The imporTance of meThicillin-resisTanT StaphylococcuS (original) (raw)

A General Outlook on Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Journal of Advances in Microbiology, 2018

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a kind of bacteria which is resistant against methicillin and other kind of many antibiotics. S. aureus and MRSA can lead to serious problem in human as well as animals. The problem can be simple or sometimes serious such as skin infections, sepsis, pneumonia and bloodstream infections. Firstly, MRSA was largely related to hospital-acquired (HA) infection. However, it is well understood that there is other source of MRSA. Nowadays, MRSA has been divided three group; (1) Hospital-Associated MRSA (HA-MRSA), (2) Community-Acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) and (3) Livestock-Associated MRSA (LA-MRSA). In addition to the three groups, MRSA has been found variety of animal origin foods (beef, poultry and pig meats and milk like that). Therefore, food of animal origin can contaminate with MRSA bacteria,

Methicillin-resistant Staphyloccus aureus (MRSA) in the community

Epidemiology and Infection, 2009

S taphylococcus aureus is a bacterium of significant importance because of its ability to cause a wide range of diseases and capacity to adapt to diverse environmental forms (Lowy, 1998; Waldvogel, 2000). The organism colonises skin, skin glands and mucous membrane, causing infections both in human and animals such as rashes, inflammations of bones and the meninges as well as septicaemia (Aklilu et al., 2010). In addition, S. aureus causes inflammation of the mammary gland in bovine and the lower part of the foot in poultry (Quinn et al., 2000). Penicillin and its derivatives, including methicillin have been used for the treatments of infections caused by S. aureus (Rayner and Munckhof, 2005). However, certain strains of S. aureus developed resistance known as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). At present, less than 90% of S. aureus strains are resistant to most penicillin derivatives (Freeman-Cook

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (Mrsa)

The Professional Medical Journal

Background:Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the notorious bugs to cause nosocomial human infections worldwide. However its prevalence and susceptibility pattern quite varies in hospitals among different countries or within same country.Objectives: To study the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of MRSA isolated from pus sample.Study Design: Cross sectional study.Period:6 months. Setting:Tertiary care hospital of district Rahim Yar Khan -Punjab, Pakistan at its microbiology laboratory.Materials and Methods:A total 100 clinical specimen of pus and wounds were collected from various indoor and outdoor department of this institute. .The Staphylococcus aureus was identified on the basis of colony morphology, Gram’s stain, and biochemical tests.Antibiotic susceptibility pattern was done according to CLSI guidelines.Results:Out of 100 clinical sample of pus and wounds, 21 coagulase positive staph. aureus were isolated, 14 (66.7%) strains were found...

Perspectives of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

2016

Staphylococcus aureus is a gram positive, non-motile bacterium which normally colonizes in skin and mucosa of human and animal, transmitted by direct contact or via contaminated surfaces, which causes infections like skin infections , respiratory infections and food poisoning. Methicillin is a narrow spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class which was previously used for the treatment of infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. In 1948 it was observed that 50% of staphylococcal isolates from patients in a United Kingdom hospital were resistant to penicillin. Since then 90 to 95% strains of S. aureus were resistant to penicillin. In 1959 methicillin, a penicillinase-resistant penicillin was introduced to overcome the penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, but after few years, S. aureus strain became resistant to methicillin also and so the birth of MRSA occurred. MRSA has been detected in wide range of species including companion animal and wildlife animal. Pigs are considered to be true reservoir hosts for MRSA, causing mastitis in cattle, dogs are more infected with MRSA in comparison to cats, in horses most of the cases of MRSA infections were reported in large studs. MRSA has been isolated from wild animals like cottontail rabbit, lesser yellow migratory shore bird, Wild rat, wood mice red deer, Iberian ibex, vulture, wild boar etc. Certain facts showed that these organisms can be transferred from human to animals and from animals to humans. Most of MRSA infections are skin infections producing symptoms like cellulitis, boils, abscesses, sty, carbuncles, impetigo and rash. For the diagnosis of MRSA antimicrobial susceptibility tests (AST) such as agar disc diffusion technique is used. Cefoxitin disc diffusion is the most sensitive methods for detecting MRSA isolates showing negative and positive predictive values of 100% and 98%, respectively. For the treatment of clinical cases of MRSA, antibiotics such as trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, clindamycin and doxycycline, topical treatments and other measures have been used successfully.

Microbiology of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus: A Review

EAS Journal of Parasitology and Infectious Diseases

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a gram positive organism that serves as an opportunistic pathogen and frequent colonizer of the epithelium causing severe diseases in human and animals. The widespread use of antibiotics both in human and Veterinary medicine resulted in the emergence of resistant strains of S. aureus. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common bacterial pathogen responsible for a variety of infections. Resistance to methicillin is determined by the mecA gene, which encodes the low-affinity penicillin-binding protein PBP 2. Lately, new methicillin resistance gene, mecC has been discovered from humans, animals and food products. MRSA infection was first considered hospital-associated (HA-MRSA) and community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) infections. However, another group emerged known as livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA). The isolation of MRSA from different species, food products and the environment raised concern on the role of animals particularly livestock and wildlife in the epidemiology of MRSA. The spatial distribution of MRSA indicates interspecies transmission and colonization of different populations. This review summarizes the epidemiology, current knowledge, genetic mechanisms, and transmission pattern of MRSA, and colonization.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: the superbug

International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2010

The ongoing explosion of antibiotic-resistant infections continues to plague global healthcare. 1 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is at present the most commonly identified antibiotic-resistant pathogen in many parts of the world, including Europe, the Americas, North Africa, the Middle East, and East Asia. 2 Methicillin was introduced in 1959 to treat infections caused by penicillin-resistant S. aureus. In 1961 there were reports from the UK of S. aureus isolates that had acquired resistance to methicillin, and apart from a period during the early 1970s, the incidence of this resistance has steadily increased, as data show from continuing surveillance initiatives such as the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System and the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System. 3-8 Hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA) strains are no longer limited to hospitals, but have now spread to other healthcare settings such as long-term care facilities (LTCFs). In a single-day, point-prevalence study of a 180-bed LTCF, Furuno et al. found a high prevalence of colonization by both MRSA (28%) and A. baumannii (30%). 9 In another study conducted in Spain, Manzur et al. showed that the prevalence of MRSA colonization was 16.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 14.9-18.8), varying from 6.7% to 35.8% (p < 0.001) among LTCFs. 10 Another major change in the epidemiology of staphylococcal infections is the rapid emergence of community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) strains since the late 1990s, particularly in the USA. 11

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus: A Cause of Concern

https://www.ijhsr.org/IJHSR\_Vol.7\_Issue.9\_Sep2017/IJHSR\_Abstract.09.html, 2017

Background: Staphylococcus aureus can cause superficial skin infections such as boils, furuncles, styes etc. to life threatening systemic illness like surgical site infections, meningitis, pneumonia, blood stream infections, osteomyelitis. Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was first reported in 1961after 1 year of its clinical use. Presently MRSA is a major cause of Health care associated and community acquired infection worldwide. MRSA strains can readily develop resistance to most of the antimicrobials in clinical use. Methicillin resistance occurs mostly due to altered Penicillin binding protein (PBP2a) and mainly mediated by mecA gene. Cefoxitin resistance is a surrogate marker of mecA gene mediated Methicillin resistance. Aim: To detect the incidence of MRSA strains in our hospital and to study the antibiotic susceptibility profile of MRSA strains. Material & methods: 100 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from different clinical samples such as pus, blood, urine etc. were studied. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and Methicillin resistance was detected by using Cefoxitin 30μg disc as per CLSI Guidelines, 2016. Result: 56% Staphylococcus aureus strains were MRSA. All MRSA strains were sensitive to Vancomycin and Linezolid and resistant to Penicillin. Conclusion: Detection of MRSA strains should be done in Clinical Microbiology Laboratory for effective patients' treatment and implementation of Infection Control measures in Health Care Setup to prevent its spread.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

S taphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen associated with serious community and hospital-acquired diseases. Methicillin-resistant S aureus 1 (MRSA) is responsible for a growing number of nosocomial infections, particularly in critically ill patients. 2,3 MRSA epidemiology seems to be changing, with MRSA strains being implicated in serious infections and nosocomial outbreaks, which appear to be disseminated globally in adult, pediatric, and neonatal intensive care units (ICUs). 4,5 The prevalence of MRSA infection varies from 5% to >50%, depending on the characteristics and size of the hospital. In Australia, 31.9% of the 2908 S aureus samples taken from 32 laboratories from all states and territories of the country were resistant BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major nosocomial pathogen that causes severe morbidity and mortality in many hospitals worldwide. The aim of the present study was to assess the burden of MRSA nosocomial infection, its association with factors of interest, and its antimicrobial susceptibility. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of a database of all S aureus that were cultured from patients admitted to the different wards of Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM) over a period of 6 years. RESULTS: The MRSA infections rate was 10.0 per 1000 hospital admissions. The incidence density rate of MRSA infections during the study period was 1.8 per 1000 patient-days, with annual rates ranging from 0.95 to 3.47 per 1000 patient-days. Duration of hospitalization, previous antibiotic use, and bedside invasive procedures were significantly higher among MRSA than methicillin-sensitive S aureus patients (P>.05). The highest number of MRSA infections were found in orthopedic wards (25.3%), followed by surgical wards (18.2%) and intensive care units (ICUs) (16.4%). All MRSA isolates were resistant to erythromycin (98.0%), co-trimoxazole (94.0%) and gentamicin (92.0%). Clindamycin was the best antibiotic with only 6% resistance. All MRSA isolates were sensitive to vancomycin. CONCLUSION: The rate of nosocomial MRSA infection per 1000 admissions was higher than that in other studies. The three factors associated most significantly with acquired MRSA infections included duration of hospitalization, antibiotic use, and bedside invasive procedures. This study confirmed that vancomycin-resistant S aureus has not yet been established in HUSM.