clinic in the Chinatown district of San Francisco in 2002 were reviewed. One eye from each patient with glaucoma or glaucoma suspicion that met inclusion criteria was included (n=108). Data was collected for gender, age, race (self-declared), refraction (spherical equivalent), intraocular pressure (IOP), gonioscopy and vertical cup-to-disk ratio (CDR). Results-Sixty percent (n=65) of Chinese-American eyes with glaucoma or glaucoma suspicion had gonioscopically narrow angles (Shaffer grade ≤2 in three or more quadrants). Those with narrow angles were significantly older (P=0.004) than their open angle counterparts, but the two groups did not differ in terms of gender, refraction, IOP or CDR (all, P≥0.071). In a multivariate model including age, gender and refraction as predictors of angle grade (open or narrow), only age was a significant predictor of angle grade (P=0.004). Conclusions-A large proportion of Chinese-Americans in our study population with glaucoma or glaucoma suspicion had gonioscopically narrow angles. In multivariate analysis, patients with narrow angles were older than those with open angles but did not differ from them in terms of gender or refraction. Continued evaluation of angle closure glaucoma risk among Chinese-Americans is needed.
Eye, 2008
Purpose To examine the prevalence of refractive error and distribution of ocular biometric parameters among major ethnic groups in a population-based sample of 11-15-year-old Australian children. Methods The Sydney Myopia Study examined 2353 students (75.3% response) from a random cluster-sample of 21 secondary schools across Sydney. Examinations included cycloplegic autorefraction, and measures of corneal radius of curvature, anterior chamber depth, and axial length. Results Participants mean age was 12.7 years (range 11.1-14.4); 49.4% were female. Overall, 60.0% of children had European Caucasian ethnicity, 15.0% East Asian, 7.1% Middle Eastern, and 5.5% South Asian. The most frequent refractive error was mild hyperopia (59.4%, 95% confidence interval (CI), 53.2-65.6), defined as spherical equivalent (SE) þ 0.50 to þ 1.99 D. Myopia (SEÀ0.50 D or less) was found in 11.9%, 95% (CI 6.6-17.2), and moderate hyperopia (SEX þ 2.00 D) in 3.5%, 95% (CI 2.8-4.1). Myopia prevalence was lower among European Caucasian children (4.6%, 95% CI 3.1-6.1) and Middle Eastern children (6.1%, 95% CI 1.3-11.0) than among East Asian (39.5%, 95%, CI 25.6-53.5) and South Asian (31.5%, 95%, CI 21.6-41.4) children. European Caucasian children had the most hyperopic mean SE (þ 0.82 D) and shortest mean axial length (23.23 mm). East Asian children had the most myopic mean SE (À0.69 D) and greatest mean axial length (23.86 mm). Conclusion The overall myopia prevalence in this sample was lower than in recent similaraged European Caucasian population samples. East Asian children in our sample had both a higher prevalence of myopia and longer mean axial length.