Prevalence and risk factors of isolated systolic hypertension among the elderly population in Davangere, Karnataka (original) (raw)
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International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 2017
Lifestyles of populations across the world have changed dramatically in the 20 th century. This epidemiological transition has been brought about by developments in science and technology that now affect every facet of human existence. Most human societies have moved from agrarian diets and active lives to fast foods and sedentary habits. Combined with increasing tobacco use, these changes have fuelled the epidemic of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and dyslipidemia. 1 Hypertension (HTN) is a global public ABSTRACT Background: Lifestyle changes have fuelled the epidemic of obesity, diabetes, hypertension (HTN), dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases. Hypertension is a global public health problem Even though it can be controlled by early diagnosis, lifestyle modifications and adequate treatment; many remain unaware of their hypertension, especially in rural areas where not many studies have been done. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of hypertension among adults in rural Kerala. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2011 to May 2012 in the rural field practice area of Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Thrissur. 423 adults, aged 25-64 years, were selected by multi-stage sampling. An interview was conducted using a pretested proforma and anthropometric measurements were recorded using standard guidelines. Diagnosis of hypertension was based on Joint National Committee (JNC) VII guidelines that included both new and previously diagnosed cases (on anti-hypertensive treatment) of hypertension (Systolic BP >140mmHg and/or Diastolic BP >90mmHg). Results: Among the 155 males and 268 females in this study, the prevalence of HTN was 43.3%, of which 98 (53.6%) were previously diagnosed hypertensives and 85 (46.4%) new HTN cases. In the multivariate analysis, the significant risk factors of HTN were age {Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR)=2.03, (95% CI=1.48-2.79), p=0.001}, male sex {AOR=3.65, (95% CI=1.55-8.62) p=0.001}, central obesity or waist-hip ratio {AOR=23.78,(95% CI =4.47-126.42), p=0.001}, sedentary lifestyle {AOR=2.96, (95% CI=1.48-5.90), p=0.001}, high salt intake {AOR=37.37,(95% CI=18.04-77.45), p=0.001} and current smoking {AOR=3.25, (95% CI =1.15-9.24), p= 0.001}. Conclusions: In this study, the prevalence of hypertension was 43.3%. Pre-hypertension was found among 26.5% of the study population. The risk factors associated with HTN were male gender, increasing age, central obesity, sedentary lifestyle, excess salt intake and current smoking.
Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 2010
Objectives: 1) To determine the prevalence of isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) in the adult population of Lucknow district. 2) To study the determinants of ISH especially the relationship with age. Materials and Methods: A community-based crosssectional study was conducted in four randomly selected areas of Lucknow district. A total of 800 subjects, aged 20 years and above, 400 from urban and 400 from rural area of Lucknow district were included in the study. The statistical tools used for analysis were Pearson's Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of ISH according to JNC-7 criteria was 4.3%, which was 5.1% in men and 3.6% in women. A significant increase in the prevalence of ISH was seen with an increase in age. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the determinants showed that age, BMI and smoking were significant independent risk factors of ISH. Conclusions: Given the risk of cardiovascular disease associated with ISH, the findings of this study emphasize the need for further research to document the impact of modifiable risk factors of ISH and the effect of hypertension screening and specific health promotion in bringing down the burden of ISH and related cardiovascular morbidity.
International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health, 2016
Background: High blood pressure is a health risk factor that is considered one of the highest causes of morbidity, one of the main leading causes for cardiovascular disease, and social global burden, in addition to the high-cost burden to the global health service providers. Blood pressure is affected by external and internal variables. Internal variables such as age, gender, and heredity cannot be changed. External variables such as exercise, reduced stress, and healthy diet can significantly improve blood pressure. Regular exercise can reduce blood pressure and help manage weight and stress. External factors gone unmanaged can cause hypertension that can lead to death. Objective: To assess the risk factor for hypertension among the hilly rural population of India. Materials and Methods: A community based case-control study conducted to investigate the risk factor for hypertension among the hilly rural population. In our study, we selected 12 villages, 6 from Nainital and 6 from Almora district of Uttarakhand state of India. In the 12 randomly selected villages of a hilly region of Uttarakhand state, 853 subjects of more than 18 years were screened for hypertension according to JNC 7 criteria; 119 cases and their age and sex-matched controls (1:1) were selected from August 1, 2014 to October 31, 2014. Cases and controls were interviewed with the help of appropriate schedule to elicit information pertaining to sociodemographic characteristics, behavioral parameters, and disease-related parameters. Anthropometric measurements and 24-h dietary recall method were used to assess the nutritional status. Results: Statistically significant elevated odds ratio was noted for alcohol, smoking, obesity, and salt quantity in food in those in the study population. Statistically significant odds ratio was noted for physical activity, vegetable intake, and fruits intake in both sexes. Conclusion: Physical activity, vegetable intake, and fruits intake seem to be a preventive factor for hypertension. Diabetes and dietary habit were not statistically associated with hypertension in both sexes.
Prevalence and correlates of hypertension in a subarctic Indian population
Preventive Medicine, 1991
While elevated blood pressure is a recognized risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the prevalence of hypertension still remains unclear for most populations. A door-to-door survey was conducted using modified WHO STEPS questionnaire in a group of villages under the Thavanampalle Mandal of Chittoor District in the state of Andhra Pradesh of South India. Data were collated and analyzed for 16,636 individuals (62.3% females and 37.7% males) above 15 years of age. Overall, prevalence of hypertension (as per JNC-7 classification) was found to be 27.0% (95% CI, 26.3, 27.7) in the surveyed community with 56.7% of the total hypertensives being diagnosed for the first time during the survey. An additional 39.1% had their blood pressure readings in the prehypertensive range. Among the known Hypertensives on treatment only 46.2% had a blood pressure recording within acceptable limits, with 31.2% in the prehypertensive range and only 15.0% in the normal range. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) of the surveyed population showed a continuous linear increase with age, but diastolic blood pressure (DBP) peaked and started reducing in early fifth decade in males. Male gender, increasing age, higher body mass index (BMI), increased waist-hip ratio, increased body weight, family history of hypertension, death of spouse, and diabetes were found to be positively correlated with hypertension. Risk factors of alcohol intake, use of ground nut/palm oil, and family history of diabetes lost their independent predictive ability for hypertension on multivariate logistic regression analysis. The level of physical activity was also not found to be a significant predictor of hypertension in the study population.
Background Hypertension is one of the most important modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD. Hypertension in early stages does not show any symptoms; hence many are unaware of its presence. The prevalence of hypertension is increasing and it correlates with the chronic kidney disease in the US. Early detection is feasible using a simple and accurate screening test and aggressive blood pressure management. Yet this has not received adequate attention or allocation of public health resources for planning effective preventive strategies. In India, as a developing country with a population estimated at 1.1 billion, the prevalence of hypertension has been estimated to be 3% to 34.5% in males and 5.8% to 33.5% of females. Materials and Methods: The study was to assess the prevalence of hypertension and risk factors of hypertension in the selected rural area of Moradabad. A quantitative research approach was used to assess the prevalence of hypertension status among the adults and to find out the association with selected demographic variable. The research design for the present study was descriptive research design. The target population for the study was adults in selected rural area in Moradabad. Samples were adults of selected village, sample size was 500 and sampling technique used for this study was Non probability convenience sampling. The research instrument was developed in English after extensive review of literature and expert opinion. The structured questionnaire was prepared to assess the prevalence of hypertension and its risk factors. Data analysis was done by both descriptive and inferential statics on the basis of objectives and hypothesis of study and to compute data, master data sheet was prepared. Prevalence of hypertension was assessed according to BP measurements of the samples and association with selected demographic was determined by chi square test. Result The level of hypertension among adults was 75.4% people have normal blood pressure, 22.4% have moderate hypertension and 2.2% have severe hypertension. The risk factors of hypertension identified from the study are smoking, alcoholism, increased salt intake, inadequate fruits and vegetable intake, lack of physical exercises and follow up. Conclusion There was a statistical significant association between the age of the person and prevalence status of hypertension at 0.05 levels and no statistical association could be established with other remaining demographic variable. There was also a statistical association between smoking status, alcoholism and physical activities of the adults. Hence the present study suggests that primordial prevention should be used to prevent hypertension.
Hypertension and Its Risk Factors- a Cross Sectional Study in Rural Area
Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare, 2017
BACKGROUND An elevated arterial pressure is probably the most important public health problem in developing & developed countries. Hypertension is the commonest cardiovascular disorder and one of the major risk factor for cardiovascular mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study was conducted in rural field practice area of the Department of Community medicine Katihar Medical College, Katihar. A sample of 500 families was selected by systematic sampling technique from all the families registered at Health Centre and all the persons aged 20 years and above residing in these families were selected for the purpose of the study. RESULTS In total 1680 study subjects, 602 persons (35.8%) aged 20 years & above were found to be hypertensive. It shows that hypertension increased with increasing age with peak in 60 + years category (65.6%). The prevalence was found to be 66.2% in persons with high salt intake and 31.2% and 20.3% respectively in average and low salt intake. The prevalence of hypertension was 40.3% in non-vegetarians and 34.7% among vegetarians. The prevalence was 48.4% in persons consuming saturated fats, 39.1% in those consuming unsaturated fats and 32.6% in both types of fat consumers. The prevalence of hypertension was 37.9% in those engaged in light physical activity while it was found to be 29.6% in moderate and 28.6% in heavy physical activity. It was found to be 91.2% in obese with while this was 23.4% and 18.9% respectively in normal and underweight. It showed that prevalence of hypertension was 38.3% in occasional, 40.0% in frequent and 73.1% in constant group and only 33.0% in group with no mental stress. CONCLUSION This study shows that the prevalence of hypertension was high in the subjects having low physical activity, High BMI and high saturated fat/salt intake and high level of mental stress.
BMC Cardiovascular Disorders
Background: Lifestyle factors associated with hypertension (HT) in South Asian populations are relatively unknown. The objective of the current study was to investigate the prevalence rates of undiagnosed HT and factors associated with it in a cohort of males from the Central Province of Sri Lanka. Methods: The study group consisted of 2462 males (mean age 31 years, range: 16-72 years) who underwent a routine medical examination at the National Transport Medical Institute, Kandy, Sri Lanka. Participants with previously diagnosed heart disease, diabetes, hypertension or other chronic illnesses were excluded from this study. Dietary and other lifestyle factors were studied using validated self-administered questionnaires. Body Mass Index (BMI) cutoff values for Asians were used to categorize the subjects according to weight status. The association of individual dietary and lifestyle patterns with HT was assessed by fitting into binary logistic regression models. Results: The mean systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressures (DBP) of the individuals were 125.9 mmHg and 80. 5 mmHg, respectively. The prevalence rate of undiagnosed HT was 31.7%. Both SBP and DBP showed significant positive correlations with age, weight, BMI and waist circumference. After adjusting for potential confounders, HT was associated with older age (p = 0.001) and increased weight status (p < 0.001) with trends of association for level of education (p = 0.058). Level of income, alcohol consumption, sleeping hours, smoking, physical activity level, ethnic difference, consumption of fruits, fish, meat, dairy, sweets or fried snacks were not significantly associated with HT. Obese males were 92.1% [odds ratio: 1.9 (1.4-2.7)] more likely to be hypertensive compared to normal weight males. Conclusions: Undiagnosed HT is prevalent at an alarming rate among adult males in the Central Province of Sri Lanka. Its association with age and BMI (weight status) highlights the importance of routine screening for HT as well as interventions targeted at reducing obesity to curb the rise of this modifiable cardiovascular disease risk factor.
National Journal of Community Medicine, 2018
Background: Currently, hypertension is one of the important cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. Objective: To estimate the prevalence and determinants of undiagnosed hypertension in a rural area of West Bengal. Materials and methods: A descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study was conducted in Daspara village of Amdanga Block, Barasat, North 24 Parganas among 166 adults in the age group 20-59 years. Data was collected using a pre-designed and pre-tested schedule and data analysis was done by proportions and Chi-square tests. Results: Pre-hypertension and hypertension was present in 31.9% and 24.1% of the study population respectively. Prehypertension and hypertension was more common in 40-49 years age group, females, those belonging to nuclear families, people of Hindu religion, people belonging to class 3 socio-economic status as well as people with higher BMI, smoker, alcoholics, high salt intake and absence of physical activity. Significant association was found with age, type of family, socio-economic status, BMI, salt intake, alcohol consumption and smoking.(p<.005) Conclusion: Hypertension is more prevalent in people with higher BMI, smoker, alcoholics. high salt intake and absence of physical activity. Thus lifestyle modification is expected reduce the prevalence of this disease and its associated comorbidities.