Nonverbal behavior and nonverbal communication (original) (raw)
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NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR AND NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: WHAT DO CONVERSATIONAL HAND GESTURES TELL US
Much of what social psychologists think about nonverbal behavior derives from a proposal made more than a century ago by Charles Darwin. In The expression of the emotions in man and animals (Darwin,1872), he posed the question: Why do our facial expressions of emotions take the particular forms they do? Why do we wrinkle our nose when we are disgusted, bare our teeth and narrow our eyes when enraged, and stare wide-eyed when we are transfixed by fear? Darwin's answer was that we do these things primarily because they are vestiges of serviceable associated habits -behaviors that earlier in our evolutionary history had specific and direct functions. For a species that attacked by biting, baring the teeth was a necessary prelude to an assault; wrinkling the nose reduced the inhalation of foul odors; and so forth.
Measurement and reliability of nonverbal behavior
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 1987
This review synthesizes data on the reliability of nonverbal behaviors, classified according to kinesics, proxemics, haptics, vocalics, turn-taking behaviors, and global assessments, across a wide range of studies. The purpose of the review was (1) to determine which nonverbal behaviors within each classification can be measured reliably and (2) to determine which codes/classifications can be reliably measured. It was found that: (1) most nonverbal behaviors within each classification, except vocalics, can be measured reliably (.80+), (2) the codes themselves, when considered in aggregate form, can be measured reliably (.80+) when using the median as the best estimate. Several qualifications and recommendations for future research are suggested.
Journal of Communication, 2002
Verbal and nonverbal communication are seen in terms of interacting streams of spontaneous and symbolic communication, and posed "pseudo-spontaneous" displays. Spontaneous communication is defined as the nonintentional communication of motivational-emotional states based upon biologically shared nonpropositional signal systems, with information transmitted via displays. Symbolic communication is the intentional communication, using learned, socially shared signal systems, of propositional information transmitted via symbols. Pseudospontaneous communication involves the intentional and strategic manipulation of displays. An original meta-analysis demonstrates that, like verbal symbolic communication, nonverbal analogic (pantomimic) communication is related to left hemisphere cerebral processing. In contrast, spontaneous communication is related to the right hemisphere.
Behavior Research Methods, 2015
As visual media spread to all domains of public and scientific life, nonverbal behavior is taking its place as an important form of communication alongside the written and spoken word. An objective and reliable method of analysis for hand movement behavior and gesture is therefore currently required in various scientific disciplines, including psychology, medicine, linguistics, anthropology, sociology, and computer science. However, no adequate common methodological standards have been developed thus far. Many behavioral gesture-coding systems lack objectivity and reliability, and automated methods that register specific movement parameters often fail to show validity with regard to psychological and social functions. To address these deficits, we have combined two methods, an elaborated behavioral coding system and an annotation tool for video and audio data. The NEUROGES-ELAN system is an effective and userfriendly research tool for the analysis of hand movement behavior, including gesture, self-touch, shifts, and actions. Since its first publication in 2009 in Behavior Research Methods, the tool has been used in interdisciplinary research projects to analyze a total of 467 individuals from different cultures, including subjects with mental disease and brain damage. Partly on the basis of new insights from these studies, the system has been revised methodologically and conceptually. The article presents the revised version of the system, including a detailed study of reliability. The improved reproducibility of the revised version makes NEUROGES-ELAN a suitable system for basic empirical research into the relation between hand movement behavior and gesture and cognitive, emotional, and interactive processes and for the development of automated movement behavior recognition methods.
Nonverbal Communication, Interaction, and Gesture
De Gruyter eBooks, 1981
If we are to understand fully any instance of a person's non-verbal behavior-that is, any movement or position of the face and/or the body-we must discover how that behavior became part of the person's repertoire, the circumstances of its use, and the rules which explain how the behavior contains or conveys information. We will call these three fundamental considerations ORIGIN, USAGE, and CODING. The interrelationships among and the differences within these three aspects of nonverbal behavior are extremely complex. The task of unraveling nonverbal behavior in these terms is enormously difficult; and it becomes impossible if we fail to consider the possibility of multiple categories of nonverbal behavior. The need to develop such a categorical scheme has emerged from the results of our empirical studies over the past eight years, and has been crystallized by our two current research projects, the study of crosscultural differences in nonverbal behavior, and the study of nonverbal leakage of information during deceptive situations. We will briefly trace how some of the findings raised questions which led us to attempt to 1 Part of this paper was given at the Symposium: ''Communication Theory and Linguistic Models in the Social Sciences" at the Center for Social Research of the
Cognitions and nonverbal behavior: An issue overview
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 1988
Because of the nature of the articles in this issue, I felt that it might be useful to offer a brief overview on their important, shared focus. In fact, this select group of papers constitutes a kind of special issue. It was a matter of coincidence that these three papers were accepted within a few months of one another. Normally, I would avoid an issue with only three articles, but this situation was an unusual one. These articles, each considerably longer than our usual articles, all examine some aspect of the cognition-behavior link in interaction.
Of all the nonverbal behaviors─ body movements, posture, gaze, proxemics, voice─ the face is probably the most commanding and complicated, and perhaps the most confusing. In part, the face is commanding because it is always visible, always providing some information. There is no facial equivalent to the concealment maneuver of putting one's hands in one's pockets.
We provide and receive thousands of wordless messages everyday with the help of gestures without being aware of the non-verbal clues. Currently, the systematic study of non-verbal communication or kinesics has come into existence. Kinesics studies make an observation of real-world interaction rather than concentrating on scientific studies. The interpretation of body language on the basis of these studies has contributed substantially to communication. While interacting with people we involuntarily respond to various non-verbal codes. Non-verbal communication experts are of different opinion if the gestures are learned or instinctive. Paralinguistic feature plays a vital role for communication. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW: Desmond Morris in his book published in 1978, Manwatching: A Field Guide to Human Behaviour notes that human beings distinguish themselves from animals by 'thinking' and 'building'. Kinesics gestures or body language movements are 'built' and not always 'instinctive'makes more sense if we agree with Morris's views. Desmond Morris's classification of non-verbal communication into five types: Inborn, Discovered, Absorbed, Trained and Mixed were accepted by many cultural anthropologists and can act as a standard classification. Inborn non-verbal signals are not explicitly taught. We know how to do them without being taught. We identify these signals when we watch them being informed. They are the same in all clusters of the world. Smiling, crying, frowning, facial-flushing, blinking, clearing throat etc. are all clearly inborn or innate and these signals signify the same attitudes and emotions in cultures all round the world. It is important to note that cultural factors may affect the gestures to some extent. An Indian may cry aloud whereas a British will sob softly. Discovered actions are adopted upon discovery. We discover easily some gestures and adopt them to our use in expression. Actions such as crossing legs, crossing arms and
CATEGORIES OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION: HOW TO IMPROVE NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS
2023
The real value of nonverbal communication lies in the insight it can give to your own behavior. It is impossible to discuss oral communication without taking nonverbal communication into account because “only up to one-third of a message in a person-to-person situation is conveyed by words alone (Beisler F, Scheeres H, & Pinner D. 1990, p. 38). Even silence and absence can be considered as nonverbal messages. This paper discusses and describes the different categories of nonverbal communication or messages(e.g., oculesics, paralanguage, proxemics, haptics, chronemics, head movements and postures, gestures, personal presentation, environment, artifacts, olfactics, silence, absence, color) as interpreted in other cultures and communities which most students have not studied in depth.